Lactobacillus pentosus KCA1 Decreases Vaginal and Gut Microbiota Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Down-regulates IL-1 beta in Women of Child-Bearing Age and Modulates Bacterial Genes Related to Metabolic Functions

ABSTRACTIntroductionBacterial vaginosis which affects 14-50% of reproductive-aged women in Nigeria is misdiagnosed and under-reported. Treatment option is antibiotics, which leads to recurrent infections. The objectives of this study are three folds, first to determine effects of oral feeding of Lactobacillus pentosus KCA1 on the vaginal and gut microbiota of women diagnosed with BV; to measure the level of two proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta, before and after KCA1 consumption and to determine the relative abundance of bacterial metabolic genes.MethodsSeven women diagnosed with BV by Nugent score (7-10) were recruited to provide vaginal and gut sample before and after 14 days oral intake of 3 grams of Lactobacillus pentosus KCA1. The DNA from the swabs were processed for 16S rRNA metagenomics using Illumina MiSeq platform. The paired-end sequence FASTQ reads were imported into Illumina Basespace pipeline for quality check (QC). In addition, EzBioCloud pipeline was use for alpha and beta diversity estimation using PKSSU4.0 version and open reference UCLUST_MC2 for OTUs picking at 97% cut-off. Blood samples were analyzed using ELISA technique. PICRUSt was used to predict the metabolic functions from the 16S rRNA gene dataset.ResultsOn average, there was no significant difference at p=0.05 in the alpha indices typified by Shannon index. The beta diversity showed different clustering positions with PCoA. However, at individual taxonomic categories, there was a significant decrease in the relative abundance of some genera associated with bacterial vaginosis after KCA1 feeding with a corresponding increase of Lactobacillus genera. Bacterial genes related to defence systems were up-regulated in the vagina. There was a 2-fold down-regulation of IL-1 beta after consumption of KCA1.ConclusionOur findings suggest that Lactobacillus pentosus KCA1 taken orally, lowers pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1 beta and decreases the relative abundance of BV-associated bacteria.

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Gut Microbiome in a Russian Cohort of Pre- and Post-Cholecystectomy Female Patients

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11040294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 294

Author(s):

Irina Grigor’eva ◽

Tatiana Romanova ◽

Natalia Naumova ◽

Tatiana Alikina ◽

Alexey Kuznetsov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Gallstone Disease ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Bacterial Phyla ◽

Female Patients ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

Before And After

The last decade saw extensive studies of the human gut microbiome and its relationship to specific diseases, including gallstone disease (GSD). The information about the gut microbiome in GSD-afflicted Russian patients is scarce, despite the increasing GSD incidence worldwide. Although the gut microbiota was described in some GSD cohorts, little is known regarding the gut microbiome before and after cholecystectomy (CCE). By using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, we inventoried the fecal bacteriobiome composition and structure in GSD-afflicted females, seeking to reveal associations with age, BMI and some blood biochemistry. Overall, 11 bacterial phyla were identified, containing 916 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The fecal bacteriobiome was dominated by Firmicutes (66% relative abundance), followed by Bacteroidetes (19%), Actinobacteria (8%) and Proteobacteria (4%) phyla. Most (97%) of the OTUs were minor or rare species with ≤1% relative abundance. Prevotella and Enterocossus were linked to blood bilirubin. Some taxa had differential pre- and post-CCE abundance, despite the very short time (1–3 days) elapsed after CCE. The detailed description of the bacteriobiome in pre-CCE female patients suggests bacterial foci for further research to elucidate the gut microbiota and GSD relationship and has potentially important biological and medical implications regarding gut bacteria involvement in the increased GSD incidence rate in females.

