scholarly journals Black Rice Developed Through Interspecific Hybridization (O. sativa x O. rufipogon): Origin of Black Rice Gene from Indian Wild Rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhas Chandra Roy ◽  
Pankaj Shil
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Black Rice ◽  
Rice Gene ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Recombination Mechanism

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.) is a most important staple food grain consumed by more than half of the world’s population. Wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) is considered as the immediate ancestral progenitor of cultivated rice O. sativa, evolved through the process of domestication. Most of the cultivated rice produced grains with white pericarp, but can also produce grains with brown, red and black (or purple rice) pericarp. Red rice pericarp accumulates proanthocyanidin whereas black rice contains anthocyanin, both have antioxidant activity and health benefits. Black pericarp is predicted to be regulated by alleles of three genetic loci- Kala1, Kala3, and Kala4. Recombinational and insertional genetic rearrangement in the promoter region of Kala4 is crucial for the development of black pericarp in rice grain. In the present study, we report first time in the breeding history that aromatic black rice lines were developed through interspecific hybridization and introgression in the genetic background of O. sativacv. Badshabhog, Chenga and Ranjit. Badshabhog and Ranjit is white grain rice but Chenga is red rice category. Common Asian wild rice O. rufipogon is used as donor parent (red grain) and source of black rice gene. Several possible genetic explanations have come up for the creation of black rice pericarp in the progeny lines. Possible reason may be the rearrangement and insertion of LINE1 in the promoter region of Kala4 allele through recombination mechanism leading to ectopic expression of Kala4 gene for the accumulation of anthocyanin and resulted in black rice formation. Other genes and regulatory factors may be induced and become functional to produce black pericarp. Black pericarp colour appeared in F2 populations in the wide crosses (Badshabhog x O. rufipogon and Chenga x O. rufipogon) but not in the cross with (Ranjit x O. rufipogon). Black pericarp trait inherited in F4 and F5 population with segregation phenotypes.This is a first report in the history of rice genetics and pre-breeding research, that black rice has been created through wide crossing and introgression by combining wild rice O. rufipogon in the genetic background of O. sativa. Present experimental evidence provides a new model of black rice origin. Thus, black rice (indica type) of Indian subcontinent originated independently through natural out crossing and artificial selection in the course of domestication.

Grain physical characteristic of the Australian wild rices

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiparat Tikapunya ◽  
Glen Fox ◽  
Agnelo Furtado ◽  
Robert Henry
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Rice Gene ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Wild Rices ◽  
A Genome ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Grain Colour ◽  
Limited Genetic Diversity

AbstractRice yield improvement is required to support increasing global rice demand. However, the limited genetic diversity within the cultivated rice gene pool may be a major obstacle. Australian wild rice which has been largely genetically isolated from cultivated rice might be a new source of genetic variation for use in improving rice production. The physical properties of Oryza australiensis and of the two perennial Australian Wild rice taxa-belonging to the A genome wild rice were evaluated. Seeds collected from rice in the wild were generally smaller than those from domesticated rice. The wild rice A genome collections were classified as extra-long paddy rice with grains that were long or medium, while O. australiensis was categorized as long paddy rice with a short grain. However, these wild rices were slender compared with domesticated rice. The grain colour of these wild rices varied from light red brown to dark brown compared with domesticated rice which is brighter, with less redness and more yellowness than the wild rice. The physical characteristics of the grains of the Australian wild rice indicate that these rice grains may be successfully processed using current rice processing techniques and may be a useful novel food especially in the coloured rice market.

Effect of Flood Timing on Red Rice (Oryzaspp.) Control with Imazethapyr Applied at Different Dry-Seeded Rice Growth Stages

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Avila ◽  
Scott A. Senseman ◽  
Garry N. McCauley ◽  
James M. Chandler ◽  
John H. O'Barr
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Herbicide Treatment

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in Beaumont, TX, to evaluate the effect of flood timing on red rice control with imazethapyr applied at different cultivated rice growth stages. Treatments included flood establishment at 1, 7, 14, and 21 d after postemergence (POST) herbicide treatment (DAT). Imazethapyr was applied preemergence at 70 g ai/ha followed by 70 g/ ha POST when imidazolinone-tolerant rice cultivar ‘CL-161’ had three- to four-leaf stage (EPOST) or five-leaf stage (LPOST). Flood needed to be established within 14 DAT to achieve at least 95% red rice control when imazethapyr was applied EPOST. However, flood needed to be established within 7 DAT to provide at least 95% red rice control when imazethapyr was applied LPOST. Delaying the flood up to 21 DAT reduced rice grain yield for both application timings.

