scholarly journals Association between COVID-19 infection rates by region and implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions: A cross-sectional study in Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomomi Anan ◽  
Tomohiro Ishimaru ◽  
Ayako Hino ◽  
Tomohisa Nagata ◽  
Seiichiro Tateishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Local Infection ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Background: During a pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) play an important role in protecting oneself from infection and preventing the spread of infection to others. There are large regional differences in COVID-19 infection rates in Japan. We hypothesized that the local infection incidence may affect adherence to individual NPIs. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online among full-time workers in Japan in December 2020. Data from a total of 27,036 participants were analyzed. The questionnaire asked the respondents to identify their habits regarding seven well-known NPIs. Results: Compared to the region with the lowest infection rate, the odds ratios for the region with the highest infection rate were 1.24 (p<0.001) for wearing a mask in public, 1.08 (p=0.157) for washing hands after using the bathroom, 1.17 (p=0.031) for disinfecting hands with alcohol sanitizers when entering indoors, 1.54 (p<0.001) for gargling when returning home, 1.45 (p<0.001) for ventilating the room, 1.33 (p<0.001) for disinfecting or washing hands after touching frequently touched surfaces, and 1.32 (p<0.001) for carrying alcohol sanitizers when outdoors. Five of the seven NPIs showed statistically significant trends across regional infection levels, the two exceptions being wearing a mask in public and washing hands after using the bathroom. Multivariate adjustment did not change these trends. Conclusions: This study found that NPIs were more prevalent in regions with higher incidence rates of COVID-19 in Japanese workers. The findings suggest that the implementation of NPIs was influenced not only by personal attributes but also by contextual effects of the local infection level.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of malaria in Al-Tameem Province, Iraq, 1991-2000

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1042-1047
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Kadir ◽  
A. K. M. Ismail ◽  
S. S. Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vivax Infection ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malarial Infection

To determine the rates of malarial infection in different areas of Al-Tameem province, we conducted a cross-sectional study from 1991 to 2000. We found an overall infection rate of 0.76% by Plasmodium vivax. Infection rates were highest in Dibis district [1.12%], followed by infections from outside the province [0.93%] and in Hawija district [0.89%], Kirkuk [0.62%] and Dakok [0.17%]. Rates of infection varied by year with the lowest rate in 1991 [0.02%] and the highest rate in 1996 [1.84%]. All ages were represented, with the highest rate of infection among 21-30-year-olds. Males had a slightly higher rate of infection [0.78%] than females [0.73%]

scholarly journals Injuries and Training Practices in Competitive Adolescent Distance Runners: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Mann ◽  
Carly D. McKay ◽  
Bryan C. Clift ◽  
Craig A. Williams ◽  
Alan R. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Regions

Background: Distance running is one of the most popular sports around the world. The epidemiology of running-related injury (RRI) has been investigated in adults, but few studies have focused on adolescent distance runners.Objectives: (1) To provide descriptive epidemiology of RRI (risks, rates, body regions/areas, and severity) and examine the training practices (frequency, volume, and intensity) of competitive adolescent distance runners (13–18 years) in England, and (2) to describe potential risk factors of RRI.Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. Adolescent distance runners (n = 113) were recruited from England Athletics affiliated clubs. Participants voluntarily completed an online questionnaire between April and December 2018. At the time of completion, responses were based on the participant's previous 12-months of distance running participation. Incidence proportions (IP) and incidence rates (IR) were calculated.Results: The IP for “all RRI” was 68% (95% CI: 60–77), while the IR was 6.3/1,000 participation hours (95% CI: 5.3–7.4). The most commonly injured body areas were the knee, foot/toes, and lower leg; primarily caused by overuse. The number of training sessions per week (i.e., frequency) significantly increased with chronological age, while a large proportion of participants (58%) self-reported a high level of specialisation.Conclusions: RRI is common in competitive adolescent distance runners. These descriptive data provide guidance for the development of RRI prevention measures. However, analytical epidemiology is required to provide better insight into potential RRI risk factors in this specific population.

