scholarly journals Architecture and functional morphology of the skeletal apparatus of ozarkodinid conodonts

1997 ◽  
Vol 352 (1361) ◽  
pp. 1545-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Purnell ◽  
Philip C. J. Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Food Acquisition ◽  
Anterior Edge

Ozarkodinid conodonts were one of the most successful groups of agnathan vertebrates. Only the oropharyngeal feeding apparatus of conodonts was mineralized, and the skeletal elements were generally disarticulated on the death and decay of the body. Occasionally, however, they were preserved in association as ‘natural assemblages’, fossilized in situ after post–mortem collapse of the apparatus. From analysis of element arrangement in natural assemblages of Idiognathodus from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois we have produced a precise scale model of the feeding apparatus of ozarkodinid conodonts. At the front lay an axial Sa element, flanked by two groups of four close-set elongate Sb and Sc elements which were inclined obliquely inwards and forwards; above these elements lay a pair of arched and inward pointing M elements. Behind the S-M array lay transversely oriented and bilaterally opposed Pb and Pa elements. Our model sheds new light on food acquisition in conodonts. We propose that the anterior S and M elements of ozarkodinid conodonts were attached to cartilaginous plates. In order for the animal to feed, these plates were first everted, and then drawn back and upward over the anterior edge of an underlying cartilage. These movements produced a highly effective grasping action, the cusps and denticles of the elements converging to grab and impale any food item that lay anterior to the open array. According to this hypothesis, the anterior part of the conodont apparatus is comparable to, and possibly homologous with, the lingual apparatus of extant agnathans; the elements themselves, however, have no direct homologues.

1. On New and Little-known Fossil Fishes from the Edinburgh District. No. III

1878 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 427-444
Author(s):  
R. H. Traquair
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Point ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
The Body ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Peculiar Form ◽  
General Appearance

Elonichthys ovatus, sp. nov. Traquair.Of this I have only seen one specimen, from the limestone of Burdiehouse, and preserved in the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.Description.—Allowing for the anterior part of the head, which is deficient, the entire length of the specimen to the extreme point of the upper lobe of the caudal fin would be about 5⅝ inches; the greatest depth of the body in front of the dorsal fin is 1½ inch. The distance from the origin of the pectoral fin to that of the ventral is a little over 1 inch, to opposite the commencement of the dorsal 1¼ inch, to opposite that of the anal 1½ inch, and to opposite that of the lower lobe of the caudal nearly 3 inches. The general form of the fish is thus remarkably short, deep, and ovoid, and its general appearance does not indicate that its peculiar form is due to post mortem distortion or change.

In situ identification of human physiological fluids by nuclear magnetism in the Earth’s field

1980 ◽  
Vol 289 (1037) ◽  
pp. 501-502 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ventral Part ◽  
Free Precession ◽  
Nuclear Magnetism ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Magnetic Field

To make in situ identification of human physiological fluids by nuclear magnetism, we use the well known technique of free precession of water protons in the magnetic field of the Earth after prepolarization in a perpendicular (H p ) field (Packard & Varian 1954). The central part of the apparatus is the coil used for generating the polarizing field (maximum values 50- 100 Oe (3979-7958 A m -1 )) and detecting the free precession of nuclei. To make in situ measurements, the coil is placed against the corresponding part of the body; thus, to pick up signals from blood in the region of the heart, the coil is placed on the anterior part of the thorax; to detect urine in the bladder, the coil is placed against the ventral part of the low abdomen (Béné et al . 1977).

Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas V. Gaikwad ◽  
Abasaheb B. Patil ◽  
Madhuri V. Gaikwad
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Cartilage Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
In Situ Gel ◽  
Heart Muscle Cells

Scaffolds are used for drug delivery in tissue engineering as this system is a highly porous structure to allow tissue growth.  Although several tissues in the body can regenerate, other tissue such as heart muscles and nerves lack regeneration in adults. However, these can be regenerated by supplying the cells generated using tissue engineering from outside. For instance, in many heart diseases, there is need for heart valve transplantation and unfortunately, within 10 years of initial valve replacement, 50–60% of patients will experience prosthesis associated problems requiring reoperation. This could be avoided by transplantation of heart muscle cells that can regenerate. Delivery of these cells to the respective tissues is not an easy task and this could be done with the help of scaffolds. In situ gel forming scaffolds can also be used for the bone and cartilage regeneration. They can be injected anywhere and can take the shape of a tissue defect, avoiding the need for patient specific scaffold prefabrication and they also have other advantages. Scaffolds are prepared by biodegradable material that result in minimal immune and inflammatory response. Some of the very important issues regarding scaffolds as drug delivery systems is reviewed in this article.