Interference of Red Rice (Oryza sativa) with Rice (O. sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadou Diarra ◽  
Roy J. Smith ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
L 22

Red rice (Oryza sativaL. ♯ ORYSA) densities of 5, 108, and 215 plants/m2reduced grain yield of commercial rice (Oryza sativaL.) 22, 77, and 82%, respectively. At a cultivated rice density of 195 plants/m2, red rice at 5, 108, and 215 plants/m2reduced straw dry weight of cultivated rice 18, 66, and 68%, respectively. At a red rice density of 5 plants/m2, reduction in number of cultivated rice grains per panicle ranged from 8 to 18%, whereas densities of 108 and 215 plants/m2reduced grains per panicle 56 to 70%. Red rice grain yield was 24 to 33% lower in ‘Mars' rice than in ‘Lebonnet’. Mars, a medium-grain cultivar that matures in 138 days, competed better with red rice than Lebonnet, a long-grain cultivar that matures in 126 days.

Interspecific hybridization of cultivated rice, Oryza sativa L. with the wild rice, O. minuta Presl.

1996 ◽  
Vol 93-93 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 664-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Mariam ◽  
A. H. Zakri ◽  
M. C. Mahani ◽  
M. N. Normah
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Cultivated Rice

Red Rice (Oryza sativa) Control in Drill-Seeded Rice (O. sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadou Diarra ◽  
Roy J. Smith ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Culm Density ◽  
High Yields

Field experiments were conducted to investigate methods of controlling red rice (Oryza sativaL. ♯ ORYSA) in drill-seeded rice (O. sativa). Treatments included the rice cultivar ‘Mars', coated with calcium peroxide (CaO2) at 40% (w/w) and a crop protectant, R-33865 (O,O-diethyl-O-phenyl phosphorothioate) at 0.5 and 1% (v/w). Molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate) at 6.7 kg ai/ha was applied preplant incorporated (ppi). The land was flooded (2.5 to 5 cm deep) after seeding with rice (100 kg/ha, 2.5 cm deep), and the water was maintained throughout the growing season. CaO2, with or without molinate, increased rice grain yield 50% and increased rice culm density fivefold above untreated rice. Molinate applied ppi controlled 96% of the red rice. Rice seed coated with only CaO2or with CaO2plus R-33865 at 0.5%, each combined with ppi molinate, produced 5690 and 6030 kg/ha of grain, respectively. These high yields were associated with red rice control by molinate and good stands of rice provided by O2supplied by CaO2. R-33865 applied to rice seed at 1% (v/w) injured rice by reducing rice culm densities 41%, compared with rice without protectant.

scholarly journals ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF VARIOUS RICE BRAN EXTRACTS OF THREE VARIETIES RICE FROM SEMARANG-CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukrasno Sukrasno ◽  
Slamet Tuty ◽  
Irda Fidrianny
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Black Rice ◽  
Dpph Assay ◽  
Rice Bran Extract ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

Objectives: The objectives of this research were to evaluate antioxidant activity from different polarities rice bran extract of three varieties of rice using two methods of antioxidant testing which were FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and correlation of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content with their EC50 of FRAP and IC50 of DPPH antioxidant activities. Methods: Extraction was conducted by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content, antioxidant activities using FRAP and DPPH assays were performed by UV-visible spectrophotometry and its correlation with EC50 of FRAP capacities and IC50 of DPPH scavenging activities were analyzed by Pearson’s method. Results: Ethanolic rice bran extract of black rice showed the lowest EC50 of FRAP capacity 64.35 µg/ml and IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 23.92 µg/ml. The highest phenolic content, flavonoid content and carotenoid content were also given by ethanolic rice bran extract of black rice. There were significantly negative correlation between total phenolic content and carotenoid content in rice bran extract of red rice and black rice with their IC50 of DPPH. Conclusions: All of rice bran extracts (except n-hexane rice bran extract of black rice and ethanolic rice bran extract of white rice) were very strong antioxidant, by DPPH assay. Phenolic and carotenoid compounds in rice bran extracts of red rice and black rice were the major contributor in antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. Rice bran extracts of black rice had linear results by FRAP and DPPH assays. 

Red Rice (Oryza sativa) Biology. I. Characterization of Red Rice Ecotypes

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Noldin ◽  
James M. Chandler ◽  
Garry N. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Seed Shattering ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Biology I ◽  
Plant Characteristics

Plant characteristics of red rice ecotypes obtained from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, including 11 strawhulled, five blackhulled, two goldhulled, and one brownhulled type, were evaluated under field conditions. Most ecotypes were uniform and stable but manifested considerable genetic variability. Red rice plants had pubescent leaves, were taller with lighter green color, and produced more tillers and panicles per plant than rice cultivars ‘Lemont,’ ‘Mars,’ and ‘Maybelle.’ Most ecotypes were highly susceptible to seed shattering starting about 14 d after anthesis when seed moisture was more than 25%. Seeds of most ecotypes were highly dormant at harvest. Rice cultivars had a larger flag leaf and more total leaf area per plant at anthesis and produced more seeds per panicle than red rice. Some red rice ecotypes had plant characteristics closely related to cultivated rice suggesting natural hybridization with rice.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and proteomic responses to herbivory in cultivated, Bt-transgenic and wild rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongbo Liu ◽  
Weiqing Wang ◽  
Yonghua Li ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Weijuan Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Rice ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Itraq Analysis ◽  
Go Terms