scholarly journals NIH Funding of COVID-19 Research in 2020: a Cross Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logesvar Balaguru ◽  
Chen Dun ◽  
Andrea Meyer ◽  
Sanuri Hennayake ◽  
Christi M. Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Nih Funding ◽  
Funding Opportunity ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to characterize and evaluate the NIH’s grant allocation pattern of COVID-19 research.DesignCross sectional studySettingCOVID-19 NIH RePORTER Dataset was used to identify COVID-19 relevant grants.Participants1,108 grants allocated to COVID-19 research.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was to determine the number of grants and funding amount the NIH allocated for COVID-19 by research type and clinical/scientific area. The secondary outcome was to calculate the time from the funding opportunity announcement to the award notice date.ResultsThe NIH awarded a total of 56,169 grants in 2020, of which 2.0% (n=1,108) were allocated for COVID-19 research. The NIH had a $42 billion budget that year, of which 5.3% ($2.2 billion) was allocated to COVID-19 research. The most common clinical/scientific areas were social determinants of health (n=278, 8.5% of COVID-19 funding), immunology (n=211, 25.8%), and pharmaceutical interventions research (n=208, 47.6%). There were 104 grants studying COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions, of which 2 grants studied the efficacy of face masks and 6 studied the efficacy of social distancing. Of the 83 COVID-19 funded grants on transmission, 5 were awarded to study airborne transmission of COVID-19, and 2 grants on transmission of COVID-19 in schools. The average time from the funding opportunity announcement to the award notice date was 151 days (SD: ±57.9).ConclusionIn the first year of the pandemic, the NIH diverted a small fraction of its budget to COVID-19 research. Future health emergencies will require research funding to pivot in a timely fashion and funding levels to be proportional to the anticipated burden of disease in the population.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Knowledge and Preparedness among Dental Community to Confront COVID 19—A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Nada Faleh Almutairi ◽  
Amani Abdullah Almaymuni ◽  
Julie Toby Thomas ◽  
Toby Thomas ◽  
Abdullah Almalki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
P Value ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Univariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
One Year

The healthcare policy changes need to be updated for better management of the COVID-19 outbreak; hence, there is an urgent need to understand the knowledge and preparedness of healthcare workers regarding the infection control COVID-19. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the knowledge and preparedness towards COVID-19 among dentists, undergraduate, and postgraduates in dental universities one year after the COVID-19 outbreak. The multi-centric cross-sectional study was conducted by evaluating 395 structured, pre-coded, and validated questionnaires obtained from sample units comprising full-time dental students (undergraduates, interns, and postgraduates) and dentists who were currently in practice and who were able to comprehend the languages English or Arabic. The first part of the questionnaire included questions related to demographic characteristics. The second part of the survey consisted of questions that address knowledge concerning COVID-19. The third part of the survey addressed questions based on the preparedness to fight against COVID-19 including sharp injuries during this period. Comparing the knowledge scores of dentists, dental undergraduates, and postgraduates using the ANOVA test, dentists have higher knowledge and preparedness scores than postgraduates and undergraduates (p-value < 0.05). Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that undergraduates and postgraduates were 2.567 and 1.352 times less aware of the personal protective measures against COVID-19 than dentists, respectively. Dentists had the comparatively better perception in knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 than undergraduates and postgraduates.

scholarly journals Commitment to protective measures during COVID-19 pandemic in Syria: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mosa Shibani ◽  
Mhd Amin Alzabibi ◽  
Abdul Fattah Mohandes ◽  
Humam Armashi ◽  
Tamim Alsuliman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
The World

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 continues to impose itself on all populations of the world. Given the slow pace of vaccination in the developing world and the absence of effective treatments, adherence to precautionary infection control measures remains the best way to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic from spiraling out of control. In this study, we aim to evaluate the extent to which the Syrian population adheres to these measures and analyze the relationship between demographic variables and adherence. Methods This cross-sectional study took place in Syria between January 17 and March 17, 2021. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was distributed in both electronic and printed versions. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS v.25. The chi-square test was used to address the correlation between adherence and demographic variables. Results Of the 10083 reached out, only (74.6%) responded. Of them, 4026 (53.5%) were women, 3984 (52.9%) were single, and 1908 (25.3%) had earned university degrees. 5286 (70.25) were classified as the good adherers to protective measures. Statistically significant differences across age, sex, marital status, financial status, employment, and educational attainment when correlated against commitment to preventive measures. Young age, female sex, good financial status, and having a full-time job and post-graduate education were positively correlated to the stronger commitment to preventive measures. Furthermore, those who believed that COVID-19 poses a major risk to them or society were more committed to preventive measures than those who did not. Conclusion The participants in this study generally showed a high level of adherence to the preventive measures compared to participants in other studies from around the world, with some concerns regarding risk perception and the sources of information they depend on. Public health and community education efforts should focus on maintaining, if not expanding, this level of commitment, which would mitigate the pandemic’s impact on Syrian society.

