scholarly journals Disparities in COVID-19 Related Mortality in U.S. Prisons and the General Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M Nowotny ◽  
David Cloud ◽  
Alysse G. Wurcel ◽  
Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
State Level ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Prison Systems ◽  
Related Mortality

We provide an analysis of COVID-19 mortality data to assess the potential magnitude of COVID-19 among prison residents. Data were pooled from Covid Prison Project and multiple publicly available national and state level sources. Data analyses consisted of standard epidemiologic and demographic estimates. A single case study was included to generate a more in-depth and multi-faceted understanding of COVID-19 mortality in prisons. The increase in crude COVID-19 mortality rates for the prison population has outpaced the rates for the general population. People in prison experienced a significantly higher mortality burden compared to the general population (standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 2.75; 95% confidence interval = 2.54, 2.96). For a handful of states (n = 5), these disparities were more extreme, with SMRs ranging from 5.55 to 10.56. Four states reported COVID-19 related death counts that are more than 50% of expected deaths from all-causes in a calendar year. The case study suggested there was also variation in mortality among units within prison systems, with geriatric facilities potentially at highest risk. Understanding the dynamic trends in COVID-19 mortality in prisons as they move in and out of hotspot status is critical.

scholarly journals Incidence of Suicide in Persons With Cancer

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (29) ◽  
pp. 4731-4738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Misono ◽  
Noel S. Weiss ◽  
Jesse R. Fann ◽  
Mary Redman ◽  
Bevan Yueh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Rate

Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize suicide rates among patients with cancer in the United States and identify patient and disease characteristics associated with higher suicide rates. Prior studies, mostly in Europe, have suggested that patients with cancer may be at increased risk for suicide, but large cohort studies comparing patients with cancer with the general population have not been performed in the United States. Methods Patients in the study were residents of geographic areas served by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program who were diagnosed with cancer from 1973 to 2002. Comparisons with the general US population were based on mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. This was a retrospective cohort study of suicide in persons with cancer. Results Among 3,594,750 SEER registry patients observed for 18,604,308 person-years, 5,838 suicides were identified, for an age-, sex-, and race-adjusted rate of 31.4/100,000 person-years. In contrast, the suicide rate in the general US population was 16.7/100,000 person-years. Higher suicide rates were associated with male sex, white race, and older age at diagnosis. The highest suicide risks were observed in patients with cancers of the lung and bronchus (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 5.74; 95% CI, 5.30 to 6.22), stomach (SMR = 4.68; 95% CI, 3.81 to 5.70), oral cavity and pharynx (SMR = 3.66; 95% CI, 3.16 to 4.22), and larynx (SMR = 2.83; 95% CI, 2.31 to 3.44). SMRs were highest in the first 5 years after diagnosis with cancer. Conclusion Patients with cancer in the United States have nearly twice the incidence of suicide of the general population, and suicide rates vary among patients with cancers of different anatomic sites. Further examination of the psychological experience of patients with cancer, particularly that of patients with certain types of cancer, is warranted.

scholarly journals Mortality among People with Epilepsy: A Retrospective Nationwide Analysis from 2016 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10512
Author(s):  
Kristijonas Puteikis ◽  
Rūta Mameniškienė
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
External Causes Of Death ◽  
Underlying Cause Of Death ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
External Causes

We estimated age-adjusted mortality and investigated the dominant causes of death as well as comorbidities among people with epilepsy (PWE) in Lithuania, a country with frequent deaths from external causes. From 2016 to 2019, the age-adjusted rate of death among PWE in Lithuania was compared with mortality data in the general population. Each year of analysis, individuals who were diagnosed with epilepsy comprised a retrospective cohort. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of PWE varied from 2.93 (95% CI 2.78 to 3.07) to 3.18 (95% CI 3.02 to 3.34). PWE died at least one decade earlier than expected in the general population. The dominant causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (their proportion ranged from 44.8% to 49.3%), cancer (16.7% to 21.3%) and external causes of death (8.5% to 10.9%). The proportion of the latter decreased over time (r = −0.99, p = 0.01), whereas the SMR for external causes of death remained relatively constant. Epilepsy was the underlying cause of death in 163 cases (2.6%), and noted as a condition contributing to death in 1010 cases (15.9%). Cerebrovascular and cardiological conditions and dementia were the most frequent comorbidities among PWE before their death. Epilepsy-unrelated causes of death are relevant contributors to mortality among PWE. There is a need for PWE-oriented societal interventions to reduce the frequency of external deaths beyond the trend in the general population.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risk Detection Through Big Data Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Sánchez-Acevedo ◽  
Zaydi Anaí Acosta-Chi ◽  
Ma. del Rocío Morales-Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
State Level ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
K Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Web Tool ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Risk Detection ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
The Cost

