scholarly journals Effects of arousal and movement on secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon H. Petty ◽  
Amanda K. Kinnischtzke ◽  
Y. Kate Hong ◽  
Randy M. Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Efference Copy ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Cortical Motor ◽  
Whisker Pad ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Arousal Effect

SummaryAll neocortical sensory areas have an associated primary and secondary thalamic nucleus. While the primary nuclei encode sensory information and relay it to cortex, the information encoded by the activity of secondary nuclei is poorly understood. We recorded juxtasomally from neurons in secondary somatosensory (POm) and visual (LP) thalamic nuclei of awake head-fixed mice with simultaneous whisker tracking and pupilometry. POm activity correlated with whether or not a mouse was whisking, but not fast precise whisking kinematics. This coarse movement modulation persisted after unilateral paralysis of the whisker pad and thus was not due to sensory reafference. POm continued to track whisking even after optogenetic silencing of primary somatosensory and motor cortex, indicating that cortical motor efference copy cannot explain the correlation between movement and POm activity. Whisking and pupil dilation were strongly correlated, raising the possibility that POm tracks arousal rather than whisker movement. LP, being part of the visual system, is not expected to encode whisker movement. However, we discovered that LP and POm track whisking equally well, suggesting a global arousal effect on both nuclei. We conclude that arousal, rather than movement per se, strongly alters activity in secondary thalamic nuclei.

scholarly journals Effects of arousal and movement on secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon H Petty ◽  
Amanda K Kinnischtzke ◽  
Y Kate Hong ◽  
Randy M Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Efference Copy ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Global Effect ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Whisker System

Neocortical sensory areas have associated primary and secondary thalamic nuclei. While primary nuclei transmit sensory information to cortex, secondary nuclei remain poorly understood. We recorded juxtasomally from secondary somatosensory (POm) and visual (LP) nuclei of awake mice while tracking whisking and pupil size. POm activity correlated with whisking, but not precise whisker kinematics. This coarse movement modulation persisted after facial paralysis and thus was not due to sensory reafference. This phenomenon also continued during optogenetic silencing of somatosensory and motor cortex and after lesion of superior colliculus, ruling out a motor efference copy mechanism. Whisking and pupil dilation were strongly correlated, possibly reflecting arousal. Indeed LP, which is not part of the whisker system, tracked whisking equally well, further indicating that POm activity does not encode whisker movement per se. The semblance of movement-related activity is likely instead a global effect of arousal on both nuclei. We conclude that secondary thalamus monitors behavioral state, rather than movement, and may exist to alter cortical activity accordingly.

Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Attention in the Visual Thalamus

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri B. Saalmann ◽  
Sabine Kastner
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
First Order ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Visual Cortical

Neural mechanisms of selective attention route behaviourally relevant information through brain networks for detailed processing. These attention mechanisms are classically viewed as being solely implemented in the cortex, relegating the thalamus to a passive relay of sensory information. However, this passive view of the thalamus is being revised in light of recent studies supporting an important role for the thalamus in selective attention. Evidence suggests that the first-order thalamic nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, regulates the visual information transmitted from the retina to visual cortex, while the higher-order thalamic nucleus, the pulvinar, regulates information transmission between visual cortical areas, according to attentional demands. This chapter discusses how modulation of thalamic responses, switching the response mode of thalamic neurons, and changes in neural synchrony across thalamo-cortical networks contribute to selective attention.

scholarly journals Pathway-, layer- and cell-type-specific thalamic input to mouse barrel cortex

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Semihcan Sermet ◽  
Pavel Truschow ◽  
Michael Feyerabend ◽  
Johannes M Mayrhofer ◽  
Tess B Oram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Thalamic Input ◽  
Layer 4

Mouse primary somatosensory barrel cortex (wS1) processes whisker sensory information, receiving input from two distinct thalamic nuclei. The first-order ventral posterior medial (VPM) somatosensory thalamic nucleus most densely innervates layer 4 (L4) barrels, whereas the higher-order posterior thalamic nucleus (medial part, POm) most densely innervates L1 and L5A. We optogenetically stimulated VPM or POm axons, and recorded evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in different cell-types across cortical layers in wS1. We found that excitatory neurons and parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons received the largest EPSPs, dominated by VPM input to L4 and POm input to L5A. In contrast, somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons received very little input from either pathway in any layer. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing inhibitory neurons received an intermediate level of excitatory input with less apparent layer-specificity. Our data help understand how wS1 neocortical microcircuits might process and integrate sensory and higher-order inputs.

