scholarly journals Analysis of β-lactam, azithromycin and fosfomycin resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella: Characterisation of an S. Infantis plasmid

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie Lee ◽  
Samuel Bloomfield ◽  
Alison Mather ◽  
Andrew Edwards ◽  
Marie Chattaway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Long Read ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Fosfomycin Resistance ◽  
Global Travel ◽  
Genomic Typing ◽  
Resistance Data

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS)infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality. β-lactams are used as first-line treatment but resistance to these has increased considerably in recent years. Azithromycin and fosfomycin are used as alternatives; however, the incidence of resistance in these drugs is also increasing. Epidemiological surveillance on 35,372 NTS received by Public Health England was conducted for analysis of demographics, including global travel. Genomic typing and antimicrobial resistance data for Salmonellaisolates were used to determine the prevalence of β-lactam, azithromycin and fosfomycin resistance in NTSover a four year period. No isolates were resistant to β-lactams, azithromycin or fosfomycin alone but all isolates were resistant to multiple antimicrobial classes. IncHI2, IncY and IncN plasmids were predominantly found in the most multi-drug resistant isolates. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was particularly a concern in the S. Infantis population. Therefore, long read sequencing was used to characterise an MDR S. Infantis isolate. Three drug regions were identified in a IncFIB, a mega plasmid identified in this isolate. The resistance determinants fosA, arsA, arsD and blaCTXM65,were discovered on the same drug region. Analysis of IncFIB in this S.Infantis isolate revealed 99% similarity to a IncFIB plasmid in S. Infantis isolated from chickens in the USA. Thishas not been reported before, warranting efforts for enhanced surveillance programmes to identify sources of emerging resistance, which will aid in establishing control measures for prevention of spread of resistance.

scholarly journals Tackling resistance: emerging antimalarials and new parasite targets in the era of elimination

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily S. Mathews ◽  
Audrey R. Odom John
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antimalarial Compounds

Malaria remains a significant contributor to global human mortality, and roughly half the world’s population is at risk for infection with Plasmodium spp. parasites. Aggressive control measures have reduced the global prevalence of malaria significantly over the past decade. However, resistance to available antimalarials continues to spread, including resistance to the widely used artemisinin-based combination therapies. Novel antimalarial compounds and therapeutic targets are greatly needed. This review will briefly discuss several promising current antimalarial development projects, including artefenomel, ferroquine, cipargamin, SJ733, KAF156, MMV048, and tafenoquine. In addition, we describe recent large-scale genetic and resistance screens that have been instrumental in target discovery. Finally, we highlight new antimalarial targets, which include essential transporters and proteases. These emerging antimalarial compounds and therapeutic targets have the potential to overcome multi-drug resistance in ongoing efforts toward malaria elimination.

scholarly journals Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 linked to raw drinking milk resolved by rapid application of advanced pathogen characterisation methods, England, August to October 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juli Treacy ◽  
Claire Jenkins ◽  
Karthik Paranthaman ◽  
Frieda Jorgensen ◽  
Doris Mueller-Doblies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Drinking Milk

An outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 occurred on the Isle of Wight between August and October 2017. Of the seven cases linked to the outbreak, five were identified through the statutory notification process and two were identified through national surveillance of whole genome sequencing data. Enhanced surveillance questionnaires established a common link to a farm, and link to the likely food vehicle, raw drinking milk (RDM). Microbiological investigations, including PCR, identified the presence of STEC O157:H7 in samples of RDM. Analysis of core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data of STEC O157:H7 from human stool specimens, animal faecal samples and RDM demonstrated a one SNP difference between isolates, and therefore close genetic relatedness. Control measures that were put in place included suspension of sales and recall of RDM, as well as restrictions on public access to parts of the farm. Successful integration of traditional epidemiological surveillance and advanced laboratory methods for the detection and characterisation of STEC O157:H7 from human, animal and environmental samples enabled prompt identification of the outbreak vehicle and provided evidence to support the outbreak control team’s decision-making, leading to implementation of effective control measures in a timely manner.

scholarly journals 2452. Outbreak of Candidemia Associated With a Contaminated Intravenous (IV) Anesthetic in an Adult Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in San Luis Potosí, México.