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Effects of Transanal Irrigation on Gut Microbiota in Pediatric Patients with Spina Bifida

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10020224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 224

Author(s):

Akira Furuta ◽

Yasuyuki Suzuki ◽

Ryosuke Takahashi ◽

Birte Petersen Jakobsen ◽

Takahiro Kimura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spina Bifida ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Transanal Irrigation ◽

Rrna Sequencing ◽

Before And After ◽

Neurogenic Bowel

Recent studies using 16S rRNA-based microbiota profiling have demonstrated dysbiosis of gut microbiota in constipated patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in gut microbiota after transanal irrigation (TAI) in patients with spina bifida (SB). A questionnaire on neurogenic bowel disfunction (NBD), Bristol scale, and gut microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing were completed in 16 SB patients and 10 healthy controls aged 6–17 years. Then, 11 of 16 SB patients with moderate to severe NBD scores received TAI for 3 months. Changes in urine cultures were also examined before and after the TAI treatments. In addition, correlation of gut microbiota and Bristol scale was analyzed. Significantly decreased abundance in Faecalibacterium, Blautia and Roseburia, and significantly increased abundance in Bacteroides and Roseburia were observed in the SB patients compared with controls and after TAI, respectively. The abundance of Roseburia was significantly correlated positively with Bristol scale. Urinary tract infection tended to decrease from 82% to 55% after TAI (p = 0.082) despite persistent fecal incontinence. Butyrate-producing bacteria such as Roseburia play a regulatory role in the intestinal motility and host immune system, suggesting the effects of TAI on gut microbiota.

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O-143 Characterization of vaginal and endometrial microbiome in patients with chronic endometritis (CE)

Human Reproduction ◽

10.1093/humrep/deab127.011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

P LOZANO ◽

A Bernabeu ◽

B Lledó ◽

R Morales ◽

F I Aranda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Embryo Transfer ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Beta Diversity ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Small Sample ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Vaginal Microbiome ◽

Chronic Endometritis

Abstract Study question Could vaginal and endometrial microbiome by sequencing 16S rRNA be comparable to classic diagnostic methods or immunohistochemistry CD138 for diagnosis of chronic endometritis? Summary answer A characteristic endometrial and vaginal microbiome is present in patients with chronic endometritis. An abnormal vaginal microbiome correlates with the presence of chronic endometritis. What is known already Chronic endometritis is a disease characterized by persistent inflammation of the endometrial lining. Currently, histopathological evaluation by immunohistochemistry CD138 marker is most common diagnostic method for CE. Microbiome analysis based on subunit 16S rRNA sequencing is a fast tool that can enable the identification of pathogenic microorganisms associated with CE. The main bacteria at vaginal and endometrial level belong to genus Lactobacillus, producers of lactic acid that allows maintaining acidic pH of vagina and acts as barrier against pathogens. Investigations on the effect of an abnormal endometrial and vaginal microbiome could improve assisted reproductive technologies. Study design, size, duration This is a observational pilot study (60 patients and 120 samples). The study population consists of patients attending to our fertility clinic for frozen euploid embryo transfer (FET) from May 2017 to May 2019. Preimplantation Genetic Testing of aneuploidy (PGT-A) was performed at blastocyst stage using Veriseq (Illumina). The inclusion criteria to be meet by patients were: age between 18 and 50 years, own or donated oocytes and use of ICSI. Participants/materials, setting, methods Cohort study with sixty patients undergoing assisted reproductive treatment (TRA) with their own or donated gametes and PGT-A Vaginal and endometrial samples were taken in the cycle prior to embryo transfer. The vaginal and endometrial microbiome was analyzed by mass sequencing of the V3V4 region of 16S rRNA. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using QIIME2 and MicrobiomeAnalyst packages. Alpha, beta diversity and taxonomic characterization were compared with positive and negative CD138 groups for chronic endometritis (CE). Main results and the role of chance Different bacterial communities were detected when vaginal and endometrial samples were analyzed in patients with and without endometritis diagnosed with CD138 immunohistochemistry. In patients with endometritis, a higher alpha diversity index tendency was found in vaginal samples (p = 0.15 for the Shannon index) and significant differences in endometrial samples (p = 0.01 for the Shannon index). In the beta diversity analysis, no significant differences were observed between the groups established as per the diagnosis of endometritis. Vaginal and endometrial samples from women with endometritis showed a microbiome pattern not dominated by Lactobacillus spp. Relative abundance analysis identified the genera Ralstonia and Gardnerella in endometrial sample, and the genera Streptoccoccus and Ureaplasma in vaginal sample of patients diagnosed with CD138 for endometritis. Comparing endometrial and vaginal samples CD138 positive diagnosed for endometritis, alpha diversity (p = 0.06 for the Shannon index and p = 0.08 for the Simpson index) and beta diversity (p < 0.001) showed significant differences. Relative abundance identified the genera Lactobacillus (p = 3.76E-4), Ralstonia (p = 8.19E-4), Delftia (p = 0.004) and Anaerobacillus (p = 0.004) in these sample groups. Limitations, reasons for caution The main limitation of this study is the small sample size. Larger studies including a higher number of samples are needed to confirm the different microbiome pattern observed at the vaginal and endometrial levels in correlation with chronic endometritis. The microbiome pattern has not been analyzed after treatment of CE. Wider implications of the findings Our findings suggest the existence of a characteristic vaginal and endometrial microbiota in patients with chronic endometritis. Different genera and species were identified in patients with and without endometritis depending on whether the sample was endometrial or vaginal. An abnormal vaginal microbiome appears to be strongly correlated with chronic endometritis. Trial registration number Not Applicable

