scholarly journals Testing for tracing or testing just for treating? A comparative analysis of strategies to face COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Critical Variable ◽  
Testing Rate ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Case Rate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
High Level

AbstractThere is some consensus in Europe and Asia about high testing rates being crucial to controlling COVID-19 pandemics. There are though misconceptions on what means an effective high testing rate. This paper demonstrates that the rate of tests per detected case (Tests/Case) is the critical variable, correlating negatively with the number of deaths. The higher the Tests/Case rate, the lower the death rate, as this predictor is causally related to contact tracing and isolation of the vectors of the disease. Doubling Tests/Case typically divides by about three the number of deaths. On the other hand, the per capita testing rate is a poor predictor for the performance of policies to fight the pandemics. The number of tests per 1,000 inhabitants (Tests/1,000) tends to correlate positively with the number of deaths. In some cases, high levels of Tests/1,000 just mean an epidemic that ran out of control, with an explosion of cases that demands high testing rates just to confirm the diagnosis of the seriously sick. This study also demonstrates that an early tracing strategy, with a high level of Tests/Case, reduces combined costs of testing and hospitalization dramatically. Therefore, the common claim that tracing strategies are unaffordable by poorer countries is incorrect. On the contrary, it is the most adequate, both from the economic and humanitarian points of view.

scholarly journals Emotional Intelligence of Employees of Risky Professions: Theoretical and Empirical Discourse of the Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-88
Author(s):  
Yaryna ANDRUSHKO ◽  
◽  
Iryna STETSENKO ◽  
Kateryna AVERINA ◽  
Tetiana ALIEKSIEIENKO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Patrol Officers ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Rescue Workers ◽  
Russian Version ◽  
The Common ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
High Level

A professional, working in dangerous conditions, requires a high level of steadfastness to stress, caution, and responsibility. The goal of the research is aimed at theoretical and empirical disclosing of the essence of emotional intelligence in employees of risky professions. Emotional intelligence is seen as a leading personal competence and ability. The structural components of emotional intelligence are analyzed in detail from the points of view of well-known foreign and domestic psychologists. The integrative indicators of emotional intelligence have been empirically revealed in rescue workers and patrol officers. In our study participated 1000 respondents with the same length of service in 4 years, in particular: firefighters (n = 500); patrol officers (n = 500). The psycho-diagnostic tools included: Hall test, Russian version of the test of emotional intelligence of J. Meyer, P. Salovey, D.Caruso MSCEIT-V2.0 in the adapted version of O. Sergiienko, I. Vetrova and the method of studying the professional identity of L. Schneider. The respondents showed a low level of development of emotional intelligence. However, the differences were also revealed, in particular, it is more clearly for firefighters to understand their own emotions, but for law enforcement officers the practical use of emotions is in priority. At the same time, the common problem is inability to manage own emotional experiences.

The influence of temperature on the survival and infectivity of the cercariae of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. McCARTHY
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
High Level

Survival and infectivity characteristics are described for cercariae of the echinostome Echinoparyphium recurvatum at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Cercarial survival was markedly age- and temperature-dependent, maximum survival time being reduced from 68 h at 10°C to 12 h at 30°C, 50% survival times falling from 47·9 h at 10°C to 8·4 h at 30°C. The mean instantaneous per capita death rate of cercariae increased exponentially with temperature. Cercarial infectivity was also temperature dependent, the main effect of temperature being upon the rate at which infectivity diminished with increasing age of cercariae. Infectivity increased from zero at 10°C to a maximum at 25°C after which it declined to a low level at 30°C. Overall transmission efficiency of cercariae at each experimental temperature was calculated as the ratio of the mean instantaneous per capita death rate (μ) to the mean instantaneous per capita rate of infection (β). Transmission efficiency of cercariae was found to be maximal at 20°C and at a relatively high level between 10 and 25°C. Transmission efficiency was zero at 10°C and at a very low level at 30°C. These results suggest that the cercariae of E. recurvatum show transmission optima at water temperatures likely to be encountered in natural habitats in Britain and Europe.