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S848-S848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Portales-Castillo ◽  
Javier Araujo-Meléndez ◽  
Pedro Torres-González ◽  
Mariana Mancilla-González
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Adult Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Outbreak Case

Abstract Background In June 2018, an unusual number of candidemia-associated sepsis cases were diagnosed in sedated patients hospitalized in the 12-bed adult ICU of a teaching hospital in Mexico. The pre-outbreak candidemia rate had been calculated at 0.66 cases/100 ICU admissions for the previous 3 years. Methods We performed a case–control and microbiological study designed to trace the source of the outbreak. Case definition included adult patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and Candida species isolated on BC (blood cultures). The rest of the patients in the ICU within the study period (6/12/2018–6/22/2018) were used as controls. Results A total of 5 cases and 19 controls were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between groups, except for SOFA scores (Table 1). Differences in median SOFA scores between groups were statistically significant (7.5 in cases and 3 in controls (p = 0.02)). After review of common medications used between cases, propofol infusion use (5/5 in cases and 6/19 in controls) was calculated as the strongest risk factor for candidemia (OR 22.84 (p = 0.04)). In-use propofol infusions available at the time were stopped and sent for culture as were unopened vials stored in the pharmacy from the lot being used in the ICU. Intrinsical contamination with bacterial and fungal species related to the outbreak was identified (Table 3). Case fatality rate during the outbreak was 80% (4/5) Conclusion Lethal infections due to contaminated medications, including propofol, have been reported worldwide. Propofol is a potential source for infections given its lipophilic nature that promotes microbial growth. This likely remains an underecognized problem that deserves awareness for early recognition. Epidemiological surveillance in our hospital prompted our case–control study and the subsequent implementation of effective control measures including rapid notification to hospital and national authorities (COFEPRIS), elimination of the identified contaminated lot, and increased promotion of both hand hygiene and adequate IV medication handling techniques among staff. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease and weather factors in Guangzhou, southern China

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
pp. 1741-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LI ◽  
Z. YANG ◽  
B. DI ◽  
M. WANG
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Foot And Mouth

SUMMARYHand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is becoming one of the common airborne and contact transmission diseases in Guangzhou, southern China, leading public health authorities to be concerned about its increased incidence. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of weather patterns on the incidence of HFMD in the subtropical city of Guangzhou for the period 2009–2012, and assist public health prevention and control measures. A negative binomial multivariable regression was used to identify the relationship between meteorological variables and HFMD. During the study period, a total of 166 770 HFMD-confirmed cases were reported, of which 11 died, yielding a fatality rate of 0·66/10 000. Annual incidence rates from 2009 to 2012 were 132·44, 311·40, 402·76, and 468·59/1 000 00 respectively. Each 1°C rise in temperature corresponded to an increase of 9·38% (95% CI 8·17–10·51) in the weekly number of HFMD cases, while a 1 hPa rise in atmospheric pressure corresponded to a decrease in the number of cases by 6·80% (95% CI −6·99 to −6·65), having an opposite effect. Similarly, a 1% rise in relative humidity corresponded to an increase of 0·67% or 0·51%, a 1 m/h rise in wind velocity corresponded to an increase of 4·01% or 2·65%, and a 1 day addition in the number of windy days corresponded to an increase of 24·73% or 25·87%, in the weekly number of HFMD cases, depending on the variables considered in the model. Our findings revealed that the epidemic status of HFMD in Guangzhou is characterized by high morbidity but low fatality. Weather factors had a significant influence on occurrence and transmission of HFMD.

scholarly journals Partial characterization of Bt resistance and the bacteriome of western corn rootworm

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dalton C. Ludwick
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Diabrotica Barberi ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Leconte ◽  
Northern Corn Rootworm

Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) and northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi (Smith and Lawrence)) are major pests of maize in the USA. These pests have been managed with a variety of tactics over the last century. Both Diabrotica spp. have adapted to crop rotation in different ways in certain regions of the USA as well as to some of the insecticides targeted at them. D. v. virgifera has adapted to more of the chemical control measures and transgenic control methods. Discussed in this review are the challenges associated with managing both species, and how current management strategies might be combined and implemented to help manage damage from these species. Also, we discuss the potential for new technologies, such as RNA interference, to be used in the future.

scholarly journals Review of sheep and goat pox disease: current updates on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Girma Zewdie ◽  
Getaw Derese ◽  
Belayneh Getachew ◽  
Hassen Belay ◽  
Mirtneh Akalu
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Movement Restriction ◽  
Indirect Contact

AbstractSheep pox, goat pox, and lumpy skin diseases are economically significant and contagious viral diseases of sheep, goats and cattle, respectively, caused by the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Currently, CaPV infection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) has been distributed widely and are prevalent in Central Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Asia. This disease poses challenges to food production and distribution, affecting rural livelihoods in most African countries, including Ethiopia. Transmission occurs mainly by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. They cause high morbidity (75-100% in endemic areas) and mortality (10-85%). Additionally, the mortality rate can approach 100% in susceptible animals. Diagnosis largely relies on clinical symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing using real-time PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation, serology and histology. Control and eradication of sheep pox virus (SPPV), goat pox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease (LSDV) depend on timely recognition of disease eruption, vector control, and movement restriction. To date, attenuated vaccines originating from KSGPV O-180 strains are effective and widely used in Ethiopia to control CaPV throughout the country. This vaccine strain is clinically safe to control CaPV in small ruminants but not in cattle which may be associated with insufficient vaccination coverage and the production of low-quality vaccines.

