scholarly journals Selection for seed size has indirectly shaped specialized metabolite abundance in oat (Avena sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren J Brzozowski ◽  
Haixiao Hu ◽  
Malachy Campbell ◽  
Corey Broeckling ◽  
Melanie Caffe-Treml ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Modern Breeding ◽  
Metabolite Abundance

Plant breeding strategies to optimize metabolite profiles are necessary to develop health promoting food crops. In oats (Avena sativa L.), seed metabolites are of interest for their antioxidant properties and their agronomic role in mitigating disease severity, yet have not been a direct target of selection in breeding. In a diverse oat germplasm panel spanning a century of breeding, we investigated the degree of variation of these specialized metabolites and how it has been molded by selection for other traits, like yield components. We also ask if these patterns of variation persist in modern breeding pools. Integrating genomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic and phenotypic analyses for three types of seed specialized metabolites (avenanthramides, avenacins, and avenacosides) we found reduced genetic variation in modern germplasm compared to diverse germplasm, in part due to increased seed size associated with more intensive breeding. Specifically, we found that abundance of avenanthramides increases with seed size, but additional variation is attributable to expression of biosynthetic enzymes, but avenacoside abundance decreases with seed size and plant breeding intensity. Overall, we show that increased seed size associated with plant breeding has uneven effects on the seed metabolome, and broadly contributes to understanding how selection shapes plant specialized metabolism.

scholarly journals Selection for seed size has uneven effects on specialized metabolite abundance in oat (Avena sativa L)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren J Brzozowski ◽  
Haixiao Hu ◽  
Malachy T Campbell ◽  
Corey D Broeckling ◽  
Melanie Caffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Modern Breeding

Abstract Plant breeding strategies to optimize metabolite profiles are necessary to develop health-promoting food crops. In oats (Avena sativa L.), seed metabolites are of interest for their antioxidant properties, yet have not been a direct target of selection in breeding. In a diverse oat germplasm panel spanning a century of breeding, we investigated the degree of variation of these specialized metabolites and how it has been molded by selection for other traits, like yield components. We also ask if these patterns of variation persist in modern breeding pools. Integrating genomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic and phenotypic analyses for three types of seed specialized metabolites – avenanthramides, avenacins, and avenacosides – we found reduced heritable genetic variation in modern germplasm compared to diverse germplasm, in part due to increased seed size associated with more intensive breeding. Specifically, we found that abundance of avenanthramides increases with seed size, but additional variation is attributable to expression of biosynthetic enzymes. In contrast, avenacoside abundance decreases with seed size and plant breeding intensity. In addition, these different specialized metabolites do not share large-effect loci. Overall, we show that increased seed size associated with intensive plant breeding has uneven effects on the oat seed metabolome, but variation also exists independently of seed size to use in plant breeding. This work broadly contributes to our understanding of how plant breeding has influenced plant traits and tradeoffs between traits (like growth and defense) and the genetic bases of these shifts.

scholarly journals The Potential Effects of Phytoestrogens: The Role in Neuroprotection

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2954
Author(s):  
Justyna Gorzkiewicz ◽  
Grzegorz Bartosz ◽  
Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
Keyword(s):  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Estrogen Therapy ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
Estrogen Synthesis ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
The Brain

Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring non-steroidal phenolic plant compounds. Their structure is similar to 17-β-estradiol, the main female sex hormone. This review offers a concise summary of the current literature on several potential health benefits of phytoestrogens, mainly their neuroprotective effect. Phytoestrogens lower the risk of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis, as well as cardiovascular disease. They also reduce the risk of brain disease. The effects of phytoestrogens and their derivatives on cancer are mainly due to the inhibition of estrogen synthesis and metabolism, leading to antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, and epigenetic effects. The brain controls the secretion of estrogen (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads axis). However, it has not been unequivocally established whether estrogen therapy has a neuroprotective effect on brain function. The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens seem to be related to both their antioxidant properties and interaction with the estrogen receptor. The possible effects of phytoestrogens on the thyroid cause some concern; nevertheless, generally, no serious side effects have been reported, and these compounds can be recommended as health-promoting food components or supplements.

scholarly journals Genetics of naked grain oats in crosses with Brazilian genotypes

