On the quantity of carbon in carbonic acid, and on the nature of the diamond

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 272-275
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Horizontal Position ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Small Furnace ◽  
Guyton De Morveau ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Oxygen Gas ◽  
The Difference

The experiments, which form the subject of the present communication were undertaken, not only on account of the difference between the estimates that have been made of the quantity of carbon in carbonic acid, but because those of Guyton de Morveau, which are most frequently preferred at this time in various systems of chemistry, appeared liable to many objections, from the manner in which they were conducted; while the original experiments of Lavoisier, on the contrary, appear to have been performed with much accuracy, and had moreover been confirmed by Mr. Tennant in his researches on the nature of the diamond. The design of the authoi’s was to consume certain known quantities of diamond and of other carbonaceous substances in oxygen gas; for which purpose it had been originally their intention to employ he sun’s rays, by means of a powerful lens; but, considering the uncertainty of a favourable opportunity in this country, they resolved to employ an apparatus consisting of two mercurial gas-holders, with a tube of platina interposed between them in a horizontal position, and passing through a small furnace, by which the tube and its contents might be heated to any degree requisite for the combustion of the substance employed.

scholarly journals On the changes produced in atmospheric air, and oxygen gas, by respiration

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 305-308 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oxygen Gas ◽  
Residual Gas ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

The importance of a process so essential to life having excited proportional curiosity in philosophers from the earliest ages, the authors of the present communication take occasion to trace the history of their subject. Beginning with the conjectures of Hippocrates and of Plato, they proceed to notice the first accurate notions of Boyle and of Mayow, which were neglected and forgotten till the time when Priestley and Scheele first distinguished the two constituent parts of the atmosphere from each other. The next discovery of importance on respiration, is that by Dr. Black, who observed the formation of carbonic acid. Succeeding labourers in the same field of inquiry, it is observed, are too numerous for justice to be done to every one; and the principal information collected from them relates to measures of quantity. Dr. Goodwin estimated the residual gas in the lungs, after expiration, at 109 inches. Dr. Menzies found the absorption of oxygen nearly 52,000 inches in twenty-four hours.

scholarly journals XXIV. On the Indian arc of meridian

1861 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 579-594 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Central India ◽  
Negative Sign ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Direct Process ◽  
Resultant Effect ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

It is with pleasure that I request the attention of the Royal Society to the present com­munication, in continuation and completion of my former papers, because I think that the anomalies which the Indian Arc has appeared to present are here traced to the true causes. 1. I will explain what those anomalies were. On completing a laborious and wellexecuted survey of the two northern portions of the Indian Arc of Meridian, between Kaliana (29° 30' 48") and Kalianpur (24° 7' 11"), and Kalianpur and Damargida (18° 3' 15"), Colonel Everest found that their astronomical and geodetical amplitudes differed considerably; in the higher arc the geodetic amplitude he found to be in excess by 5"·236, in the lower of the two ares in defect by 3"·791. The three stations had been selected with great care, and were finally chosen as being apparently free from all disturbing causes. Indeed, a fourth station which had been at one time adopted, Takal Khera in Central India, was rejected by Colonel Everest because a neighbouring hillrange was discovered on calculation to produce a deflection of about 5". Kaliana had been chosen nearly sixty miles from the lower hills at the foot of the Himmalaya Moun­tains, in the full conviction that it would be free from mountain influence. The surprise was therefore great when, on the completion of the survey of the two arcs in question, these two errors were brought to light. The first was attributed to the influence of the Himmalayas, but without any calculation; but the second, with its negative sign, received no interpretation. At this stage I devised a method of calculating the effect of the Himmalayas by a direct process; and found that the deflections produced are far greater than the errors which had to be explained, and the negative sign was left alto­gether unaccounted for. Thus the perplexity was increased. It next occurred to me that the vast Ocean to the south of India might have some influence on the plumb-line. On making the necessary calculations the effect of this cause was found, as the moun­tain attraction had been, to be far greater than had been anticipated; the negative sign was still unexplained, and the difficulties were not cleared up. No other cause of dis­turbance was apparent at the surface. But I showed by calculation that in the crust below one might exist sufficient to reduce the large deflections occasioned by the Moun­tains and the Ocean, and make them accord with the results deduced by Colonel Everest from the arcs themselves. But, being hidden from our sight, neither the magnitude nor indeed the existence of this cause could be à priori ascertained, much less reduced to calculation. Whether, moreover, the errors brought to light by Colonel Everest arose solely from local attraction, or from local attraction combined with some local peculiarity in the curvature of the Indian Arc, was not apparent; so that the subject of local attrac­tion and its influence on geodetic operations in this country, was still involved in obscu­rity, and the anomalies of the Indian Arc remained unexplained in the papers which I have hitherto forwarded to the Society. In the present communication I think ambi­guity is removed. It is demonstrated that no peculiarity in the curvature of the arc can produce any part of the errors brought to light by Colonel Everest; that those errors arise solely from local attraction; that they are in fact the exact measure of the difference of the resultant local attraction at the two extremities of each arc, from what­ ever causes the attraction may arise—mountains, ocean, or crust; lastly, it is proved that there are hidden causes in the crust below the Indian Arc, and the differences of their resultant effect upon the stations of the arc are computed. An inference from these results is, that the relative position of places in a Map, laid down from geodetic operations, is accurate, being altogether unaffected by local attraction; though the position of the Map itself on the terrestrial spheroid will be dependent upon the observed latitude of some one station in it, and that observed latitude will be affected by the local attraction at that place. To determine the absolute latitude in some one station connected with the geodetic operations is still a desideratum.