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Impact of a probiotic, inulin, or their combination on the piglets’ microbiota at different intestinal locations

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2014.0030 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 473-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

V.A. Sattler ◽

K. Bayer ◽

G. Schatzmayr ◽

A.G. Haslberger ◽

V. Klose

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Real Time ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

16S Rrna Gene Pyrosequencing

Natural feed additives are used to maintain health and to promote performance of pigs without antibiotics. Effects of a probiotic, inulin, and their combination (synbiotic), on the microbial diversity and composition at different intestinal locations were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), real-time PCR, and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Bacterial diversity assessed by DGGE and/or pyrosequencing was increased by inulin in all three gut locations and by the synbiotic in the caecum and colon. In contrast, the probiotic did only affect the microbiota diversity in the ileum. Shifts in the DGGE microbiota profiles of the caecum and colon were detected for the pro- and synbiotic fed animals, whereas inulin profiles were more similar to the ones of the control. 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing revealed that all three additives could reduce Escherichia species in each gut location, indicating a potential beneficial effect on the gut microbiota. An increase of relative abundance of Clostridiaceae in the large intestine was found in the inulin group and of Enterococcaceae in the ileum of probiotic fed pigs. Furthermore, real-time PCR results showed that the probiotic and synbiotic increased bifidobacterial numbers in the ileum, which was supported by sequencing results. The probiotic and inulin, to different extents, changed the diversity, relative abundance of phylotypes, and community profiles of the porcine microbiota. However, alterations of the bacterial community were not uniformly between gut locations, demonstrating that functionality of feed additives is site specific. Therefore, gut sampling from various locations is crucial when investigations aim to identify the composition of a healthy gut microbiota after its manipulation through feed additives.

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Effects of Industrial and Ruminant Trans-fatty Acids-Enriched Diet on Fecal Microbiome and Short Chain Fatty Acid Metabolites of C57BL/6 Mice

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab054_026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1171-1171

Author(s):

Farzad Mohammadi ◽

Emma Tolsdorf ◽

Karine Greffard ◽

Élodie Chotard ◽

Jean-François Bilodeau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Trans Fatty Acids ◽

Valeric Acid ◽

Short Chain ◽

16S Rrna Analysis ◽

Fecal Microbiome

Abstract Objectives We hypothesized that the intake of industrially originated trans-fatty acids (elaidic acid (EA trans 18: 1n-9)) and ruminant trans fatty acids (trans-palmitoleic acid (TPA t16:1 n-7)) will differentially modify gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) profiles. The objective is to compare the long- and short-term effects of EA and TPA on the fecal microbiome and SCFAs profiles in mice. Methods Forty C57BL/6 mice were divided to 4 groups. Each group was given one of the following 4 formulations in the drinking water: lecithin nanovesicles, nanovesicles containing either lecithin with EA or TPA (86:14 (w/w)) or water alone (control) for 28 days with a normal fat diet. Fecal samples were collected at days 0, 7 and 28. Gut microbiota profiles were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. SCFAs were measured by headspace gas chromatography coupled to a single quadrupole mass spectrometer. Baseline data (relative abundance of bacteria or levels of SCFAs) was pooled and then compared with data from day 7 or day 28 for each formulation. Results After 7 days of lecithin, 16S rRNA analysis revealed an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. After 28 days of lecithin, an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae together with a decrease in Bacteroidaceae was observed. Further, a tendency to increase level of butyric acid (P = 0.053) was observed after 28 days of lecithin. After 7 days of EA, an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, whereas a decrease in the relative abundance of Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, Rumininococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Peptococcaceae was observed. After 7 days of TPA, results show a decreased level of isovaleric acid (P = 0.04) and valeric acid (P = 0.03). After 28 days of TPA, data demonstrates an increase in the level of butyric acid (P = 0.01) and propionic acid (P = 0.01). Water intake for 28 days decreased the level of valeric acid (P = 0.02). Conclusions Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans-fatty acids modify differentially bacterial taxa present in the gut microbiome and SCFA profiles. Funding Sources NSERC, CMDO.

