scholarly journals Distribution of duck-origin parvovirus over time in Cherry Valley ducks in vivo and histopathological investigation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Chen ◽  
Qihui Luo ◽  
Jing Xu ◽  
Chao Huang ◽  
Wentao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Myocardial Cells ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Main Target ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin ◽  
Histopathological Investigation ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn 2015, we successfully isolated a strain of duck-origin parvovirus from Cherry Valley ducks, which we named QH-L01. In this study, duck-origin parvovirus in Cherry Valley ducks was quantified and localized by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and pathological damage to the tissues and organs was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining). qPCR showed that the viral load was higher in the spleen, brain, lung, cecum, ileum, and duodenum over time. The results from IHC experiments showed positive reactions in hepatocytes, epithelium of the lung atrium, myocardial cells, goblet cells of the intestine, and brain cells. Primary histological examination revealed pulmonary lobule depletion and dilation in the lung as well as necrosis and erosion of the villus tips in the duodenum, ileum and cecum. This study is the first demonstration that duck-origin parvovirus can be transmitted from the spleen to the brain and lung, resulting in proliferation and dissemination of the virus to the cecum, ileum, duodenum and other tissues through the blood. The lung, duodenum, ileum and cecum may thus represent the main target tissues and organs for duck-origin parvovirus.

The use of siRNA as a pharmacological tool to assess a role for the transcription factor NF-IL6 in the brain under in vitro and in vivo conditions during LPS-induced inflammatory stimulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Damm ◽  
Joachim Roth ◽  
Rüdiger Gerstberger ◽  
Christoph Rummel
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Si Rna ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor

AbstractBackground:Studies with NF-IL6-deficient mice indicate that this transcription factor plays a dual role during systemic inflammation with pro- and anti-inflammatory capacities. Here, we aimed to characterize the role of NF-IL6 specifically within the brain.Methods:In this study, we tested the capacity of short interfering (si) RNA to silence the inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-interleukin 6 (NF-IL6) in brain cells underResults:In cells of a mixed neuronal and glial primary culture from the ratConclusions:This approach was, thus, not suitable to characterize the role NF-IL6 in the brain

POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MAHKOTA DEWA LEAVES (PHALERIA MACROCARPA (SCHECFF.) BOERL.) TO INHIBIT INFLAMMATION IN MOUSE DISTAL COLON INDUCED BY DEXTRAN SODIUM SULFATE (DSS) AND AZOXYMETHANE (AOM)

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ILHAM DHIYA RAKASIWI ◽  
KUSMARDI KUSMARDI ◽  
ARI ESTUNINGTYAS ◽  
ARYO TEDJO
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Dextran Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Phaleria Macrocarpa ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Objective: To demonstrates the ability of P. macrocarpa leaf extract to reduce inflammation of the distal colon in DSS/AOM-induced mice. Methods: In vivo experimental research using Balb/c mice induced by 0.2 ml azoxymethane (AOM) 0.1% once and 1% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for one week; additionally, ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves, 25 mg and 50 mg, and 0.84 mg acetosal were given orally. The mice were sacrificed after 20 w. Histopathological examination (hematoxylin-eosin staining) was conducted by counting the average number of goblet cells per crypt, inflammatory focus and angiogenesis. Results: Ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves was able to prevent the decrease in the number of goblet cells (p<0.05). However, the administration of ethanol P. macrocarpa leaf extract could not reduce focal inflammation and angiogenesis in inflammation of the distal colon. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of the Mahkota Dewa leaves is able to prevent inflammation of the distal colon by preventing the decrease in the number of goblet cells.

scholarly journals Cryptococcus neoformans Capsule Structure Evolution In Vitro and during Murine Infection

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 3359-3365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dea Garcia-Hermoso ◽  
Françoise Dromer ◽  
Guilhem Janbon
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Organ Specificity ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Specific Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans capsule structure modifications after prolonged in vitro growth or in vivo passaging have been reported previously. However, nothing is known about the dynamics of these modifications or about their environmental specificities. In this study, capsule structure modifications after mouse passaging and prolonged in vitro culturing were analyzed by flow cytometry using the glucuronoxylomannan-specific monoclonal antibody E1. The capsule structures of strains recovered after 0, 1, 8, and 35 days were compared by using the level of E1-specific epitope expression and its cell-to-cell heterogeneity within a given cell population. In vitro, according to these parameters, the diversity of the strains was higher on day 35 than it was initially, suggesting the absence of selection during in vitro culturing. In contrast, the diversity of the strains recovered from the brain tended to decrease over time, suggesting that selection of more adapted strains had occurred. The strains recovered on day 35 from the spleen and the lungs had different phenotypes than the strains isolated from the brain of the same mouse on the same day, thus strongly suggesting that there is organ specificity for C. neoformans strain selection. Fingerprinting of the strains recovered in vitro and in vivo over time confirmed that genotypes evolved very differently in vitro and in vivo, depending on the environment. Overall, our results suggest that organ-specific selection can occur during cryptococcosis.

scholarly journals STIMULUS: Noninvasive Dynamic Patterns of Neurostimulation using Spatio-Temporal Interference