scholarly journals Not all animals are equal - farm living and allergy in Upper Bavaria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Wjst
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Asthma And Allergy ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Cattle Farms

AbstractBackgroundA lower allergy and asthma prevalence in farm children has been described three decades ago in Switzerland.ObjectiveAfter years of research into bacterial exposure at farms, the origin of the farm effect is still unknown. We now hypothesize, that there is no such an effect in large industrial cattle farms with slatted floors indoors but in small farms only where animals are grazing outdoors and are having a higher endoparasite load.MethodsWe re-analyze an earlier epidemiological study by record-linkage to later agricultural surveys. The Asthma and Allergy Study in 1989/90 was a cross-sectional study of 1714 ten year old children in 63 villages covering ten different districts of Upper Bavaria. The farm effect is defined here as the association of number of cows per villager on lifetime prevalence of allergic rhinitis prevalence in the children of this village.ResultsThe farm effect is restricted to small villages only. Furthermore, districts with higher Fasciola infection rates of cows, show a significant stronger farm effect than districts with lower infection rates.ConclusionsThe results warrant further research into human immune response to endoparasites in livestock.

scholarly journals Association between teleworking frequency and work functioning impairment: a nationwide cross-sectional study of Japanese full-time employees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Yamashita ◽  
Tomohiro Ishimaru ◽  
Tomohisa Nagata ◽  
Seiichiro Tateishi ◽  
Ayako Hino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Work Functioning ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Japanese Workers ◽  
Commuting Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Objective: We examined the impact of teleworking frequency, including influencing factors and work functioning impairment. Methods: This online cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire among 27,036 full-time Japanese workers. We used the Work Functioning Impairment Scale to measure work functioning impairment and performed multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results: We observed higher odds for work functioning impairment among employees who teleworked 4 or more days a week compared with those almost never teleworked: odds ratio (OR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.3. After adjusting for influencing factors (teleworking preference, changes in working time, and commuting time), there was no significant association between teleworking frequency and work functioning impairment (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.82-1.05). Conclusions: Frequent telework may cause work functioning impairment; this can be explained by the impact of influencing factors.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Sepsis in Nursing Students—A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12443
Author(s):  
Gloria Valičević ◽  
Adriano Friganović ◽  
Biljana Kurtović ◽  
Cecilija Rotim ◽  
Sanja Ledinski Fičko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Core Curriculum ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Undergraduate Nursing Students ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Undergraduate Nursing ◽  
Future Work

Background: Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by an unregulated host response to infection. The emphasis is on the imbalance of homeostasis and the response to infection, as well as mortality and the importance of recognizing sepsis as early as possible. The knowledge of undergraduate nursing students is an extremely important indicator for future work in the healthcare system after graduation. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of knowledge about sepsis among undergraduate nursing students and to compare differences in different years of study, as well as differences in their study model. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 618 nursing students at the University of Applied Health Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia. All three years of study and both full-time and part-time (employed) nursing students were included. The questionnaire “Determinants of Sepsis Knowledge” was used in the research. Results: The percentage and number of third-year students who correctly answered the items on Knowledge of Sepsis were statistically significant compared to the first two years of study. The percentage and number of employed students who responded correctly to the items on Knowledge of Sepsis were statistically significant compared to students who were not employed. Conclusions: The ability of nursing students to recognize and respond to the deterioration in a patient’s condition due to sepsis is very important, so appropriate education about sepsis is essential. We recommend a greater representation of sepsis content in the core curriculum of nursing students’ education in terms of theoretical instruction and clinical and simulation exercises.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document