scholarly journals Control of Leaf Width by the APC/CTAD1-WL1-NAL1 Pathway in Rice

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing You ◽  
Wenwen Xiao ◽  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Li Ye ◽  
Guoling Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Regulatory Pathway ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Common Pathway ◽  
Leaf Variation ◽  
The Ideal

Leaf morphology is one of the most important features of the ideal plant architecture. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling leaf morphology in crops remain largely unknown, despite their central importance. Here we demonstrate that the APC/CTAD1-WL1-NAL1 pathway regulates leaf width in rice, and mutation of WL1 leads to width leaf variation. WL1 interacts with TAD1 and is degraded by APC/CTAD1, with the loss of TAD1 function resulting in narrow leaves. The WL1 protein directly binds to the regulatory region of NAL1 and recruits the corepressor TOPLESS-RELATED PROTEIN to inhibit NAL1 expression by down-regulating the level of histone acetylation of chromatin. Furthermore, biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that TAD1, WL1, and NAL1 function in a common pathway to control leaf width. Our study establishes an important framework for the APC/CTAD1-WL1-NAL1 pathway-mediated control of leaf width in rice and introduces novel perspectives for using this regulatory pathway for improving crop plant architecture.

scholarly journals A Concerted Action of UBA5 C-Terminal Unstructured Regions Is Important for Transfer of Activated UFM1 to UFC1

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7390
Author(s):  
Nicole Wesch ◽  
Frank Löhr ◽  
Natalia Rogova ◽  
Volker Dötsch ◽  
Vladimir V. Rogov
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Titration Calorimetry ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction

Ubiquitin fold modifier 1 (UFM1) is a member of the ubiquitin-like protein family. UFM1 undergoes a cascade of enzymatic reactions including activation by UBA5 (E1), transfer to UFC1 (E2) and selective conjugation to a number of target proteins via UFL1 (E3) enzymes. Despite the importance of ufmylation in a variety of cellular processes and its role in the pathogenicity of many human diseases, the molecular mechanisms of the ufmylation cascade remains unclear. In this study we focused on the biophysical and biochemical characterization of the interaction between UBA5 and UFC1. We explored the hypothesis that the unstructured C-terminal region of UBA5 serves as a regulatory region, controlling cellular localization of the elements of the ufmylation cascade and effective interaction between them. We found that the last 20 residues in UBA5 are pivotal for binding to UFC1 and can accelerate the transfer of UFM1 to UFC1. We solved the structure of a complex of UFC1 and a peptide spanning the last 20 residues of UBA5 by NMR spectroscopy. This structure in combination with additional NMR titration and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments revealed the mechanism of interaction and confirmed the importance of the C-terminal unstructured region in UBA5 for the ufmylation cascade.

The personality and competences of primary-school teachers: a research study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3/2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Lucia Ludvigh Cintulová ◽  
Libuša Radková
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Educational Outcome ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge ◽  
Primary School Pupils ◽  
The Ideal

This article presents an investigation into how primary-school pupils imagine a good teacher and what characteristics of teachers they appreciate. The teacher’s personality is a quality of central importance to the teaching process. Teachers find themselves in many diverse situations and they cannot always remain the same. Each situation requires different qualities, attitudes and knowledge. In different situations, the teacher can achieve the same educational outcome in various ways, by using a range of methods. No teacher can be expected to have the ideal personality and cannot possibly have all the desired qualities, so some qualities compensate for the lack of others. However, the crucial aspects of a good teacher’s personality is authenticity, naturalness and positive relationship with pupils.

scholarly journals Transcription of the Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2B (HTR2B) Gene Is under the Regulatory Influence of the Transcription Factors NFI and RUNX1 in Human Uveal Melanoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manel Benhassine ◽  
Sylvain Guérin
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Uveal Melanoma ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Gene Signature ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Factor I

Because it accounts for 70% of all eye cancers, uveal melanoma (UM) is therefore the most common primary ocular malignancy. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms leading to the aberrant expression of the gene encoding the serotonin receptor 2B (HTR2B), one of the most discriminating among the candidates from the class II gene signature, in metastatic and non-metastatic UM cell lines. Transfection analyses revealed that the upstream regulatory region of the HTR2B gene contains a combination of alternative positive and negative regulatory elements functional in HTR2B− but not in HTR23B+ UM cells. We demonstrated that both the transcription factors nuclear factor I (NFI) and Runt-related transcription factor I (RUNX1) interact with regulatory elements from the HTR2B gene to either activate (NFI) or repress (RUNX1) HTR2B expression in UM cells. The results of this study will help understand better the molecular mechanisms accounting for the abnormal expression of the HTR2B gene in uveal melanoma.

