scholarly journals Temporal specificity of abnormal neural oscillations during phonatory events in Laryngeal Dystonia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardik Kothare ◽  
Sarah Schneider ◽  
Danielle Mizuiri ◽  
Leighton Hinkley ◽  
Abhishek Bhutada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Temporal Specificity ◽  
Laryngeal Dystonia ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Age Range

AbstractLaryngeal Dystonia is a debilitating disorder of voicing in which the laryngeal muscles are intermittently in spasm resulting in involuntary interruptions during speech. The central pathophysiology of laryngeal dystonia, underlying computational impairments in vocal motor control, remains poorly understood. Although prior imaging studies have found aberrant activity in the central nervous system during phonation in patients with laryngeal dystonia, it is not known at what timepoints during phonation these abnormalities emerge and what function may be impaired. To investigate this question, we recruited 22 adductor laryngeal dystonia patients (15 female, age range = 28.83-72.46 years) and 18 controls (8 female, age range = 27.40-71.34 years). We leveraged the fine temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography to monitor neural activity around glottal movement onset, subsequent voice onset and after the onset of pitch feedback perturbations. We examined event-related beta-band (12-30 Hz) and high-gamma band (65-150 Hz) neural oscillations. Prior to glottal movement onset, we observed abnormal frontoparietal motor preparatory activity. After glottal movement onset, we observed abnormal activity in somatosensory cortex persisting through voice onset. Prior to voice onset and continuing after, we also observed abnormal activity in the auditory cortex and the cerebellum. After pitch feedback perturbation onset, we observed no differences between controls and patients in their behavioural responses to the perturbation. But in patients, we did find abnormal activity in brain regions thought to be involved in the auditory feedback control of vocal pitch (premotor, motor, somatosensory and auditory cortices). Our study results confirm the abnormal processing of somatosensory feedback that has been seen in other studies. However, there were several remarkable findings in our study. First, patients have impaired vocal motor activity even before glottal movement onset, suggesting abnormal movement preparation. These results are significant because: (i) they occur before movement onset, abnormalities in patients cannot be ascribed to deficits in vocal performance, and (ii) they show that neural abnormalities in laryngeal dystonia are more than just abnormal responses to sensory feedback during phonation as has been hypothesised in some previous studies. Second, abnormal auditory cortical activity in patients begins even before voice onset, suggesting abnormalities in setting up auditory predictions before the arrival of auditory feedback at voice onset. Generally, activation abnormalities identified in key brain regions within the speech motor network around various phonation events not only provide temporal specificity to neuroimaging phenotypes in laryngeal dystonia but also may serve as potential therapeutic targets for neuromodulation.

Estimation of Na\K - ATPase Enzyme Activity and Endogenous Digitalis in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Eman Hameed Al-Rikabi ◽  
Mazin J. Mousa ◽  
Oda M. Yasser
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age Range

Background: Among the most common complications of diabetes is diabetic neuropathy (DN). Diabetic neuropathy is a heterogeneous group of disorders, which involves a different part of somatic and autonomic nervous systems, with a gradual loss of neural conductivity. Some studies have shown that they reduce the activity of the Na/K ATPase, however, elevated levels of endogenous sodium pump inhibitor in diabetic individuals, including those with neuropathy. Changes in this transfer enzyme are believed to be due to several diabetes complications. Objective: The study had designed to evaluate the Na/K ATPase enzymatic activity in the erythrocyte-membrane among three groups. The first group had represented the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and neuropathy. The second group is diabetics without neuropathy. The third group was a healthy subject. As well, the study had estimated the inhibitory activity of endogenous digitalis among patient groups. Furthermore, the aim of this research was to see whether there was a connection between red blood cell membrane Na-K ATPase activity and the medical facts of the analysis subjects. Design and Methods: One-hundred fifty subjects had enrolled in this case-control study; 80 patients complained of diabetic neuropathy of both sexes, the mean age 59.3 years with an age range of 40-81, 40 DM2 without neuropathy (53.9 years), (35 – 70), and 30 healthy controls (30 years, 25 to 45). Patients in the first group were selected carefully according to their clinical manifestations and the nerve conduction study results. The evaluations of both inhibitory activities of endogenous digitalis and Na/K ATPase had completed using a spectrophotometer. Enzyme activity had expressed in micrograms of phosphate concentration per grams of red cell ghost total protein concentration. Results: The mean enzyme activity of Na/K ATPase was significantly lower (p<0.001) in patients with diabetic neuropathy (381±17.9) compared with the diabetic group without neuropathy (498±22.9) and the normal controls (837±61.43). There was a significant inhibitory activity of endogenous digitals (17.87±2.15) in patients with DNP, compared with the diabetics without neuropathy (8.78±0.89) and healthy control (5.3±1.33). There was a significant association of enzyme activity with the following parameters: duration of diabetes, age, level of glycated hemoglobin and endogenous digitalis with the respective p-values (0.000, 0.000, 0.000 and 0.021). Gender showed no significant relationship with enzyme activity (p 0.43). Conclusions: In DM2 with neuropathy, hyperglycemia can much reduce the activity of erythrocyte Na/K ATPase. In addition, it may enhance the inhibitory activity of endogenous digitals. The timedependent increase in diabetic complications can be due to a strong association between diabetes duration and erythrocyte Na/K-ATPase activities.