scholarly journals XI. Further experiments and observations on the action of poisons on the animal system. By B. C. Brodie, Esq. F. R. S. Communicated to the Society for the improvement of animal chemistry, and by them to the Royal Society

1812 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 205-227 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Public ◽  
Animal System ◽  
Mode Of Application ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Since I had the honour of communicating to the Royal Society some observations on the action of certain poisons on the animal system, I have been engaged in the further pro­secution of this inquiry. Besides some additional experiments on vegetable poisons, I have instituted several with a view to explain the effects of some of the more powerful poisons of the mineral kingdom. The former correspond in their results so nearly with those which are already before the public, that, in the present communication, I shall confine myself to those which appear to be of some importance, as they more par­ticularly confirm my former conclusions respecting the reco­very of animals apparently dead, where the cause of death operates exclusively on the nervous system. In my experi­ments on mineral poisons, I have found some circumstances wherein their effects differ from those of vegetable poisons, and of these I shall give a more particular account. What­ever may be the value of the observations themselves, the subject must be allowed to be one that is deserving of inves­tigation, as it does not appear unreasonable to expect that such investigation may hereafter lead to some improvements in the healing art. This consideration, I should hope, will be regarded as a sufficient apology for my pursuing a mode of inquiry by means of experiments on brute animals, of which we might well question the propriety, if no other purpose were to be answered by it than the gratification of curiosity. In my former communication on this subject, I entered into a detailed account of the majority of my experiments. This I conceived necessary, because in the outset of the inquiry I had been led to expect that even the same poison might not always operate precisely in the same manner; but I have since had abun­dant proof, that in essential circumstances there is but little variety in the effects produced by poisons of any description, when employed on animals of the same, or even of different species, beyond what may be referred to the difference in the quantity, or mode of application of the poison, or of the age and power of the animal. This will explain the reason of my not detailing, in the present communication, so many of the individual experiments from which my conclusions are drawn, as in the former; at the same time I have not been less care­ful to avoid drawing general conclusions from only a limited number of facts. Should these conclusions prove fewer, and of less importance than might be expected, such defects will, I trust, be regarded with indulgence; at least by those, who are aware of the difficulty of conducting a series of physiological experiments; of the time, which they necessarily occupy; of the numerous sources of fallacy and failure which exist; and of the laborious attention to the minutest circumstances, which is in consequence necessary in order to avoid being led into error.