scholarly journals Chloroplast competition is controlled by lipid biosynthesis in evening primroses

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 5665-5674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Sobanski ◽  
Patrick Giavalisco ◽  
Axel Fischer ◽  
Julia M. Kreiner ◽  
Dirk Walther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Lipid Biosynthesis ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Uniparental Inheritance ◽  
Biparental Inheritance ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Evolutionary Forces

In most eukaryotes, organellar genomes are transmitted preferentially by the mother, but molecular mechanisms and evolutionary forces underlying this fundamental biological principle are far from understood. It is believed that biparental inheritance promotes competition between the cytoplasmic organelles and allows the spread of so-called selfish cytoplasmic elements. Those can be, for example, fast-replicating or aggressive chloroplasts (plastids) that are incompatible with the hybrid nuclear genome and therefore maladaptive. Here we show that the ability of plastids to compete against each other is a metabolic phenotype determined by extremely rapidly evolving genes in the plastid genome of the evening primroseOenothera. Repeats in the regulatory region ofaccD(the plastid-encoded subunit of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of lipid biosynthesis), as well as inycf2(a giant reading frame of still unknown function), are responsible for the differences in competitive behavior of plastid genotypes. Polymorphisms in these genes influence lipid synthesis and most likely profiles of the plastid envelope membrane. These in turn determine plastid division and/or turnover rates and hence competitiveness. This work uncovers cytoplasmic drive loci controlling the outcome of biparental chloroplast transmission. Here, they define the mode of chloroplast inheritance, as plastid competitiveness can result in uniparental inheritance (through elimination of the “weak” plastid) or biparental inheritance (when two similarly “strong” plastids are transmitted).

The osmochemistry of electron-transfer complexes

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Rich
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Membranes ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Chemiosmotic Hypothesis ◽  
General Relevance ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Present Understanding

Detailed molecular mechanisms of electron transfer-driven translocation of ions and of the generation of electric fields across biological membranes are beginning to emerge. The ideas inherent in the early formulations of the chemiosmotic hypothesis have provided the framework for this understanding and have also been seminal in promoting many of the experimental approaches which have been successfully used. This article is an attempt to review present understanding of the structures and mechanisms of several osmoenzymes of central importance and to identify and define the underlying features which might be of general relevance to the study of chemiosmotic devices.

Tents and harems: apparent defence of foliage roosts by tent-making bats

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Kunz ◽  
Gary F. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Artibeus Jamaicensis ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Sabal Mauritiiformis

ABSTRACTPalmate umbrella tents used by tent-making bats in Trinidad, West Indies, were observed in three species of Neotropical palms, Sabal mauritiiformis, Coccothrinax barbadensis and Mauritia flexuosa. Tents were most common in palm leaves that have supporting petioles angled at 50–70° above the horizontal. The shape and volume of tents is influenced mostly by leaf morphology (leaf width and leaflet length) and age of the tent. Tent-crowns varied from being heart-shaped in S. mauritiiformis, oval or round in C. barbadensis and spade-shaped in M. flexuosa. Leaves in which tents were constructed were most often beneath overhanging vegetation, and were generally free of vegetation below, allowing bats to enter and depart from tents without being impeded by the clutter of adjacent vegetation.Singles and small apparent harem groups of two bat species, Artibeus jamaicensis and Uroderma bilobatum, were captured and observed in tents made from the leaves of S. mauritiiformis and C. barbadensis. No bats were observed in tents constructed in leaves of M. flexuosa. The apparent harem social organization in these and other tent-making bat species suggests that leaves modified into tents may provide critical and defendable resources that promote the evolution of polygyny. This hypothesis is based on the observed patchy distribution of suitable palm trees, the inappropriateness of many palm leaves as potential tents and the resultant architecture provided by palmate umbrella tents. We suggest that tent-making is an adult male behaviour.

scholarly journals Inhibition of intestinal biotin absorption by chronic alcohol feeding: cellular and molecular mechanisms