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cândida Braga Cabral ◽  
Sandra Cristina Kothe Milach ◽  
Luiz Carlos Federizzi ◽  
Cristhiane Abegg Bothona ◽  
Ivone Taderka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Incomplete Dominance ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Selection For

Six crosses between three naked oat (Avena sativa L.) germplasm sources from the USA and Australia and three Brazilian hulled genotypes were studied for the segregation of naked grain and multiflorous spikelet traits in the F2 and F3 generations. One major gene with incomplete dominance and expressivity for both traits was identified in all populations. The occurrence of intermediate types for naked grain varied with the population and did not depend on the germplasm source of naked grain used. The frequency of intermediate types varied among F2 populations indicating that selection for higher expressivity of naked grain could be used to develop Brazilian oat lines with naked grain.

Seed size as a determinant of germination rate in Crepis tectorum (Asteraceae): evidence from a seed burial experiment

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Seed Burial ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Crepis Tectorum ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship

The present study of the winter annual Crepis tectorum examines the relationship between seed (achene) size and the extent to which seeds resist germination during the year of their production. I carried out two seed burial experiments, one at an outcrop site occupied by a small-seeded population, and another in an experimental garden with soil from the same field site, with seeds representing the local population and a segregating generation of a cross between two other populations. Using logistic regression with data corrected for seed viability, I found an association between small seed size and failure to germinate in the first autumn. The small seed size characterizing many outcrop populations may have evolved as a response to selection for delaying germination in a habitat subject to unpredictable droughts during the growth season. Keywords: Crepis tectorum, germination, seed bank, seed size.

scholarly journals Comparison of Morphological, Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Goji Fruits

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Arleta Kruczek ◽  
Ireneusz Ochmian ◽  
Marcelina Krupa-Małkiewicz ◽  
Sabina Lachowicz
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Berry Fruits ◽  
North Western ◽  
Nitrite Content

AbstractThere is a growing public interest in fruits labeled as „superfood” (functional food). A “superfood” should have a high content of bioactive substances with a positive impact on human health. Seven different cultivars of goji berry fruits (Lycium chinense Mill.) grown in north-western Poland were evaluated for its physicochemical parameters, antidiabetic and antioxidant activity, and polyphenol content. The length of 1-year-old shoots ranged from 36 cm (‘Big Lifeberry’) to 82 cm (‘Korean Big’). Cultivars from the group of Big were characterized by the biggest fruits (17.3-24.2 mm) with the greatest weight of 100 fruits (96.7­122.1 g). ‘Big Lifeberry’ contained high amounts of L-ascorbic acid (408 mg 1000/g) and provitamin A (190 mg 1000/g) and showed high antidiabetic (α-amylase IC50=33.4 mg/mL; α-glucosidase IC50=9.9 mg/mL) and antioxidant activity (ABTS·+ 6.21 and FRAP 5.58 mmol T/100 g). ‘Big Lifeberry’ was also characterized by a high total content of polyphenols (43.64 mg 100/g). Furthermore, the nitrite content in all the cultivars tested was at a relatively low level. Among the examined cultivars, the most attractive one concerning the consumers’ point of view of the size, weight and high content of health-promoting compounds is ‘Big Lifeberry’.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Oxidation of Flavonoids: Loss, Conservation or Enhancement of Their Antioxidant Properties

Antioxidants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Hernan Speisky ◽  
Fereidoon Shahidi ◽  
Adriano Costa de Camargo ◽  
Jocelyn Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Oxidative Modification ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant ◽  
Electrophilic Character

Flavonoids display a broad range of health-promoting bioactivities. Among these, their capacity to act as antioxidants has remained most prominent. The canonical reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging mode of the antioxidant action of flavonoids relies on the high susceptibility of their phenolic moieties to undergo oxidation. As a consequence, upon reaction with ROS, the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids is severely compromised. Other phenol-compromising reactions, such as those involved in the biotransformation of flavonoids, can also markedly affect their antioxidant properties. In recent years, however, increasing evidence has indicated that, at least for some flavonoids, the oxidation of such residues can in fact markedly enhance their original antioxidant properties. In such apparent paradoxical cases, the antioxidant activity arises from the pro-oxidant and/or electrophilic character of some of their oxidation-derived metabolites and is exerted by activating the Nrf2–Keap1 pathway, which upregulates the cell’s endogenous antioxidant capacity, and/or, by preventing the activation of the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway. This review focuses on the effects that the oxidative and/or non-oxidative modification of the phenolic groups of flavonoids may have on the ability of the resulting metabolites to promote direct and/or indirect antioxidant actions. Considering the case of a metabolite resulting from the oxidation of quercetin, we offer a comprehensive description of the evidence that increasingly supports the concept that, in the case of certain flavonoids, the oxidation of phenolics emerges as a mechanism that markedly amplifies their original antioxidant properties. An overlooked topic of great phytomedicine potential is thus unraveled.

