scholarly journals The Population-based Microbiome Research Core: a longitudinal infrastructure for assessment of household microbiome and human health research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy A Schultz ◽  
Kristen MC Malecki ◽  
Elizabeth Holzhausen ◽  
Pravleen Bajwa ◽  
Paul Peppard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Unique Framework ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

Purpose: The Population-based Microbiome Research Core (PMRC) is an expandable and longitudinal research core infrastructure to support the study of the human microbiome within the context of environmental, sociodemographic, and health factors. Broadly, the purpose of this infrastructure is to provide new insights into how human-environment interactions affect health through its influence on the composition and function of the microbiome. The PMRC was established as an ancillary study of the Survey of Health of Wisconsin (SHOW) and serves as a platform for ancillary studies, ongoing follow-up of the cohort, and expansion of the microbiome biorepository. Participants: The study recruited adult participants who had previously participated in the Wisconsin Microbiome Study (WMS). Over 59% of the eligible WMS participants agreed to provide a repeat stool sample and household samples including dust, high touch surface swabs and outside soil. Findings to date: PMRC includes 323 individuals; the majority (96%) were over the age of eighteen, white (84%), urban (75%), and lived in their homes for over one year (92%). Overall, 97% of participants completed the questionnaire and household high-touch surface swab collection, and 93% and 94% completed dust and stool collection, respectively. Soil samples were collected for 86% of all participant homes. Future plans: Sample protocols developed for the PMRC offer a unique framework for future household-based microbiome research. This infrastructure can support the generation of new knowledge on the role of the home environment in relation to the human microbiome and identify new opportunities for intervention research.

scholarly journals Testing the Role of Emotion Dysregulation as a Predictor of Juvenile Recidivism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
Kalin Z. Salinas ◽  
Amanda Venta
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Factor ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Individual

The current study proposed to determine whether adolescent emotion regulation is predictive of the amount and type of crime committed by adolescent juvenile offenders. Despite evidence in the literature linking emotion regulation to behaviour problems and aggression across the lifespan, there is no prior longitudinal research examining the predictive role of emotion regulation on adolescent recidivism, nor data regarding how emotion regulation relates to the occurrence of specific types of crimes. Our primary hypothesis was that poor emotion regulation would positively and significantly predict re-offending among adolescents. We tested our hypothesis within a binary logistic framework utilizing the Pathways to Desistance longitudinal data. Exploratory bivariate analyses were conducted regarding emotion regulation and type of crime in the service of future hypothesis generation. Though the findings did not indicate a statistically significant relation between emotion regulation and reoffending, exploratory findings suggest that some types of crime may be more linked to emotion regulation than others. In sum, the present study aimed to examine a hypothesized relation between emotion regulation and juvenile delinquency by identifying how the individual factor of dysregulated emotion regulation may have played a role. This study’s findings did not provide evidence that emotion regulation was a significant predictor of recidivism over time but did suggest that emotion regulation is related to participation in certain types of crime one year later. Directions for future research that build upon the current study were described. Indeed, identifying emotion regulation as a predictor of adolescent crime has the potential to enhance current crime prevention efforts and clinical treatments for juvenile offenders; this is based on the large amount of treatment literature, which documents that emotion regulation is malleable through treatment and prevention programming.

scholarly journals Using Fish Models for Assessing the Role of Sociality on the Microbiome: The Next Step for Translational Microbiome Research?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta C. Soares ◽  
Jo Cable ◽  
Monica Lima-Maximino ◽  
Caio Maximino ◽  
Raquel Xavier
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Ornamental Fish ◽  
Fish Model ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
And Function

Recent research has revealed surprisingly important connections between animals’ microbiome and social behaviour. Social interactions can affect the composition and function of the microbiome; conversely, the microbiome affects social communication by influencing the hosts’ central nervous system and peripheral chemical communication. These discoveries set the stage for novel research venues focusing on the evolution and physiology of animal social behaviour in relation to microbial transmission strategies. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of teleost fish model candidates and their key potential for advancing research fields linked to sociality and microbial regulation. We argue that fish models, such as the zebrafish, sticklebacks, guppies and cleaner-client dyads, will provide valuable insights into the roles of microbiome in shaping social behaviour and vice versa, while also being of direct relevance to the food and ornamental fish trades.

scholarly journals Microbiome: A Supportive or a Leading Actor in Lung Cancer?

Pathobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Diana Martins ◽  
Fernando Mendes ◽  
Fernando Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
And Function

Lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite the major diagnostic and therapeutic innovations, the effect on mortality has been modest and the overall survival is still poor. Better understanding of the pathology of these tumors is necessary in order to develop personalized therapeutic strategies in lung cancer patients. Human microbiome has been associated with normal physiology and function, and increasing evidence points towards a key role of the microbiome in promoting the progression of lung disease. Studies have shown that although poorly understood, lung has a distinctive microbiome that may an important role in lung cancer development and progression, and interactions between microbial populations have the potential to influence disease, suggesting that microbiome can be an emerging target in cancer therapeutics. We will review mechanisms how the lung microbiota influences carcinogenesis, focusing on the bacterial dysbiosis and inflammation. Moreover, we will discuss the link between the microbiome and cancer and the consequences induced by the immune system, as the host microbiota plays an essential role in activating and modulating the immune response. We summarize current research advances in the lung microbiome and demonstrate the potential to exploit microbiome as a mechanism to prevent carcinogenesis and modulate therapeutic strategy, suggesting microbiome as a valuable approach in lung cancer patients.

The role of presurgical expectancies in predicting pain and function one year following total knee arthroplasty

Pain ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (10) ◽  
pp. 2287-2293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sullivan ◽  
Michael Tanzer ◽  
Gerald Reardon ◽  
David Amirault ◽  
Michael Dunbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals The Uneasy Case for Patent Law

2018 ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Rachel Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Patent Protection ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Patent Rights ◽  
Central Tenet ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Innovation Incentives

A central tenet of patent law scholarship holds that if any scientific field truly needs patents to stimulate progress, it is pharmaceuticals. Patents are thought to be critical in encouraging pharmaceutical companies to develop and commercialize new therapies, due to the high costs of researching diseases, developing treatments, and bringing drugs through the complex, expensive approval process. Scholars and policymakers often point to patent law’s apparent success in the pharmaceutical industry to justify broader calls for more expansive patent rights. This Article challenges this conventional wisdom about the centrality of patents to drug development by presenting a case study of the role of patents in the emerging field of microbiome research. Scientists have recently begun to appreciate the important role played by the human microbiome, the community of microbes that lives within each of our bodies, in preventing and treating disease. The microbiome has been linked to autoimmune disorders, mental health conditions, and a range of conditions affecting our intestinal systems. Put simply, research involving the microbiome has the potential to change the future of medicine. There’s just one problem: the microbiome can’t meaningfully be patented. Several doctrines within patent law will make it extremely difficult for companies to obtain and enforce patents like the ones that are so readily available in most areas of medicine. Drawing on patent doctrine, patent searches, and interviews with scientists and lawyers, this Article demonstrates that companies are developing microbiome-based therapies largely in the absence of patent protection. Instead, the companies are relying on other innovation incentives to fill the gap. The microbiome’s unpatentability presents an opportunity to evaluate whether patents are truly necessary for the development of new drugs. Congress, the NIH, and the FDA have implemented many innovation incentives throughout the development process, and we should not be astonished that removing a single such incentive, patent law, does not disrupt the entire system. Perhaps scholars should reconsider, if only selectively, our focus on patents as an irreplaceable driver of pharmaceutical innovation.

scholarly journals Infrequent Denture Cleaning Increased the Risk of Pneumonia among Community-dwelling Older Adults: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taro Kusama ◽  
Jun Aida ◽  
Tatsuo Yamamoto ◽  
Katsunori Kondo ◽  
Ken Osaka
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
One Year ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract Pneumonia is a leading cause of death among older adults. The effectiveness of oral care in preventing pneumonia in nursing homes and hospitals has been reported. However, in community-dwelling older adults, the role of denture cleaning in preventing pneumonia remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between infrequent denture cleaning and the risk of pneumonia in community-dwelling older adults. This cross-sectional study was based on the self-reported questionnaire targeting towards community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years. Responses of 71,227 removable full/partial denture users were included. The incidence of pneumonia within the last one-year and the frequency of denture cleaning (daily/non-daily) were treated as dependent and independent variables, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by the inverse probability weighting (IPW) method based on the logistic regression model. The mean age of the participants was 75.2 ± 6.5 years; 48.3% were male. Overall, 4.6% of the participants did not clean their dentures daily; 2.3% and 3.0% who did and did not clean their dentures daily, respectively, experienced pneumonia. After IPW, infrequent denture cleaning was significantly associated with pneumonia incidence (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.01–1.68)). This study suggests that denture cleaning could prevent pneumonia among community-dwelling older adults.

scholarly journals From Structure to Function: the Ecology of Host-Associated Microbial Communities

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney J. Robinson ◽  
Brendan J. M. Bohannan ◽  
Vincent B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Indigenous Microbiota ◽  
And Function