Negotiations over Accounting Issues: The Congruency of Audit Partner and Chief Financial Officer Recalls

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (s-1) ◽  
pp. 171-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gibbins ◽  
Susan A. McCracken ◽  
Steven E. Salterio
Keyword(s):  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Chief Financial Officers ◽  
Chief Financial Officer ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Sides

Much of what takes place in auditor-client management negotiations occurs in unobservable settings and normally does not result in publicly available archival records. Recent research has increasingly attempted to probe issues relating to accounting negotiations in part due to recent events in the financial world. In this paper, we compare recalls from the two sides of such negotiations, audit partners, and chief financial officers (CFOs), collected in two field questionnaires. We examine the congruency of the auditors' and the CFOs' negotiation recalls for all negotiation elements and features that were common across the two questionnaires (detailed analyses of the questionnaires are reported elsewhere). The results show largely congruent recall: only limited divergences in recall of common elements and features. Specifically, we show a high level of congruency across CFOs and audit partners in the type of issues negotiated, parties involved in resolving the issue, and the elements making up the negotiation process, including agreement on the relative importance of various common accounting contextual features. The analysis of the common accounting contextual features suggests that certain contextual features are consistently important across large numbers of negotiations, whether viewed from the audit partner's or the CFO's perspective, and hence may warrant future study. Finally, the comparative analysis allows us to identify certain common elements and contextual features that may influence both audit partners and CFOs to consider the accounting negotiation setting as mainly distributive (win-lose).

Caged-electron States and Split-electron States in Endohedral Alkali C60

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
yifan yang ◽  
Lorenz S Cederbaum
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Electronic States ◽  
Electron States ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level

The low-lying electronic states of neutral X@C60(X=Li, Na, K, Rb) have been computed and analyzed by employing state-of-the-art high level many-electron methods. Apart from the common charge-separated states, well known...

scholarly journals Environmental Sustainability and Economic Growth in Greenland: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1228
Author(s):  
Javier Arnaut ◽  
Johanna Lidman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
High Level

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis assumes there is an inverted U-shape relationship between pollution and income per capita, implying an improvement in environmental quality when a growing economy reaches a high level of economic development. This study evaluated empirically the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve in Greenland for the period 1970–2018. Using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the results show evidence of a U-shaped EKC in Greenland instead of the hypothesized inverted U-shape. The findings indicate that Greenland had initially experienced a decoupling transition during an early development stage associated with structural conditions of a small subsistence economy. However, once the country began to expand its industry, the trend began to reverse, creating a positive and significant relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita that is potentially detrimental to the Arctic natural environment.

Ba-, Si- and vacancy-rich phlogopites from the talc-bearing sulfide ore deposit of La Creuse, Beaujolais, France

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1187-1210
Author(s):  
Marie-Lola Pascal ◽  
Michel Fonteilles ◽  
Véronique Tournis ◽  
Benoît Baptiste ◽  
Jean-Louis Robert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Excess Charge ◽  
Formula Unit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ore Deposit ◽  
Sulfide Ore ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTBa-rich and Si-rich phlogopites occur in the talc-bearing rocks of the La Creuse sulfide ore deposit in Beaujolais, France. They form a group of compositions completely separated from the common Al-rich phlogopites that occur in the surrounding talc-free metasiltites and metarhyolites, with higher Ba and Mg and lower Al contents. The Ba-rich phlogopites have a relatively narrow compositional range (0.24 to 0.80 Ba per formula unit, for 44 valencies) with high and constant Si (5.8 atoms per formula unit, apfu) and Mg + Fe (5.6 apfu), probably buffered by the presence of talc. Compared to low-Al phlogopites from talc-free rocks, the excess charge introduced by the BaK–1 substitution is compensated by interlayer vacancies. Such a high level of interlayer vacancy (0.56 pfu), related to the talc-producing metasomatic conditions, is essential for the stability of this special group of Ba-rich and Si-rich phlogopites.Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses were performed. Ba-rich and Si-rich phlogopite is monoclinic, space group C2/m, (R = 5.31%) with a = 5.3185(5), b = 9.2136(9), c = 10.1349(11) Å and β = 100.131(11)°. The occupancies of Mg/Fe and K/Ba were refined exploring different vacancies. The solutions giving the best R factor (4.77%) and goodness-of-fit (1.06) are obtained with 15% < vacancy < 40% at the interlayer site.

scholarly journals Sustainability and Depletion Accounting: A Case Study of Oil in Libya

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrazag Mohamed Etelawi ◽  
Keith A. Blatner ◽  
Jill McCluskey
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
National Income ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Income Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
High Level

There is a strong need to study sustainability and depletion accounting of oil in the Libyan economy because oil production and export is the single largest source of national income in the country. This study covers the time period from 1990 to 2009. Throughout this period, the Libyan national economy used its oil and petroleum industries to increase national income. Development sustainability can be defined as investment divided by GDP. This measure provides an indication of the low level of sustainable development in Libya over the period of analysis, which is 0.38 on average. It is important that the Libyan government develop and implement plans and strategies for achieving sustainability and the maintenance of oil resources.Carbon dioxide emissions provide another indication of the presence or absence of sustainability. The ratio of carbon dioxide ranged from a minimum of 8.50 metric tons per capita in 1990 to 10.00 metric tons per capita in 2009 and average 9.07 metric tons per capita over the course of the study period. CO2 emissions were also much higher than other countries in the Middle East and North Africa. This suggests there was relatively little interest in the sustainable development of the Libyan economy during this period. The Environment Domestic Product (EDP) increased sharply from the beginning of the study at $24.23 billion in 1991 to $45.87 billion in 2009 in constant dollars. Again, one can infer that policy makers did not consider the depletion of oil resources and the environment in their planning process, or at least did not place a high level of concern on this issue.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Role of the Permanent and Temporary Shocks in Peru Using the Co-Movements Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Cesar R. Sobrino
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Quarterly Data ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Capita Output ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