Experiments on the chemical constitution of several bodies which undergo the vinous fermentation, and on certain results of the chemical action

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 149-151
Keyword(s):  
General Result ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference

The special object of this paper is to show, first, that sugar is not constituted of carbon and water only; secondly, that during the vinous fermentation water is decomposed; thirdly, that neither pure carbonic acid nor alcohol is, in the common acceptation of the term, the product of this chemical action; and fourthly, that fermented liquors owe some of their valuable qualities to peculiar products formed during fermentation. In order to trace the various chemical changes which occur in this part of his research, the author has had recourse to numerous experiments, the details of which are recorded in tabular forms. The first table exhibits the analysis of different kinds of sugar, honey, treacle, grape-juice and extract of malt and hops, the general result of which is that all these compounds contain oxygen in excess above the proportion in which it exists in water, and that they also contain a small quantity of nitrogen. He shows, by two independent modes of experimenting, that these bodies, when in solution, cannot be the only compounds undergoing decomposition during that fermentation, which has for its product spirit and carbonic acid; and in proof of this proposition he recapitulates the different elements in the compounds at the commencement and at the conclusion of the experiments. He finds that when the proximate elements are made the subject of calculation, the weight of the alcohol (constituted of two equivalents of carbon, three of hydrogen and one of oxygen) added to that of the carbonic acid and undecomposed sugar, exceeds the weight of the sugar employed by about 7 per cent. On recapitulating the ultimate elements, he finds that the hydrogen and the oxygen in the compounds after the fermentation exceed their quantity in the sugar experimented upon, by 15 per cent, of the former, and nearly 14 per cent, of the latter; and as a proof that no material error is occasioned by the mode of experimenting, it is found that the difference between the quantity of carbon at the first and at the last is very small.

Learning Language Levels in Students Accurate with a History Academic Achievement History

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Noorlela Binti Noordin ◽  
Abdul Razaq Ahmad ◽  
Anuar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Language Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Learning Language ◽  
The Relationship

This study was aimed to evaluate the Malay proficiency among students in Form Two especially non-Malay students and its relationship to academic achievement History. To achieve the purpose of the study there are two objectives, the first is to look at the difference between mean of Malay Language test influences min of academic achievement of History subject among non-Malay students in Form Two and the second is the relationship between the level of Malay proficiency and their academic achievement for History. This study used quantitative methods, which involved 100 people of Form Two non-Malay students in one of the schools in Klang, Selangor. This study used quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical inference with IBM SPSS Statistics v22 software. This study found that there was a relationship between the proficiency of Malay language among non-Malay students with achievements in the subject of History. The implications of this study are discussed in this article.

The Idea of a Meaningful Synthesis of Marxist and Non-Marxist Systems of Political Economy as a Mirror of Intellectual Turmoil (About V.T. Ryazanov’s Book «Modern Political Economy: Prospects of Neo-Marxist Synthesis»)

2019 ◽  
pp. 74-98
Author(s):  
A.B. Lyubinin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Subjective Assessments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Political Economic

Review of the monograph indicated in the subtitle V.T. Ryazanov. The reviewer is critical of the position of the author of the book, believing that it is possible and even necessary (to increase the effectiveness of General economic theory and bring it closer to practice) substantial (and not just formal-conventional) synthesis of the Marxist system of political economy with its non-Marxist systems. The article emphasizes the difference between the subject and the method of the classical, including Marxist, school of political economy with its characteristic objective perception of the subject from the neoclassical school with its reduction of objective reality to subjective assessments; this excludes their meaningful synthesis as part of a single «modern political economy». V.T. Ryazanov’s interpretation of commodity production in the economic system of «Capital» of K. Marx as a purely mental abstraction, in fact — a fiction, myth is also counter-argued. On the issue of identification of the discipline «national economy», the reviewer, unlike the author of the book, takes the position that it is a concrete economic science that does not have a political economic status.