scholarly journals Histomorphometry of penile smooth muscle fiber in severe erectile dysfunction

2005 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim de Almeida Claro ◽  
José Aboim ◽  
Enrico Andrade ◽  
Gustavo Alarcon ◽  
Valdemar Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Arterial Flow ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Severe Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Smooth Muscle Fiber ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Age Range

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Smooth muscle fiber has fundamental importance in erection. Alterations in its function or quantity may be associated with erectile dysfunction. The study objective was to assess the proportion of penile smooth muscle fiber in patients with severe erectile dysfunction. DESIGN AND SETTING: Clinical study, in the Sexual Dysfunction Group, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), and in the Anatomy Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). METHODS: Twenty patients with severe erectile dysfunction were selected to form two groups of ten patients: one with normal arterial flow (age range: 44 to 78 years) and the other with altered arterial flow (age range: 38 to 67 years). These groups were compared with a group formed by ten cadavers aged 18 to 25 years that were presumed to have been potent. Quantification of the smooth muscle fibers was done by means of an immunohistochemical study. RESULTS: The proportion of smooth muscle fiber found was 41.15% for the control group. The patients with erectile dysfunction and normal arterial flow presented 27.24% and those with altered arterial flow presented 25.74%; 19 patients presented at least one chronic disease or risk factor for erectile dysfunction, with prominence for diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension and smoking. CONCLUSION: Among patients with severe erectile dysfunction, the arterial flow on its own does not present interference in the proportion of smooth muscle fiber. The diminution of the proportion of smooth muscle fiber may result from chronic diseases and vascular risk factors.

scholarly journals Gambaran Anemia pada Subjek Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Stadium 4 dan 5 di Poliklinik Ginjal-Hipertensi RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou

e-CliniC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yordhan Tamsil ◽  
Emma Sy. Moeis ◽  
Frans Wantania
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Age Range

Abstract: Anemia is a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that often occurs. Moreover, it can occur earlier than other complications of CKD in almost all patients with late stage kidney disease. This study was aimed to obtain the profile of anemia in subjects with stage 4 and 5 of chronic kidney disease. This was a retrospective and descriptive study using medical records of patients with CKD associated with anemia for two years. The results showed that of 428 CKD patients, 131 suffered from anemia (30.60%). The majority of patients were female (54.19%), age range 60-69 years (44.27%), non-dialysis stage 5 of CKD patients (74.04%), had sufficient iron status (79.38%). However, 15,26% of the 131 patients got blood transfusion therapy. In conclusion, the majority of CKD patients were stage 5 ND, female, age range of 60-69 years, had sufficient iron status, and were not treated with blood transfusion.Keywords: chronic kidney disease, anemia Abstrak: Anemia merupakan komplikasi penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) yang sering terjadi, bahkan dapat terjadi lebih awal dibandingkan komplikasi PGK lainnya dan hampir pada semua pasien penyakit ginjal tahap akhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran anemia pada subyek penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 4 dan 5 di Poliklinik Ginjal-Hipertensi RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou. Jenis penelitian ialah metode deskriptif retroskpektif dengan mengunakan data rekam medik pasien PGK dengan anemia selama dua tahun. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan dari 428 pasien PGK didapatkan 131 pasien dengan anemia pada PGK (30,60%). Mayoritas pasien ialah jenis kelamin perempuan (54,19%), usia 60-69 tahun (44,27%), dan PGK derajat 5 non-dialisis (74,04%), memiliki status besi cukup (79,38%). Terdapat 15,26% dari pasien yang mendapatkan terapi transfusi darah. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah pasien terbanyak dengan derajat 5 ND, jenis kelamin perempuan, rentang usia 60-69 tahun, dengan status besi cukup, dan tidak mendapat terapi transfusi darah.Kata kunci: penyakit ginjal kronik, anemia

scholarly journals Dissociable oscillatory networks support gain and loss processing in human orbitofrontal cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Saez ◽  
Jack Lin ◽  
Edward Chang ◽  
Josef Parvizi ◽  
Robert T. Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Neuronal Ensembles ◽  
Gain And Loss