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in the world. As more people suffer from diabetes and hypertension, the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases. A sedentary lifestyle, an unhealthy diet, and stressful activities are behaviors that can be changed to prevent CVD. Taking measures to prevent CVD lowers the cost of treatments and reduces mortality. Data-driven plans generate more effective results and can be applied to groups with similar characteristics. Currently, there are several databases that can be used to extract information in real time and improve decision making. This article proposes a methodology for the detection of CVD and a web tool to analyze the data more effectively. The methodology for extracting, describing, and visualizing data from a state-level case study of CVD in Mexico is presented. The data is obtained from the databases of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) and the National Survey of Health and Nutrition (ENSANUT). A k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm is proposed to predict missing data.

scholarly journals Death From Stroke in End-Stage Kidney Disease

Stroke ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. De La Mata ◽  
Philip Masson ◽  
Rustam Al-Shahi Salman ◽  
Patrick J. Kelly ◽  
Angela C. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
End Stage Kidney Disease ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽  
Using Data ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Over Time

Background and Purpose— People with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at greater risk of stroke. We aimed to compare stroke mortality between the ESKD population and the general population. Methods— We included all patients with incident ESKD in Australia, 1980 to 2013, and New Zealand, 1988 to 2012. The primary cause of death was ascertained using data linkage with national death registers. We produced standardized mortality ratios for stroke deaths, by age, sex, and calendar year. Results— We included 60 823 patients with ESKD, where 941 stroke deaths occurred during 381 874 person-years. Patients with ESKD had >3× the stroke deaths compared with the general population (standardized mortality ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 3.2–3.6), markedly higher in younger people and women. The greatest excess was in intracerebral hemorrhages (standardized mortality ratio, 5.2; 95% CI, 4.5–5.9). Excess stroke deaths in patients with ESKD decreased over time, although were still double in 2013 (2013 standardized mortality ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5–2.9). Conclusions— People with ESKD experience much greater stroke mortality with the greatest difference for women and younger people. However, mortality has improved over time.

scholarly journals Application of Standardized Proportional Mortality Ratio to the Assessment of Health Risk in Relatively Healthy Populations: Using a Study of Cancer Risk in Telecommunication Workers with Excess Exposure to Acid Mists as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9870
Author(s):  
Ying-Fong Ker ◽  
Perng-Jy Tsai ◽  
How-Ran Guo
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Acid Mist ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Study Population

When a study population is relatively healthy, such as an occupational population, epidemiological studies are likely to underestimate risk. We used a case study on the cancer risk of workers with exposure to acid mists, a well-documented carcinogen, to demonstrate that using proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) is more appropriate than mortality ratios in assessing risk in terms of mortality. The study included 10,229 employees of a telecommunication company who worked in buildings with battery rooms. In these buildings, the battery rooms had the highest levels of sulfuric acid in the air (geometric mean = 10.7 μg/m3). With the general population in Taiwan as a reference, a decreased standardized mortality ratio (0.42, p < 0.01) from all causes combined, between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 1996, was observed, indicating a healthy worker effect. When we reanalyzed the data using standardized PMR, elevated risks were observed for all cancers combined (1.46, p = 0.01) and cancers of the digestive organs and peritoneum (1.61, p = 0.02), especially stomach cancer (2.94, p = 0.01). The results showed that PMR can detect increases in mortality when a study population is generally healthier than the comparison population and call for further studies on the possible carcinogenic effects of low-level acid mist exposures on the stomach.

scholarly journals Utility of hospitalization for elderly individuals affected by COVID-19

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250730
Author(s):  
Giorgio Costantino ◽  
Monica Solbiati ◽  
Silvia Elli ◽  
Marco Paganuzzi ◽  
Didi Massabò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Health Care Organizations ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Peak Phase

Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of individuals needing hospital admission has sometimes exceeded the availability of hospital beds. Since hospitalization can have detrimental effects on older individuals, preference has been given to younger patients. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of hospitalization for elderly affected by COVID-19. We hypothesized that their mortality decreases when there is greater access to hospitals. Methods This study examined 1902 COVID-19 patients consecutively admitted to three large hospitals in Milan, Italy. Overall mortality data for Milan from the same period was retrieved. Based on emergency department (ED) data, both peak and off-peak phases were identified. The percentage of elderly patients admitted to EDs during these two phases were compared by calculating the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of the individuals younger than, versus older than, 80 years. Results The median age of the patients hospitalized during the peak phase was lower than the median age during the off-peak phase (64 vs. 75 years, respectively; p <0.001). However, while the SMR for the younger patients was lower during the off-peak phase (1.98, 95% CI: 1.72–2.29 versus 1.40, 95% CI: 1.25–1.58, respectively), the SMR was similar between both phases for the elderly patients (2.28, 95% CI: 2.07–2.52 versus 2.48, 95% CI: 2.32–2.65, respectively). Conclusions Greater access to hospitals during an off-peak phase did not affect the mortality rate of COVID-19-positive elderly patients in Milan. This finding, if confirmed in other settings, should influence future decisions regarding resource management of health care organizations.