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Identification and Removal of Potential Contaminants in 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Datasets from Low Microbial Biomass Samples: An Example from the Mosquito Gut

10.21203/rs.3.rs-45329/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sebastián Diaz ◽

Juan Sebastián Escobar ◽

Frank William Avila

Keyword(s):

Microbial Biomass ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Vector Competence ◽

Negative Control ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Physiological Relevance ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: The bacterial gut microbiota of the female mosquito influences numerous physiological processes, including vector competence. As a low-microbial-biomass ecosystem, mosquito gut tissue is prone to contamination from the laboratory environment and from reagents commonly used to dissect and/or isolate DNA from gut tissue. In this report, we analyze five 16S rRNA datasets, including new data obtained by us, to gain insight into the impact of potential contaminating sequences on the composition, diversity, and structure of the mosquito gut microbial community. Results: We present a clustering-free approach that, based on the relative abundance of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in gut and negative control samples , allowed for the identification of candidate contaminating sequences. Some of these sequences belong to bacterial taxa previously identified as common contaminants in metagenomic studies; they have also been identified as part of the mosquito core gut microbiota, with putative physiological relevance for the host. By using different relative abundance cutoffs, we show that contaminating sequences have a significant impact on gut microbiota diversity and structure.Conclusions: The approach presented here allows the identification and removal of purported contaminating sequences in datasets obtained from low-microbial biomass samples. While it was exemplified with the analysis of gut microbiota from mosquitos, it can easily extend to other datasets dealing with similar technical artifacts.

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The vaginal microbiota in the course of bacterial vaginosis treatment

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1007/s10096-020-04049-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Romy D. Zwittink ◽

Ellen H. A. van den Munckhof ◽

Maurine A. Leverstein-van Hall ◽

Kim Boers ◽

Anco Molijn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Antibiotic Treatment ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Vaginal Microbiota ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Unknown Aetiology ◽

Before And After ◽

Abnormal Vaginal Discharge

Abstract Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is perceived as a condition of disrupted vaginal microbiota, but remains of unknown aetiology. In this study, vaginal microbiota composition was determined in twenty-one women with BV, before and after treatment with metronidazole or clindamycin. Microbiota composition varied greatly between women and defining a (un)healthy vaginal microbiota state remains elusive, challenging BV diagnosis and treatment. While relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased after antibiotic treatment in two-third of women, its abundance was not associated with treatment outcome. Instead, remaining complaints of abnormal vaginal discharge were more common after metronidazole treatment and associated with increased relative abundance of Ureaplasma.

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Kang-Xian Pills Inhibit Inflammatory Response and Decrease Gut Permeability to Treat Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Chronic Hepatic Injury through Modulating Gut Microbiota

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/8890182 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Li Wang ◽

Huantian Cui ◽

Yuting Li ◽

Min Cao ◽

Shanshan Man ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Tetrachloride ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Hepatic Injury ◽