scholarly journals Phenolamides: Plant specialized metabolites with a wide range of promising pharmacological and health-promoting interests

2020 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 110762
Author(s):  
Marwa Roumani ◽  
Raphaël E. Duval ◽  
Armelle Ropars ◽  
Arnaud Risler ◽  
Christophe Robin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Promoting

scholarly journals Quality of New Functional Powdered Beverages Enriched with Lyophilized Fruits—Potentially Bioaccessible Antioxidant Properties, Nutritional Value, and Consumer Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Bochnak-Niedźwiecka ◽  
Michał Świeca
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
In Vitro Bioaccessibility ◽  
Trolox Equivalent ◽  
Health Promoting

This study evaluates nutrients and health-promoting compounds responsible for antioxidant capacity in eight novel formulations based on lyophilized fruit and vegetable powders. The composition contained lyophilized carrot, pumpkin, lentil sprouts, raspberry, strawberry, and apple. The effect of functional additives on the antioxidant, nutritional, and functional characteristics of powdered beverages was determined in the powders and after rehydration followed by in vitro digestion. The antioxidant activity, phenols, vitamin C, and reducing power were significantly higher in the powders enriched with additives having potential functional properties. Furthermore, the analyses indicated that all the powdered formulations may be potential sources of total starch (100–112 mg/100 mL) and proteins (125–139 mg/100 mL). The designed powdered beverages after reconstitution exhibited high antioxidant content, reasonable consumer acceptance, and good in vitro bioaccessibility. The best results of antioxidant capacity were obtained for beverages enriched with raspberry, i.e., 10.4 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 mL and 12.1 mg TE/100 mL rehydrated at 20 °C and 80 °C, respectively. Additionally, color characteristics were used as indicators of the quality of the powdered beverages. This research promotes the reduction of food waste, since whole plant tissues are used, thus allowing maximum exploitation of food raw materials; moreover, drying provides stable shelf life.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress and Marine Carotenoids: Application by Using Nanoformulations

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Genç ◽  
Hilal Bardakci ◽  
Çiğdem Yücel ◽  
Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak ◽  
Esra Küpeli Akkol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Cancer Types

Carotenoids are natural fat-soluble pigments synthesized by plants, algae, fungi and microorganisms. They are responsible for the coloration of different photosynthetic organisms. Although they play a role in photosynthesis, they are also present in non-photosynthetic plant tissues, fungi, and bacteria. These metabolites have mainly been used in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry. In addition to their utilization as pigmentation, they have significant therapeutically applications, such as improving immune system and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Primarily, they have attracted attention due to their antioxidant activity. Several statistical investigations indicated an association between the use of carotenoids in diets and a decreased incidence of cancer types, suggesting the antioxidant properties of these compounds as an important factor in the scope of the studies against oxidative stress. Unusual marine environments are associated with a great chemical diversity, resulting in novel bioactive molecules. Thus, marine organisms may represent an important source of novel biologically active substances for the development of therapeutics. Marine carotenoids (astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein but also the rare siphonaxanthin, sioxanthin, and myxol) have recently shown antioxidant properties in reducing oxidative stress markers. Numerous of bioactive compounds such as marine carotenoids have low stability, are poorly absorbed, and own very limited bioavailability. The new technique is nanoencapsulation, which can be used to preserve marine carotenoids and their original properties during processing, storage, improve their physiochemical properties and increase their health-promoting effects. This review aims to describe the role of marine carotenoids, their potential applications and different types of advanced nanoformulations preventing and treating oxidative stress related disorders.

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