AbstractHuman neuroimaging and animal studies have linked neural activity in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to valuation of positive and negative outcomes. Additional evidence shows that neural oscillations, representing the coordinated activity of neuronal ensembles, support information processing in both animal and human prefrontal regions. However, the role of OFC neural oscillations in reward-processing in humans remains unknown, partly due to the difficulty of recording oscillatory neural activity from deep brain regions. Here, we examined the role of OFC neural oscillations (<30Hz) in reward processing by combining intracranial OFC recordings with a gambling task in which patients made economic decisions under uncertainty. Our results show that power in different oscillatory bands are associated with distinct components of reward evaluation. Specifically, we observed a double dissociation, with a selective theta band oscillation increase in response to monetary gains and a beta band increase in response to losses. These effects were interleaved across OFC in overlapping networks and were accompanied by increases in oscillatory coherence between OFC electrode sites in theta and beta band during gain and loss processing, respectively. These results provide evidence that gain and loss processing in human OFC are supported by distinct low-frequency oscillations in networks, and provide evidence that participating neuronal ensembles are organized functionally through oscillatory coherence, rather than local anatomical segregation.

scholarly journals Management of the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), with terazosin

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mubeen ◽  
Ahmad N ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad ◽  
Nawaz M ◽  
Akbar M
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Urinary Tract Symptoms ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Lower Urinary

Objective: This study was designed to assess the efficacy, safety and compliance of terazosin in the management of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Patients and methods: Study was conducted in the department of urology, DHQ Hospital Vehari, in about 1-year i-e from July 2004 to June 2005. Sixty patients with an age range of 45-85 years were included in the study. Data was collected prospectively. Patients were assessed according to the international prostate symptom score (I-PSS) at the start of study, during follow up and at the end of study. Results: Out of sixty patients, fifty-two were able to complete the study. It was observed that most of the patients obtained a significant decrease in the prostate symptoms score and improvement in QoL score, with only a few side effects. Conclusion: Terazosin is a safe and effective treatment for BPH with good compliance.

scholarly journals THERAPEUTIC ATTEMPTS IN THE APPROACH OF ALEXITHYMIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Rodica Mitrea ◽  
◽  
Luana Cezara Tudor ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Psychosomatic Disorders ◽  
Study Results ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Techniques ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Age Range

Summary. The study aims to highlight the importance of psychotherapy in the clinical management of patients with psychosomatic alexithymia. Recent research in the psychomedical field concluded that alexithymia presents a risk factor of the psychosocial type, with implications in the appearance of the psychosomatic disorders. This is possible because alexithymic people are unable to fully and properly identify their own emotions and communicate, thus causing a negative emotional tension. Therefore this tension accumulated during negative emotional distress, has a negative reflection in the psychosomatic sphere. Objectives. The objectives set are to increase the capabilities of integrative ego by reducing alexithymia. Methods and materials. They consist in using a cluster of psychotherapeutic techniques of integrative psychotherapy. The techniques role is to help identify their emotions and their verbally externalization, in order to reduce psychological stress. The use of the Toronto alexitymia scale test (TAS) to identify alexithymia in psychosomatic patients is quite helpful in this study. The study was conducted on a sample of 58 people (women and men), in the age range 25-65 years old, with psychosomatic disorders and alexithymia. Results. Study results (shown în graphic) will express differences obtained from Toronto Alexithymia test before and after psychotherapy sessions. Also it will highlight a improved state of mind of the patients who participated in psychotherapy sessions.

scholarly journals Imaging of neural oscillations with embedded inferential and group prevalence statistics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Donhauser ◽  
Esther Florin ◽  
Sylvain Baillet
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Source Reconstruction ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Source Imaging ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Oscillatory Power

AbstractMagnetoencephalography and electroencephalography (MEG, EEG) are essential techniques for studying distributed signal dynamics in the human brain. In particular, the functional role of neural oscillations remains to be clarified. Imaging methods need to identify distinct brain regions that concurrently generate oscillatory activity, with adequate separation in space and time. Yet, spatial smearing and inhomogeneous signal-to-noise are challenging factors to source reconstruction from external sensor data. The detection of weak sources in the presence of stronger regional activity nearby is a typical complication of MEG/EEG source imaging. We propose a novel, hypothesis-driven source reconstruction approach to address these methodological challenges1. The imaging with embedded statistics (iES) method is a subspace scanning technique that constrains the mapping problem to the actual experimental design. A major benefit is that, regardless of signal strength, the contributions from all oscillatory sources, which activity is consistent with the tested hypothesis, are equalized in the statistical maps produced. We present extensive evaluations of iES on group MEG data, for mapping 1) induced oscillations using experimental contrasts, 2) ongoing narrow-band oscillations in the resting-state, 3) co-modulation of brain-wide oscillatory power with a seed region, and 4) co-modulation of oscillatory power with peripheral signals (pupil dilation). Along the way, we demonstrate several advantages of iES over standard source imaging approaches. These include the detection of oscillatory coupling without rejection of zero-phase coupling, and detection of ongoing oscillations in deeper brain regions, where signal-to-noise conditions are unfavorable. We also show that iES provides a separate evaluation of oscillatory synchronization and desynchronization in experimental contrasts, which has important statistical advantages. The flexibility of iES allows it to be adjusted to many experimental questions in systems neuroscience.Author summaryThe oscillatory activity of the brain produces a repertoire of signal dynamics that is rich and complex. Noninvasive recording techniques such as scalp magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography (MEG, EEG) are key methods to advance our comprehension of the role played by neural oscillations in brain functions and dysfunctions. Yet, there are methodological challenges in mapping these elusive components of brain activity that have remained unresolved. We introduce a new mapping technique, called imaging with embedded statistics (iES), which alleviates these difficulties. With iES, signal detection is constrained explicitly to the operational hypotheses of the study design. We show, in a variety of experimental contexts, how iES emphasizes the oscillatory components of brain activity, if any, that match the experimental hypotheses, even in deeper brain regions where signal strength is expected to be weak in MEG. Overall, the proposed method is a new imaging tool to respond to a wide range of neuroscience questions concerning the scaffolding of brain dynamics via anatomically-distributed neural oscillations.