Gut Permeability ◽

16S Rrna Analysis ◽

Chronic Hepatic Injury ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Kang-Xian (KX) pills have been clinically used for the treatment of chronic hepatic injury (CHI). However, the mechanisms of KX on CHI remain unknown. The aim of this study mainly focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of KX in a CHI mouse model based on modulating gut microbiota and gut permeability. We first established a CHI model using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and treated it with KX. The anti-inflammatory effects of KX on CHI model mice and the changes in gut permeability after KX treatment were also investigated. 16S rRNA analysis was used to study the changes of gut microbiota composition after KX treatment. In addition, gut microbiota was depleted using a combination of antibiotics in order to further confirm that KX could inhibit the inflammatory response and decrease gut permeability to treat CHI by modulating the gut microbiota. Results showed that KX treatment significantly improved liver function in CHI model mice. KX could also increase the levels of tight junction proteins in the colon and decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the liver. 16S rRNA analysis indicated that KX treatment affected the alpha and beta diversities in CHI model mice. Further analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that KX treatment increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. At the genus level, KX treatment increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Akkermansia and decreased the relative abundance of Ralstonia, Alloprevotella, and Lachnoclostridium. However, KX could not alleviate CHI after depleting the gut microbiota. The effects of KX on gut permeability and inflammatory response in the liver were also decreased following the depletion of gut microbiota. In conclusion, our current study demonstrated that gut microbiota was significantly affected during CHI progression. KX could inhibit the inflammatory response and decrease the gut permeability in CHI model mice through modulating the gut microbiota.

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Complementing 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with estimates of total bacterial load to infer absolute species concentrations in the vaginal microbiome

10.1101/598771 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Florencia Tettamanti Boshier ◽

Sujatha Srinivasan ◽

Anthony Lopez ◽

Noah G. Hoffman ◽

Sean Proll ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Individual Species ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Associated Bacteria

Whereas 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing quantifies relative abundances of bacterial taxa, variation in total bacterial load between samples restricts its ability to reflect absolute concentration of individual species. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can quantify individual species, but it is not practical to develop a suite of qPCR assays for every bacterium present in a diverse sample. We analyzed 1320 samples from 20 women with a history of frequent bacterial vaginosis, who self-collected vaginal swabs daily over 60 days. We inferred bacterial concentrations by taking the product of species relative abundance (assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and total bacterial load (measured by broad-range 16S rRNA gene qPCR). Log10-converted inferred concentrations correlated with targeted qPCR (r = 0. 935, p<2.2e-16) for seven key bacterial species. The mean inferred concentration error varied across bacteria, with rarer bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria associated with larger errors. 92% of errors >0.5 log10 occurred when relative abundance was <10%. Many errors occurred during early bacterial expansion or late contraction. When relative abundance of a species is >10%, inferred concentrations are reliable proxies for targeted qPCR. However, targeted qPCR is required to capture bacteria at low relative abundance, particularly with BV-associated bacteria during the early onset of bacterial vaginosis.

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The Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Transcriptome and Gut Microbiota Profiling

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2021/4400428 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Sanwang Wang ◽

Hongliang Chen ◽

Xin Wen ◽

Jingjing Mu ◽

Mingyue Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽

Experimental Autoimmune

Objective. To study the protective effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and reveal its potential intestinal microflora-dependent mechanism through analyses of the intestinal microbiota and spinal cord transcriptome in mice. Method. We measured the severity of disease by clinical EAE scores and H&E staining. Gut microbiota alteration in the gut and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spinal cord were analyzed through 16S rRNA and transcriptome sequencing. Finally, we analyzed associations between the relative abundance of intestinal microbiota constituents and DEGs. Results. We observed that clinical EAE scores were lower in the EAE+FMT group than in the EAE group. Meanwhile, mice in the EAE+FMT group also had a lower number of infiltrating cells. The results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that FMT increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and reduced the abundance of Bacteroides and Actinobacteria. Meanwhile, FMT could modulate gut microbiota balance, especially via increasing the relative abundance of g_Adlercreutzia, g_Sutterella, g_Prevotella_9, and g_Tyzzerella_3 and decreasing the relative abundance of g_Turicibacter. Next, we analyzed the transcriptome of mouse spinal cord tissue and found that 1476 genes were differentially expressed between the EAE and FMT groups. The analysis of these genes showed that FMT mainly participated in the inflammatory response. Correlation analysis between gut microbes and transcriptome revealed that the relative abundance of Adlercreutzia was correlated with the expression of inflammation-related genes negatively, including Casp6, IL1RL2 (IL-36R), IL-17RA, TNF, CCL3, CCR5, and CCL8, and correlated with the expression of neuroprotection-related genes positively, including Snap25, Edil3, Nrn1, Cpeb3, and Gpr37. Conclusion. Altogether, FMT may selectively regulate gene expression to improve inflammation and maintain the stability of the intestinal environment in a gut microbiota-dependent manner.

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