In this study, we use the co-movements approach to examine the role of permanent (common trend) and temporary (common cycle) shocks on per capita output, per capita consumption, and per capita investment in Peru, a small open commodity-based economy. Using quarterly data from 1993: Q1 to 2019: Q1, the effects of the temporary shocks are short-lived, and, on average, are a minor source of the variations of macro time series, over 10 quarters. This evidence suggests that the main source of per capita output and per capita consumption variations is the common trend shock which must be related to the 1990s reforms. Moreover, per capita output and per capita consumption are less responsive to unfavorable (favorable) common cycle shocks than per capita investment is. This outcome indicates that per capita investment has a much more volatile cycle than per capita private output and per capita consumption which is consistent with a previous empirical work.

scholarly journals From Driverless Dilemmas to More Practical Common-Sense Tests for Automated Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian De Freitas ◽  
Bryant Walker Smith ◽  
Andrea Censi ◽  
Luigi Di Lillo ◽  
Sam E. Anthony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Driving Behavior ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Trolley Dilemmas ◽  
Relevant Component

For the first time in history, automated vehicles (AVs) are being deployed in populated environments. This unprecedented transformation of our everyday lives demands a significant undertaking: endowing complex autonomous systems with ethically acceptable behavior. We outline how one prominent, ethically-relevant component of AVs—driving behavior—is inextricably linked to stakeholders in the technical, regulatory, and social spheres of the field. Whereas humans are presumed (rightly or wrongly) to have the ‘common sense’ to behave ethically in new driving situations beyond a standard driving test, AVs do not (and probably should not) enjoy this presumption. We examine, at a high level, how to test the common sense of an AV. We start by reviewing discussions of ‘driverless dilemmas’, adaptions of the traditional ‘trolley dilemmas’ of philosophy that have sparked discussion on AV ethics but have limited use to the technical and legal spheres. Then, we explain how to substantially change the premises and features of these dilemmas (while preserving their behavioral diagnostic spirit) in order to lay the foundations for a more practical and relevant framework that tests driving common sense as an integral part of road rules testing.

scholarly journals Co-morbidities: Prevalence and evaluation of risk with COVID-19 (SARS CoV2) infection: A retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Vir Vivek ◽  
Veer Karuna ◽  
Ravinder Singh ◽  
Priya Gupta ◽  
Nidhi Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Hospital Records ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Chief Complaints ◽  
Clinical Relationship ◽  
The Common

: Cases of COVID 19 is a challenge for clinicians to evaluate the effect of SARS CoV2 on patients has preexisting medical illness. To assess the potential effect and incidence of COVID 19 with comorbidity. 680 COVID-19 positive cases were included. This research was limited to the admitted patients from October 2020 to February 2021. Applicable data were collected from patient’s files, reviewed and included based on the applicability to the topic. As of October, 2020, our institute had 954 suspected cases of COVID-19 infection. Out of these 680 patients were positive and rests were negative. We obtained data from the hospital records which provided information regarding the age, gender, chief complaints, co-morbidity and its type, positive /negative status and outcomes (Recovered/death). We divided the patients into three groups; (1) had no co-morbidity; (2) had one co-morbidity (3) had two or more co-morbidity and compared their outcomes (Recovery/Death/admitted). We also compared the outcomes of patients those had more than two co-morbidities. clinical data and co-morbidities were examined with SPSS Statistics, Version 23. Most patients were male (76.21%) with commonest complain of difficulty in breathing (46.03%). Among total cases, no co-morbidity was noted in 402 (59.11%) patients, one co-morbidity in 205(30.15%) and more than one co-morbidity in 73 (10.74%) patients. Higher death rate was noted in positive patients with two or more co-morbidities (35.62%). Diabetes and hypertension were the common observed illness with higher death rate in COPD and HTN with CAD (75.00%) patients. Result of this study suggests a strong clinical relationship between COVID-19 and co-morbidities. Patients with pre-existing medical sickness with COVID 19 is a challenge to the physicians as it yielded poorer clinical outcomes. So, the physicians need to be prepared to reorganize their consultative practices during this pandemic period.

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