scholarly journals Temporal interference stimulation targets deep brain regions by modulating neural oscillations

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Zeinab Esmaeilpour ◽  
Greg Kronberg ◽  
Davide Reato ◽  
Lucas C. Parra ◽  
Marom Bikson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Deep Brain

WP1-21 Maximum safe resection of large medial temporal intrinsic tumours: does the outcome justify the risk?

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. e7.1-e7
Author(s):  
A Kumaria ◽  
A Paterson ◽  
M Sitaraman ◽  
S Basu
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Csf Leak ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Karnofsky Score ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Age Range

ObjectivesTo analyse on the long-term outcomes in patients undergoing maximum safe resection (MSR) for large intrinsic temporal tumours.DesignCase seriesSubjectsAll patients undergoing MSR of large medial temporal intrinsic tumours between May 2006 and February 2012 at a tertiary neurosurgical centre with a minimum follow up of 6 years.MethodsRetrospective review of hospital records.ResultsFifty-one patients underwent MSR (28 male, 23 female); age range 20–80 years (mean age 55.3). There was no difference in laterality, although dysphasia was a feature in 32% of left-sided lesions. Presenting features in general included seizures (46%), headaches (27%), hemiparesis (12%) and visual field defects (6%). Surgery was generally well tolerated (median post-operative Karnofsky score 92.5). No patients developed new dysphasia or weakness, but there was transient worsening of existing hemiparesis (n=4) and dysphasia (n=2). Other complications included CSF leak/pseudomeningocoele (n=2), oculomotor palsy (n=1) and wound infection (n=1). Histopathological casemix was GBM (50%), WHO 3 gliomas (14%), WHO 2 gliomas (10%) and metastases (4%). In total, 57% of patients received radiotherapy and 35% received chemotherapy. Survival correlated with pathology; in glioblastoma patients it ranged from 2–19 months (mean 10.4 months). Survival in grade 3 tumours ranged from 10–38 months (mean 24.4 months). 60% of patients with Grade 2 tumours are surviving symptom free with no histological upscale at 8–10 years follow-up. No patient required a second debulking procedure.ConclusionsMSR did not result in survival benefit in glioblastoma. MSR is justified in lesions with pre-operative radiological features of Grade 2 glioma.

Evaluating Language Environment Analysis System Performance for Chinese: A Pilot Study in Shanghai

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Gilkerson ◽  
Yiwen Zhang ◽  
Dongxin Xu ◽  
Jeffrey A. Richards ◽  
Xiaojuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Environment Analysis ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Language Environment Analysis ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
Adult Word Count ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Shanghai Dialect

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate performance of the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) automated language-analysis system for the Chinese Shanghai dialect and Mandarin (SDM) languages. Method Volunteer parents of 22 children aged 3–23 months were recruited in Shanghai. Families provided daylong in-home audio recordings using LENA. A native speaker listened to 15 min of randomly selected audio samples per family to label speaker regions and provide Chinese character and SDM word counts for adult speakers. LENA segment labeling and counts were compared with rater-based values. Results LENA demonstrated good sensitivity in identifying adult and child; this sensitivity was comparable to that of American English validation samples. Precision was strong for adults but less so for children. LENA adult word count correlated strongly with both Chinese characters and SDM word counts. LENA conversational turn counts correlated similarly with rater-based counts after the exclusion of three unusual samples. Performance related to some degree to child age. Conclusions LENA adult word count and conversational turn provided reasonably accurate estimates for SDM over the age range tested. Theoretical and practical considerations regarding LENA performance in non-English languages are discussed. Despite the pilot nature and other limitations of the study, results are promising for broader cross-linguistic applications.

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