scholarly journals Ferromagnetic soft catheter robots for minimally invasive bioprinting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhou ◽  
Youzhou Yang ◽  
Jiaxin Wang ◽  
Qingyang Wu ◽  
Zhuozhi Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
The Body ◽  
Magnetic Actuation ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Planar Surfaces ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Direct Fabrication ◽  
Digitally Controlled

AbstractIn vivo bioprinting has recently emerged as a direct fabrication technique to create artificial tissues and medical devices on target sites within the body, enabling advanced clinical strategies. However, existing in vivo bioprinting methods are often limited to applications near the skin or require open surgery for printing on internal organs. Here, we report a ferromagnetic soft catheter robot (FSCR) system capable of in situ computer-controlled bioprinting in a minimally invasive manner based on magnetic actuation. The FSCR is designed by dispersing ferromagnetic particles in a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix. This design results in stable ink extrusion and allows for printing various materials with different rheological properties and functionalities. A superimposed magnetic field drives the FSCR to achieve digitally controlled printing with high accuracy. We demonstrate printing multiple patterns on planar surfaces, and considering the non-planar surface of natural organs, we then develop an in situ printing strategy for curved surfaces and demonstrate minimally invasive in vivo bioprinting of hydrogels in a rat model. Our catheter robot will permit intelligent and minimally invasive bio-fabrication.

scholarly journals Abattoir-Based Measures to Assess Swine Welfare: Analysis of the Methods Adopted in European Slaughterhouses

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Silvio De Luca ◽  
Emanuela Zanardi ◽  
Giovanni Loris Alborali ◽  
Adriana Ianieri ◽  
Sergio Ghidini
Keyword(s):  
Welfare Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Gastric Lesions ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
The Future ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Benchmarking System

The assessment of swine welfare requires feasible, reliable, and reasonable indicators. On-farm evaluation of pig welfare can provide valuable information to veterinarians and farmers. However, such protocols can result expensive and time-consuming. With this regard, an interest in the appraisal of swine welfare at abattoir has grown over the recent years. In particular, the use of certain lesions collected directly from slaughtered animals to determine the welfare status of pigs has been evaluated by several authors. In the present review, the different methods developed to score lesions collected directly from the body and the viscera of animals slaughtered in European abattoirs (“abattoir-based measures”) are presented. The text specifically focuses on the methods currently available in the literature for the scoring of body, pluck and gastric lesions during post-mortem activities. Moreover, the strengths and weaknesses of abattoir-based measures schemes are discussed. To conclude, the future perspectives of the assessment of pig welfare at the slaughterhouse are described, appealing for a benchmarking system that can be systematically used by veterinarians and other professional figures involved in the process.

scholarly journals Insights into how environment shapes post-mortem RNA transcription in mouse brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Severino Bonadio ◽  
Larissa Barbosa Nunes ◽  
Patricia Natália S. Moretti ◽  
Juliana Forte Mazzeu ◽  
Stefano Cagnin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Gene Expression Alterations ◽  
Upregulated Genes

AbstractMost biological features that occur on the body after death were already deciphered by traditional medicine. However, the molecular mechanisms triggered in the cellular microenvironment are not fully comprehended yet. Previous studies reported gene expression alterations in the post-mortem condition, but little is known about how the environment could influence RNA degradation and transcriptional regulation. In this work, we analysed the transcriptome of mouse brain after death under three concealment simulations (air exposed, buried, and submerged). Our analyses identified 2,103 genes differentially expressed in all tested groups 48 h after death. Moreover, we identified 111 commonly upregulated and 497 commonly downregulated genes in mice from the concealment simulations. The gene functions shared by the individuals from the tested environments were associated with RNA homeostasis, inflammation, developmental processes, cell communication, cell proliferation, and lipid metabolism. Regarding the altered biological processes, we identified that the macroautophagy process was enriched in the upregulated genes and lipid metabolism was enriched in the downregulated genes. On the other hand, we also described a list of biomarkers associated with the submerged and buried groups, indicating that these environments can influence the post-mortem RNA abundance in its particular way.