SUMMARY In the past several years, we have witnessed an increased interest in understanding the structure and function of the indigenous microbiota that inhabits the human body. It is hoped that this will yield novel insight into the role of these complex microbial communities in human health and disease. What is less appreciated is that this recent activity owes a great deal to the pioneering efforts of microbial ecologists who have been studying communities in non-host-associated environments. Interactions between environmental microbiologists and human microbiota researchers have already contributed to advances in our understanding of the human microbiome. We review the work that has led to these recent advances and illustrate some of the possible future directions for continued collaboration between these groups of researchers. We discuss how the application of ecological theory to the human-associated microbiota can lead us past descriptions of community structure and toward an understanding of the functions of the human microbiota. Such an approach may lead to a shift in the prevention and treatment of human diseases that involves conservation or restoration of the normal community structure and function of the host-associated microbiota.

scholarly journals The Role of Bacteria, Probiotics and Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashton Harper ◽  
Malwina Naghibi ◽  
Davinder Garcha
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
And Function

Irritable bowel syndrome is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder that threatens the quality of life of millions and poses a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems around the world. Intense research into the human microbiome has led to fascinating discoveries which directly and indirectly implicate the diversity and function of this occult organ in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathophysiology. The benefit of manipulating the gastrointestinal microbiota with diet and probiotics to improve symptoms has been demonstrated in a wealth of both animal and human studies. The positive and negative mechanistic roles bacteria play in IBS will be explored and practical probiotic and dietary choices offered.

P0815ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A POPULATION-BASED SURVEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hon-Yen Wu ◽  
Wan-Chuan Tsai ◽  
Le-Yin Hsu ◽  
Yu-Sen Peng
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Population Based Survey

Abstract Background and Aims Observational studies suggest an association between moderate alcohol consumption and cardioprotective effects. However, the role of alcohol consumption on chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains inconclusive, and little is known about whether age influences the effects alcohol consumtion. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between alcohol consumption and chronic kidney disease in a population-based survey. Method We used data from the Taiwanese Survey on Prevalences of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia. This is a population-based survey which applied a multistage, stratified, and random sampling from population throughout Taiwan in 2007. The survey assessed the prevalence, awareness, and treatment of metabolic syndrome by body measurements, structured questionnaires, and examinations of blood and urine. We obtained data of adult participants, including demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, lifestyle habits, and results of blood and urine exams. According to the frequency of alcohol consumption, we categorized participants into frequent drinkers (at least 1 time per week), occasional drinkers (less than 1 time per week), and nondrinkers. The study outcome was CKD, which was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or a dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1+. The eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study outcome comparing different levels of alcohol consumption. To evaluate the influence of age, we stratified participants into younger (age < 45 years) and older (age ≥ 45 years) subgroups. Results The mean age of the participants were 48 years, with a female prevalence of 53% and CKD prevalence of 12%. There were 2,197 older participants and 1,770 younger participants. There were 548 frequent drinkers, 915 occasional drinkers, and 2,504 nondrinkers. Compared with nondrinkers, occasional drinkers (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.43-0.81) and frequent drinkers (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.44-0.87) showed a lower hazard risk of CKD (Table). Among those with an age ≥ 45 years, occasional drinkers (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.30-0.81) showed a lower risk of CKD but frequent drinkers (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49-1.01) showed a borderline lower risk of of CKD compared with nondrinkers (Table). Among those with an age < 45 years, only frequent drinkers (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.13-1.00) showed a lower risk of CKD compared with nondrinkers (Table). Conclusion Our study showed that alcohol consumption was associated with a lower risk of CKD, and this effect seemed to be more prominent among frequent drinkers and those with an age ≥ 45 years. Whether alcohol consumption provides renoprotective effects, as well as the influence of age, requires longitudinal studies.

scholarly journals Integrating Microbiome Network: Establishing Linkages Between Plants, Microbes and Human Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh B. N. Krishna ◽  
Anamika Dubey ◽  
Muneer A. Malla ◽  
Richa Kothari ◽  
Chandrama P. Upadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Metabolic Activities

The trillions of microbes that colonize and live around us govern the health of both plants and animals through a cascade of direct and indirect mechanisms. Understanding of this enormous and largely untapped microbial diversity has been the focus of microbial research from the past few decades or so. Amidst the advancements in sequencing technologies, significant progress has been made to taxonomically and functionally catalogue these microbes and also to establish their exact role in the health and disease state. In comparison to the human microbiome, plants are also surrounded by a vast diversity of microbes that form complex ecological communities that affect plant growth and health through collective metabolic activities and interactions. This plant microbiome has a substantial influence on human health and environment via its passage through the nasal route and digestive tract and is responsible for changing our gut microbiome. This review primarily focused on the advances and challenges in microbiome research at the interface of plant and human, and role of microbiome at different compartments of the body’s ecosystems along with their correlation to health and diseases. This review also highlighted the potential therapies in modulating the gut microbiota and technologies for studying the microbiome.

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