scholarly journals High-fidelity transmission of high-frequency burst stimuli from peripheral nerve to thalamic nuclei in children with dystonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefanía Hernandez-Martin ◽  
Enrique Arguelles ◽  
Yifei Zheng ◽  
Ruta Deshpande ◽  
Terence D. Sanger
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Frequency Burst ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractHigh-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation has emerged as a noninvasive alternative to thalamic deep brain stimulation for some patients with essential tremor. It is not known whether such techniques might be effective for movement disorders in children, nor is the mechanism and transmission of the peripheral stimuli to central brain structures understood. This study was designed to investigate the fidelity of transmission from peripheral nerves to thalamic nuclei in children with dystonia undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. The ventralis intermediate (VIM) thalamus nuclei showed a robust evoked response to peripheral high-frequency burst stimulation, with a greatest response magnitude to intra-burst frequencies between 50 and 100 Hz, and reliable but smaller responses up to 170 Hz. The earliest response occurred at 12–15 ms following stimulation onset, suggesting rapid high-fidelity transmission between peripheral nerve and thalamic nuclei. A high-bandwidth, low-latency transmission path from peripheral nerve to VIM thalamus is consistent with the importance of rapid and accurate sensory information for the control of coordination and movement via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Our results suggest the possibility of non-invasive modulation of thalamic activity in children with dystonia, and therefore the possibility that a subset of children could have beneficial clinical response without the need for invasive deep brain stimulation.

scholarly journals Noninvasive neuromodulation and thalamic mapping with low-intensity focused ultrasound

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Dallapiazza ◽  
Kelsie F. Timbie ◽  
Stephen Holmberg ◽  
Jeremy Gatesman ◽  
M. Beatriz Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Tissue Heating ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Selective Mapping ◽  
Noninvasive Neuromodulation

OBJECTIVEUltrasound can be precisely focused through the intact human skull to target deep regions of the brain for stereotactic ablations. Acoustic energy at much lower intensities is capable of both exciting and inhibiting neural tissues without causing tissue heating or damage. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) for neuromodulation and selective mapping in the thalamus of a large-brain animal.METHODSTen Yorkshire swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) were used in this study. In the first neuromodulation experiment, the lemniscal sensory thalamus was stereotactically targeted with LIFU, and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were monitored. In a second mapping experiment, the ventromedial and ventroposterolateral sensory thalamic nuclei were alternately targeted with LIFU, while both trigeminal and tibial evoked SSEPs were recorded. Temperature at the acoustic focus was assessed using MR thermography. At the end of the experiments, all tissues were assessed histologically for damage.RESULTSLIFU targeted to the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus suppressed SSEP amplitude to 71.6% ± 11.4% (mean ± SD) compared with baseline recordings. Second, we found a similar degree of inhibition with a high spatial resolution (∼ 2 mm) since adjacent thalamic nuclei could be selectively inhibited. The ventromedial thalamic nucleus could be inhibited without affecting the ventrolateral nucleus. During MR thermography imaging, there was no observed tissue heating during LIFU sonications and no histological evidence of tissue damage.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that LIFU can be safely used to modulate neuronal circuits in the central nervous system and that noninvasive brain mapping with focused ultrasound may be feasible in humans.

Exploring Cognition with Brain–Machine Interfaces

2022 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-158
Author(s):  
Richard A. Andersen ◽  
Tyson Aflalo ◽  
Luke Bashford ◽  
David Bjånes ◽  
Spencer Kellis
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Brain Machine Interfaces ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Cortical Motor ◽  
Structured Representations ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Integration Planning ◽  
Motor Actions

Traditional brain–machine interfaces decode cortical motor commands to control external devices. These commands are the product of higher-level cognitive processes, occurring across a network of brain areas, that integrate sensory information, plan upcoming motor actions, and monitor ongoing movements. We review cognitive signals recently discovered in the human posterior parietal cortex during neuroprosthetic clinical trials. These signals are consistent with small regions of cortex having a diverse role in cognitive aspects of movement control and body monitoring, including sensorimotor integration, planning, trajectory representation, somatosensation, action semantics, learning, and decision making. These variables are encoded within the same population of cells using structured representations that bind related sensory and motor variables, an architecture termed partially mixed selectivity. Diverse cognitive signals provide complementary information to traditional motor commands to enable more natural and intuitive control of external devices.

scholarly journals Involvement of NMDA receptors containing the GluN2C subunit in the psychotomimetic and antidepressant-like effects of ketamine