Rhythm

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lexi Eikelboom
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
The Social ◽  
Contemporary Philosopher ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Theoretical Category

This book argues that, as a pervasive dimension of human existence with theological implications, rhythm ought to be considered a category of theological significance. Philosophers and theologians have drawn on rhythm—patterned movements of repetition and variation—to describe reality, however, the ways in which rhythm is used and understood differ based on a variety of metaphysical commitments with varying theological implications. This book brings those implications into the open, using resources from phenomenology, prosody, and the social sciences to analyse and evaluate uses of rhythm in metaphysical and theological accounts of reality. The analysis relies on a distinction from prosody between a synchronic approach to rhythm—observing the whole at once and considering how various dimensions of a rhythm hold together harmoniously—and a diachronic approach—focusing on the ways in which time unfolds as the subject experiences it. The text engages with the twentieth-century Jesuit theologian Erich Przywara alongside thinkers as diverse as Augustine and the contemporary philosopher Giorgio Agamben, and proposes an approach to rhythm that serves the concerns of theological conversation. It demonstrates the difference that including rhythm in theological conversation makes to how we think about questions such as “what is creation?” and “what is the nature of the God–creature relationship?” from the perspective of rhythm. As a theoretical category, capable of expressing metaphysical commitments, yet shaped by the cultural rhythms in which those expressing such commitments are embedded, rhythm is particularly significant for theology as a phenomenon through which culture and embodied experience influence doctrine.

scholarly journals XIX.—Magnetization and Resistance of Nickel Wire at High Temperatures. Part II.

1907 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-554
Author(s):  
C. G. Knott
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
British Association ◽  
Nickel Wire ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Association Meeting ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Wire

The experiments which form the subject of the present communication were carried out two years ago, and supplement results already published. A brief note of some of the results was read before the Society in June 1904, and was also read before the British Association Meeting at Cambridge in August of the same year.The previous paper discussed the effect of high temperature on the relation between electrical resistance and magnetization when the wire was magnetized longitudinally, that is, in the direction in which the resistance was measured.The present results have to do with the effect of high temperature on the relation between resistance and magnetization when the magnetization was transverse to the direction along which the resistance was measured.

scholarly journals The enzymes of B. coli communis . Part V.—(a) anaerobic growth followed by anaerobic and aerobic fermentation. (b) the effects of aeration during the fermentation

1921 ◽  
Vol 92 (644) ◽  
pp. 135-150
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Aerobic Growth ◽  
Aerobic Fermentation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen ◽  
Present Section ◽  
Ferment Glucose

In the present communications the effect of oxygen upon the fermentation of glucose and upon the growth of the bacteria, in so far as this affects fermentation, is considered. To this end the organisms have been grown both aerobically and anaerobically, and subsequently made to ferment glucose, both aerobically and anaerobically, with the object of comparing the products of decomposition in the two cases. There are clearly two problems : firstly, the effect of exposure to oxygen during growth upon the subsequent fermentation, whether aerobic or anaerobic, and, secondly, the effect of oxygen admitted during the fermentation. The first question relates to the part played by oxygen in the formation of enzymes, the second to the part played by oxygen in their action on carbohydrates. The first question is considered, though in but a preliminary way, in Section A, the second, more fully, in Section B. Section A. Object of the Experiments . Two results were aimed at in these experiments. Firstly, to compare the products of fermentation of glucose anaerobically, after anaerobic growth, with the products of fermentation anaerobically after previous growth aerobically. And, secondly, to obtain information as to the effect of introducing oxygen during the fermentation itself. This latter consideration, however, though brought to notice by these experiments, is considered only incidentally here because it forms the subject of Section B. In the present section we wish to direct attention particularly to those differences which exist between the fermentation after anaerobic and aerobic growth, not upon the effect of aeration during the fermentation. To point out the difference which previous growth aerobically or anaerobically has made, several analyses from previous experiments are included in Table IV side by side with the completely anaerobic experiments of Tables I, II, and III.

scholarly journals The combustion of aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons. II. The ignition of aromatic hydrocarbons at high temperatures

1939 ◽  
Vol 171 (946) ◽  
pp. 421-433 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Isothermal Oxidation ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Kinetics Of

In the first paper of this series (Burgoyne 1937) the kinetics of the isothermal oxidation above 400° C of several aromatic hydrocarbons was studied. The present communication extends this work to include the phenomena of ignition in the same temperature range, whilst the corresponding reactions below 400° C form the subject of further investigations now in progress. The hydrocarbons at present under consideration are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n -propylbenzene, o-, m - and p -xylenes and mesitylene.

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