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (3) ◽  
pp. G494-G501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep B. Subramanya ◽  
Veedamali S. Subramanian ◽  
Jeyan S. Kumar ◽  
Robert Hoiness ◽  
Hamid M. Said
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
Chronic Alcohol

The water-soluble vitamin biotin is essential for normal cellular functions and its deficiency leads to a variety of clinical abnormalities. Mammals obtain biotin from exogenous sources via intestinal absorption, a process mediated by the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT). Chronic alcohol use in humans is associated with a significant reduction in plasma biotin levels, and animal studies have shown inhibition in intestinal biotin absorption by chronic alcohol feeding. Little, however, is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the inhibition in intestinal biotin transport by chronic alcohol use. These mechanisms were investigated in this study by using rats and transgenic mice carrying the human full-length SLC5A6 5′-regulatory region chronically fed alcohol liquid diets; human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells chronically exposed to alcohol were also used as models. The results showed chronic alcohol feeding of rats to lead to a significant inhibition in carrier-mediated biotin transport events across jejunal brush border and basolateral membrane domains. This inhibition was associated with a significant reduction in level of expression of the SMVT protein, mRNA, and heterogenous nuclear RNA. Chronic alcohol feeding also inhibited carrier-mediated biotin uptake in rat colon. Studies with transgenic mice confirmed the above findings and further showed chronic alcohol feeding significantly inhibited the activity of SLC5A6 5′-regulatory region. Finally, chronic exposure of Caco-2 cells to alcohol led to a significant decrease in the activity of both promoters P1 and P2 of the human SLC5A6 gene. These studies identify for the first time the cellular and molecular parameters of the intestinal biotin absorptive processes that are affected by chronic alcohol feeding.

scholarly journals Repression of Nanog Gene Transcription by Tcf3 Limits Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 7479-7491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pereira ◽  
Fei Yi ◽  
Bradley J. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Nanog Gene

ABSTRACT The dual function of stem cells requires them not only to form new stem cells through self-renewal but also to form lineage-committed cells through differentiation. Embryonic stem cells (ESC), which are derived from the blastocyst inner cell mass, retain properties of self-renewal and the potential for lineage commitment. To balance self-renewal and differentiation, ESC must carefully control the levels of several transcription factors, including Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4. While molecular mechanisms promoting transcription of these genes have been described, mechanisms preventing excessive levels in self-renewing ESC remain unknown. By examining the function of the TCF family of transcription factors in ESC, we have found that Tcf3 is necessary to limit the steady-state levels of Nanog mRNA, protein, and promoter activity in self-renewing ESC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter reporter assays showed that Tcf3 bound to a promoter regulatory region of the Nanog gene and repressed its transcriptional activity in ESC through a Groucho interaction domain-dependent process. The absence of Tcf3 caused delayed differentiation of ESC in vitro as elevated Nanog levels persisted through 5 days of embryoid body formation. These new data support a model wherein Tcf3-mediated control of Nanog levels allows stem cells to balance the creation of lineage-committed and undifferentiated cells.

scholarly journals Using Genetic Engineering Techniques to Develop Banana Cultivars With Fusarium Wilt Resistance and Ideal Plant Architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyi Wang ◽  
Renbo Yu ◽  
Jingyang Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Banana Production ◽  
Do So

Bananas (Musa spp.) are an important fruit crop worldwide. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), which causes Fusarium wilt, is widely regarded as one of the most damaging plant diseases. Fusarium wilt has previously devastated global banana production and continues to do so today. In addition, due to the current use of high-density banana plantations, desirable banana varieties with ideal plant architecture (IPA) possess high lodging resistance, optimum photosynthesis, and efficient water absorption. These properties may help to increase banana production. Genetic engineering is useful for the development of banana varieties with Foc resistance and ideal plant architecture due to the sterility of most cultivars. However, the sustained immune response brought about by genetic engineering is always accompanied by yield reductions. To resolve this problem, we should perform functional genetic studies of the Musa genome, in conjunction with genome editing experiments, to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response and the formation of plant architecture in the banana. Further explorations of the genes associated with Foc resistance and ideal architecture might lead to the development of banana varieties with both ideal architecture and pathogen super-resistance. Such varieties will help the banana to remain a staple food worldwide.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document