Mammary-type Myofibroblastoma with Leiomyomatous Differentiation: A Rare Variant with Potential Pitfalls

2021 ◽  
pp. 106689692110313
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Strait ◽  
Julia A. Bridge ◽  
Anthony J. Iafrate ◽  
Marilyn M. Li ◽  
Feng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Actin ◽  
Mature Adipose Tissue ◽  
Spindle Cells ◽  
Whole Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

Myofibroblastoma is a rare, benign stromal tumor with a diverse morphologic spectrum. Mammary-type myofibroblastoma (MTMF) is the extra-mammary counterpart of this neoplasm and its occurrence throughout the body has become increasingly recognized. Similar morphologic variations of MTMF have now been described which mirror those seen in the breast. We describe a case of intra-abdominal MTMF composed of short fascicles of eosinophilic spindle cells admixed with mature adipose tissue. The spindle cells stained diffusely positive for CD34, desmin, smooth muscle actin, and h-caldesmon by immunohistochemistry. Concurrent loss of RB1 (13q14) and 13q34 loci were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization whereas anchored multiplex PCR and whole transcriptome sequencing did not reveal any pathognomonic fusions suggesting an alternative diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first documented case of leiomyomatous variant of MTMF.

Post-Mortem Antipsychotic Drug Concentrations and Unexplained Deaths

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nedzara Jusic ◽  
Malcolm Lader
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Antipsychotic Drug ◽  
Drug Regimen ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Antipsychotic Drug Treatment

BackgroundThe relationship between antipsychotic drug treatment and sudden unexplained death remains unclear. The estimation of post-mortem blood drug concentrations should be helpful.MethodEight medico-legal cases were reviewed with respect to behaviour of patient, type and dosage of drug treatment, mode of death, post-mortem findings and drug concentrations.ResultsThe problems of evaluating such drug levels are discussed. Five of the eight patients had probably toxic concentrations of antipsychotic and/or antidepressants, which caused death, usually involving cardiac arrhythmias.ConclusionsIn cases of sudden unexpected death, a sample of blood from a peripheral vein should be obtained immediately death is pronounced or the body discovered, and sent for analysis. To minimise such fatalities, the patient should be monitored carefully, with ECG if feasible, and electrolyte balance checked. The drug regimen used should be kept simple and large doses of antipsychotics and/or antidepressants avoided wherever possible.

Tumor Microenvironment-Triggered In-Situ Cancer Vaccines with Dual Immunogenic Cell Death Inductions for Elevated Antitumor and Antimetastatic Therapy

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Lin ◽  
Binbin Ding ◽  
Pan Zheng ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Meifang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Specific Antigens

Cancer vaccine is to make tumor-specific antigens into vaccines, which then are injected back into the body to activate immune responses for cancer immunotherapy. Despite the high specificity and therapeutic...

Expression of a novel FGF in the Xenopus embryo. A new candidate inducing factor for mesoderm formation and anteroposterior specification

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.V. Isaacs ◽  
D. Tannahill ◽  
J.M. Slack
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesoderm Induction ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Low Levels

We have cloned and sequenced a new member of the fibroblast growth factor family from Xenopus laevis embryo cDNA. It is most closely related to both mammalian kFGF (FGF-4) and FGF-6 but as it is not clear whether it is a true homologue of either of these genes we provisionally refer to it as XeFGF (Xenopus embryonic FGF). Two sequences were obtained, differing by 11% in derived amino acid sequence, which probably represent pseudotetraploid variants. Both the sequence and the behaviour of in vitro translated protein indicates that, unlike bFGF (FGF-2), XeFGF is a secreted molecule. Recombinant XeFGF protein has mesoderm-inducing activity with a specific activity similar to bFGF. XeFGF mRNA is expressed maternally and zygotically with a peak during the gastrula stage. Both probe protection and in situ hybridization showed that the zygotic expression is concentrated in the posterior of the body axis and later in the tailbud. Later domains of expression were found near the midbrain/hindbrain boundary and at low levels in the myotomes. Because of its biological properties and expression pattern, XeFGF is a good candidate for an inducing factor with possible roles both in mesoderm induction at the blastula stage and in the formation of the anteroposterior axis at the gastrula stage.

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