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Tarrés-Gatius ◽  
Lluís Miquel-Rio ◽  
Leticia Campa ◽  
Francesc Artigas ◽  
Anna Castañé
Keyword(s):  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Cortical Networks ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAcute ketamine administration evokes rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant patients. However, ketamine also produces transient perceptual disturbances similarly to those evoked by other non-competitive NMDA-R antagonists like phencyclidine (PCP). Although the brain networks involved in both ketamine actions are not fully understood, PCP and ketamine activate thalamo-cortical networks after NMDA-R blockade in GABAergic neurons of the reticular thalamic nucleus (RtN). Given the involvement of thalamo-cortical networks in processing sensory information, these networks may underlie psychotomimetic action. Since the GluN2C subunit is densely expressed in the thalamus, including the RtN, we examined the dependence of psychotomimetic and antidepressant-like actions of ketamine on the presence of GluN2C subunits, using wild-type and GluN2C knockout (GluN2CKO) mice. Likewise, since few studies have investigated ketamine’s effects in females, we used mice of both sexes. GluN2C deletion dramatically reduced stereotyped (circling) behavior induced by ketamine in male and female mice, while the antidepressant-like effect was fully preserved in both genotypes and sexes. Despite ketamine appeared to induce similar effects in both sexes, some neurobiological differences were observed between male and female mice regarding c-fos expression in thalamic nuclei and cerebellum, and glutamate surge in prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, the GluN2C subunit may discriminate between antidepressant-like and psychotomimetic actions of ketamine. Further, the abundant presence of GluN2C subunits in the cerebellum and the improved motor coordination of GluN2CKO mice after ketamine treatment suggest the involvement of cerebellar NMDA-Rs in some behavioral actions of ketamine.

Comparison of Oculomotor Neuronal Activity in Paralaminar and Mediodorsal Thalamus in the Rhesus Monkey

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 614-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuo Tanibuchi ◽  
Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic
Keyword(s):  
Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Dorsal Thalamus ◽  
Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Picture Stimuli ◽  
Fixation Task ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Lateral Nucleus

We previously reported that neurons in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) are topographically organized and express spatial and nonspatial coding properties similar to those of the prefrontal areas with which they are connected. In the course of mapping the dorsal thalamus, we also studied neurons in a subset of thalamic nuclei (the caudal part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLc), the oral part of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPLo), the parvocellular part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VApc)) lateral to the MD and just across the internal medullary lamina. We compared these “paralaminar” neurons to MD neurons by having monkeys perform the same spatial and nonspatial cognitive tasks as those used to investigate the MD; these included two saccadic tasks—one requiring delayed and the other immediate responses—and one picture fixation task. Of the paralaminar thalamic neurons modulated by the saccadic tasks, a majority had saccade-related activity, and this was nearly always spatially tuned. Also, for about half of these neurons, the saccade-related activity occurred exclusively during the delayed-response task. No neurons with event-related activity in the saccadic tasks were preferentially modulated by specific picture stimuli, although other neurons were. All of these results were similar to what we had found for MD neurons. However, in contrast to the high proportion of presaccadic responses observed in the MD, the majority of saccade-related neurons in paralaminar thalamus exhibited mid- or postsaccadic activity, i.e., that started during or after the saccade. Our findings suggest that neurons in the paralaminar thalamus may be possible conduits of oculomotor feedback signals, especially during memory-guided saccades.

scholarly journals Target Interneuron Preference in Thalamocortical Pathways Determines the Temporal Structure of Cortical Responses

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 2815-2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Audrey Hay ◽  
Jérémie Naudé ◽  
Philippe Faure ◽  
Bertrand Lambolez
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Cortical Response ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Mean Field Model ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
Feedforward Inhibition

Abstract Sensory processing relies on fast detection of changes in environment, as well as integration of contextual cues over time. The mechanisms by which local circuits of the cerebral cortex simultaneously perform these opposite processes remain obscure. Thalamic “specific” nuclei relay sensory information, whereas “nonspecific” nuclei convey information on the environmental and behavioral contexts. We expressed channelrhodopsin in the ventrobasal specific (sensory) or the rhomboid nonspecific (contextual) thalamic nuclei. By selectively activating each thalamic pathway, we found that nonspecific inputs powerfully activate adapting (slow-responding) interneurons but weakly connect fast-spiking interneurons, whereas specific inputs exhibit opposite interneuron preference. Specific inputs thereby induce rapid feedforward inhibition that limits response duration, whereas, in the same cortical area, nonspecific inputs elicit delayed feedforward inhibition that enables lasting recurrent excitation. Using a mean field model, we confirm that cortical response dynamics depends on the type of interneuron targeted by thalamocortical inputs and show that efficient recruitment of adapting interneurons prolongs the cortical response and allows the summation of sensory and contextual inputs. Hence, target choice between slow- and fast-responding inhibitory neurons endows cortical networks with a simple computational solution to perform both sensory detection and integration.

Individualism/Collectivism and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Integrative Framework

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1633-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia A. Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Individualism And Collectivism ◽  
Per Se ◽  
First Time

In this study individualism and collectivism are, for the first time, incorporated into a conceptual model of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). I asked whether individualism and collectivism show systematic differences in their relationships with OCB, its motives, and the development of a citizen role identity. Collectivism most strongly correlated with OCB motivated by concern for coworkers. A concept of self as one who helps others at work was also associated with collectivism. Individualism was associated more with a commitment to the well-being of the institution per se rather than to its employees. Individualism and collectivism were related positively, suggesting that these seemingly opposing attributes are complementary; which of these traits predominates may depend on which citizenship behavior is needed at a given time. Overall, the findings suggest that it is not in amount of citizenship that individualists and collectivists differ, but in why they serve and how they perceive the experience.

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