scholarly journals Depicting Developing Trend and Core Knowledge of Hip Fracture Research: A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan Rong Peng ◽  
Zhen Hua Guan ◽  
Qing Xi Zhang ◽  
Jia Xiang Gao ◽  
Wen Qun Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
H Index ◽  
Developing Trend ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Background: Among all osteoporotic fractures, hip fracture is common, carries high morbidity and mortality, thus has been becoming a vital concern We aim to analyze the present status and worldwide trends of hip fracture research in various clinical aspects. Methods: Publications from 2000 to 2019 were retrieved from Web of Science database and analyzed through bibliometric methodology. The software VOS viewer was utilized for visualized analysis. Results: Totally, 6139 publications were included, and publications increased annually, from 152 (2000) to 592 (2019). The USA has made huge contributions with the most publications, the highest H-index, and citations. Osteoporosis International has published the most papers. Leading researchers, contributing institutions, their cooperation relationships and scientific masterpieces have been identified. Research could be divided into five clusters: "mortality", "surgical management", “rehabilitation”, “osteoporosis” and "epidemiology". A clear developing trend was described, which initiated from fracture epidemiology and prevention, transitioned to perioperative management, orthogeriatric care and patient safety, and then to functional recovery, disease burden along with national audit and initiatives in recent time. Conclusions: Hip fractures resulted in conditions that extend far beyond orthopaedics, concerning epidemiology & preventive medicine, internal medicine & endocrinology , as well as critical care and gerontology. And a growing volume of publications in the future could be expected.

scholarly journals Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteremia outbreaks among non-cystic fibrosis patients in the pediatric unit of the university hospital

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinan Tüfekci ◽  
Birol Şafak ◽  
Özgür Kızılca ◽  
Ayşin Nalbantoğlu ◽  
Burçin Nalbantoğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
High Fever ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia Complex ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Intravascular Catheters

AbstractIntroductionBurkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) leads to severe nosocomial infections particularly in the patients who have intravascular catheters and cystic fibrosis. The present study aims at investigation of Bcc outbreaks in non-cystic fibrosis patients.Material and MethodsA total of 6 patients who were hospitalized at General Pediatrics Department were included in the study. Blood cultures which yielded positive signals were incubated at 5% blood sheep agar, chocolate agar and Eosin Methylene Blue agar. All fields which could be the source of the infection at the clinic were examined. Isolates confirmation with Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) tests were performed.ResultsThe first patient aged 14.5 years was hospitalized due to left renal agenesis, urinary tract infection and renal failure. Bcc growing was detected in blood culture which was obtained due to high fever at the 3rd day of hospitalization. New patient hospitalizations were stopped due to Bcc growing in blood cultures which was obtained due to high fever in the remaining five patients. No growing was detected in samples obtained from the clinic and the patient rooms. PFGE patterns were similar in all clinical isolates of Bcc indicating that the outbreak had originated from the same origin.ConclusionsBcc infection should always be kept in mind in nosocomial outbreaks due to multi-drug resistance and the need for hospitalization at intensive care unit. Control measures should be taken for prevention of nosocomial infections and required investigations should be done for detection of the source of the infection.

scholarly journals Klebsiella pneumoniae blaNDM-1 carrying a class 1 integron causing a hospital outbreak in a Mexican attention center

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 657-664
Author(s):  
Iliana Alejandra Cortés-Ortíz ◽  
Julio Cesar Juárez-Gómez ◽  
Concepción Cu-Quijano ◽  
Rocio Flores-Paz ◽  
Emilio Mariano Durán-Manuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Class 1

Introduction: Infections acquired in hospitals are the cause of high morbidity and mortality and with the emergence of resistant bacteria, the problem is greater. The aim of this work was to determine the genetic characteristics and timeline of Klebsiella pneumoniae blaNDM-1 carrying a class 1 integron involved in an intrahospital outbreak. Methodology: Investigation was made from the first detection of K. pneumoniae blaNDM-1, strain “466”, and the last clone “423”. 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that 466 strain and clones were related to K. pneumoniae. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) was detected according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and real time-PCR. Typing of K. pneumoniae blaNDM-1 strains was carried by ERIC-PCR and sequencing the variable region of the integrons were performed. Results: A cluster of six resistant isolates of K. pneumoniae blaNDM-1 was detected in intensive care unit (ICU), internal medicine (IM) and orthopedics (OT). Timeline revealed that the first bacterial identification was in ICU and the last clone in OT service. The array genetic of variable region was “IntI/aadA5-drfA17/qacEΔ1-Sul1”. Conclusions: The evidences highlight the importance of the epidemiological surveillance of Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) strains, as well as the need for molecular epidemiological studies to identify the routes of transmission and the contamination sources within health personnel.

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