USE OF CODED MORTALITY DATA TO ASSESS AREA CANCER RATES: IMPACT OF RESIDENCE REPORTING AND CODING ERRORS

1990 ◽  
Vol 132 (supp1) ◽  
pp. 178-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALLAN N. WILLIAMS ◽  
REBECCA A. JOHNSON ◽  
ALAN P. BENDER
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Death Certificates ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Cancer Rates ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Abstract In spite of their limitations, mortality data are used in many epidemiologic and public health settings. In this investigation, the authors examined the extent to which community cancer mortality rates were affected by incorrect reporting or coding of residence on death certificates. Observed and expected cancer mortality for two adjacent communities in northern rural Minnesota for the periods 1970–1974 and 1980–1984 were obtained from computerized state mortality data. Using statewide rates to obtain expected values, standardized mortality ratios for total cancers for both periods combined were 138 for men (101 observed deaths) and 148 for women (86 observed deaths). These excesses were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). However, after review of data from the actual death certificates, city maps, and information from city officials, 44 of the 187 total cancer deaths (24%) were found to have had an incorrectly reported or coded residence status. After removal of these cases, the standardized mortality ratio for total cancers for males went from 138 to 107, and for females the standardized mortality ratio went from 148 to 111. No standardized mortality ratios remained statistically significant These findings may have implications for those who use mortality data for assessing cancer rates in communities in rural areas.

scholarly journals Conditional Survival, Cause-Specific Mortality, and Risk Factors of Late Mortality After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 1153-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Lennie Wong ◽  
Jennifer Berano Teh ◽  
Liezl Atencio ◽  
Tracey Stiller ◽  
Heeyoung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Conditional Survival ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Background Long-term mortality after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is conventionally calculated from the time of HCT, ignoring temporal changes in survivors’ mortality risks. Conditional survival rates, accounting for time already survived, are relevant for optimal delivery of survivorship care but have not been widely quantified. We estimated conditional survival by elapsed survival time in allogeneic HCT patients and examined cause-specific mortality. Methods We calculated conditional survival rates and standardized mortality ratio for overall and cause-specific mortality in 4485 patients who underwent HCT for malignant hematologic diseases at a large transplant center during 1976–2014. Statistical tests were two-sided. Results The 5-year survival rate from HCT was 48.6%. After surviving 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 years, the subsequent 5-year survival rates were 71.2%, 78.7%, 87.4%, 93.5%, and 86.2%, respectively. The standardized mortality ratio was 30.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 29.2 to 35.5). Although the standardized mortality ratio declined in longer surviving patients, it was still elevated by 3.6-fold in survivors of 15 years or more (95% CI = 3.0 to 4.1). Primary disease accounted for 50% of deaths in the overall cohort and only 10% in 15-year survivors; the leading causes of nondisease-related mortality were subsequent malignancy (26.1%) and cardiopulmonary diseases (20.2%). We also identified the risk factors for nondisease-related mortality in 1- and 5-year survivors. Conclusion Survival probability improves the longer patients survive after HCT. However, HCT recipients surviving 15 years or more remain at elevated mortality risk, largely because of health conditions other than their primary disease. Our study findings help inform preventive and interventional strategies to improve long-term outcomes after allogeneic HCT.

Suicide among Swedish Dentists

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt B. Arnetz ◽  
Lars-Gunnar Hörte ◽  
Anders Hedberg ◽  
Hans Malker
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
General Population ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Etiologic Role ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Mortality Ratio

In the present study, we have followed a national cohort of dentists, academics, i.e. people with three or more years of post-high school education, and the general population for a period of ten years, and identified all cases of recognized suicide during the period 1961 to 1970. The aim of the study was to assess whether suicide rates are higher among dentists even after adjustment for socioeconomic factors. Results show an elevated standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for male dentists compared to other male academics. Female dentists did not exhibit any increased risk. It is suggested that enhanced interest should be given to the possible etiologic role of not only psychosocial factors but also to psychoorganic consequences of mercury exposure among dentists.

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