Abstract Background: Strategies are still employed to decrease insect damage in crop production, including conventional breeding with wild germplasm resources and transgenic technology with the insertion of foreign genes, while the insect-resistant mechanism of these strategies remains unclear. Results: Under the feeding of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), cultivated rice (WT) showed less DEGs (568) and DAPs (4) than transgenic rice (2098 and 11) and wild rice CL (1990 and 39) and DX (1932 and 25). Hierarchical cluster of DEGs showed gene expression of CL and DX were similar, slightly distinct to GT, and clearly different from WT. DEGs assigned to the GO terms were less in WT rice than GT, CL and DX, and “Metabolic process”, “cellular process”, “response to stimulus” were dominant. Wild rice CL significantly enriched in KEGG pathways of “Metabolic pathways”, “biosynthesis of secondary metabolites”, “plant-pathogen interaction” and “plant hormone signal transduction”. The iTRAQ analysis confirmed the results of RNA-seq, which showing the least GO terms and KEGG pathways responding to herbivory in the cultivated rice. Synthesize conclusions: This study demonstrated that similarity in the transcriptomic and proteomic response to herbivory for the wild rice and Bt-transgenic rice, while cultivated rice lack of enough pathways in response to herbivory. Our results highlighted the importance of conservation of crop wild species.

scholarly journals Degradome comparison between wild and cultivated rice identifies differential targeting by miRNAs

BMC Genomics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenna Swetha ◽  
Anushree Narjala ◽  
Awadhesh Pandit ◽  
Varsha Tirumalai ◽  
P. V. Shivaprasad
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Genome Integrity ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Mrna Targets ◽  
Ribonucleoprotein Complexes ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rna Targets ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation

Abstract Background Small non-coding (s)RNAs are involved in the negative regulation of gene expression, playing critical roles in genome integrity, development and metabolic pathways. Targeting of RNAs by ribonucleoprotein complexes of sRNAs bound to Argonaute (AGO) proteins results in cleaved RNAs having precise and predictable 5` ends. While tools to study sliced bits of RNAs to confirm the efficiency of sRNA-mediated regulation are available, they are sub-optimal. In this study, we provide an improvised version of a tool with better efficiency to accurately validate sRNA targets. Results Here, we improvised the CleaveLand tool to identify additional micro (mi)RNA targets that belong to the same family and also other targets within a specified free energy cut-off. These additional targets were otherwise excluded during the default run. We employed these tools to understand the sRNA targeting efficiency in wild and cultivated rice, sequenced degradome from two rice lines, O. nivara and O. sativa indica Pusa Basmati-1 and analyzed variations in sRNA targeting. Our results indicate the existence of multiple miRNA-mediated targeting differences between domesticated and wild species. For example, Os5NG4 was targeted only in wild rice that might be responsible for the poor secondary wall formation when compared to cultivated rice. We also identified differential mRNA targets of secondary sRNAs that were generated after miRNA-mediated cleavage of primary targets. Conclusions We identified many differentially targeted mRNAs between wild and domesticated rice lines. In addition to providing a step-wise guide to generate and analyze degradome datasets, we showed how domestication altered sRNA-mediated cascade silencing during the evolution of indica rice.

scholarly journals Genetic Divergence in Indigenous Wild and Cultivated Rice Species of Manipur Valley

ISRN Genetics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Medhabati ◽  
K. Rajiv Das ◽  
M. Rohinikumar ◽  
H. Sunitibala ◽  
Th. Dikash Singh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Flag Leaf Length ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hybridization Programme

Genetic divergence of 32 indigenous rice germplasms and five wild rice of which three from Manipur and two wild rice procured from IRRI, Philippines was investigated using Mahalanobis, D2 statistic. Based on twelve agromorphological characters, the thirty-seven germplasms both wild and cultivated were grouped into five clusters based on the relative magnitudes of D2 values following Tocher's method of cluster formation. Based on the rank totals, the characters which contributed maximum towards genetic divergence in the present studies were grain yield/plant, spikelet/panicle, 100 grain weight, grain length, days to 50% flowering, ear bearing tillers/plant, and flag leaf length. In the present study, maximum intercluster distance was estimated between cluster III and (D2=14.09) which was closed followed by clusters II and V (D2=12.50). On the basis of their greater intercluster distance, high value of cluster mean according to the character to be improved and performance of the individual germplasms for the character, the germplasms could be used in hybridization programme for improvement of different plant characters in the rice germplasms of Manipur.

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