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaming Cao ◽  
Pulkit Grover
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Electrode Pair ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Spatial Interference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

AbstractUsing a systematic computational and modeling framework, we provide a novel Spatio-Temporal Interference-based stiMULation focUsing Strategy (STIMULUS) for high spatial precision noninvasive neurostimulation deep inside the brain. To do so, we first replicate the results of the recently proposed temporal interference (TI) stimulation (which was only tested in-vivo) in a computational model based on a Hodgkin-Huxley model for neurons and a model of current dispersion in the head. Using this computational model, we obtain a nontrivial extension of the 2-electrode-pair TI proposed originally to multielectrode TI (> 2 electrode pairs) that yields significantly higher spatial precision. To further improve precision, we develop STIMULUS techniques for generating spatial interference patterns in conjunction with temporal interference, and demonstrate strict and significant improvements over multielectrode TI. Finally, we utilize the adaptivity that is inherent in STIMULUS to create multisite neurostimulation patterns that can be dynamically steered over time.

scholarly journals Protein lactylation induced by neural excitation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Hagihara ◽  
Hirotaka Shoji ◽  
Hikari Otabi ◽  
Atsushi Toyoda ◽  
Kaoru Katoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporter ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Neural Excitation ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Prefrontal Cortices

AbstractLactate is known to have diverse roles in the brain at the molecular and behavioral levels under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, such as learning and memory and regulation of mood. Recently, a novel post-translational modification called lysine lactylation has been found in histone H3 of mouse macrophages, and the lactylation levels paralleled the intracellular lactate levels1. However, it is unknown whether lysine lactylation occurs in brain cells, and if it does, whether lactylation is induced by the stimuli that accompany changes in lactate levels. Herein, we reveal that lysine lactylation in brain cells is regulated by systemic changes in lactate levels, neural excitation, and behaviorally relevant stimuli. Lysine lactylation levels were increased by lactate treatment and by high-potassium-induced depolarization in cultured primary neurons; these increases were attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter 2 and lactate dehydrogenase, respectively, suggesting that both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous neuronal mechanisms are involved in overall lysine lactylation. In vivo, electroconvulsive stimulation increased lysine lactylation levels in the prefrontal cortices of mice, and its levels were positively correlated with the expression levels of the neuronal activity marker c-Fos on an individual cell basis. In the social defeat stress model of depression in which brain lactate levels increase, lactylation levels were increased in the prefrontal cortices of the defeated mice, which was accompanied by increased c-Fos expression, decreased social behaviors, and increased anxiety-like behaviors, suggesting that stress-induced neuronal excitation may induce lysine lactylation, thereby affecting mood-related behaviors. Further, we identified 63 candidate lysine-lactylated proteins in the mouse cortex and found that lactylation levels in histone H1 increased in response to defeat stress. This study may open up an avenue for exploration of a novel role of neuronal activity-induced lactate mediated by protein lactylation in the brain.

scholarly journals Ingatan II: Pengorganisasian, Lupa Dan Model-Model Ingatan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfun Sandi
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Hard Drive ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Advanced Computer ◽  
Over Time

Abstract: Twentieth-century playwright Tennessee William once said that life is memory except for the present moment which passes so quickly that it is hard to remember,  so what is memory? Memory or  retention  is the retention  of information over time which involves encoding, storing and retrieving it. Educational psychologists study how information is stored or stored in memory, how it is retained or stored after being encoded, and how it is found or re- expressed  for  specific  purposes  at  a  later  date.  Memories  make  us  feel sustainable. Without memory, we are unable to relate what happened yesterday to what we are experiencing now. The brain is the most complex device in the world. Trillions of brain cells have specific but related functions. Control all physical and psychological aspects of humans. Either consciously or unconsciously.  The  memory  storage  capacity  in  the  brain  far  exceeds  the capacity of even the largest computer hard drive. The brain has the ability to handle  an   unlimited  number   of  complex   algorithms  simultaneously,   far exceeding the capabilities of even the most advanced computer processors. But unfortunately humans are not able to optimize the full potential of the brain, so the brain does not allow all traces of the memory to be stored perfectly, but will gradually disappear. But when the person concerned is asked to recall things he has already remembered, sometimes some of them start to be forgotten. In this paper, we will discuss things related to memory such as organizing, forgetting, memory models and learning and memory habits.Indonesian Abstract: Penulis naskah abad ke-20 Tennessee William pernah mengatakan bahwa hidup adalah ingatan kecuali saat sekarang yang berlalu begitu cepat sehingga sulit untuk diingat, lalu apa itu ingatan? Memori atau retensi adalah penyimpanan informasi dari waktu ke waktu yang melibatkan pengkodean, penyimpanan, dan pengambilannya. Psikolog pendidikan mempelajari bagaimana informasi disimpan atau disimpan dalam memori, bagaimana disimpan atau disimpan setelah dikodekan, dan bagaimana informasi itu ditemukan atau diungkapkan kembali untuk tujuan tertentu di kemudian hari. Kenangan membuat kita merasa berkelanjutan. Tanpa ingatan, kita tidak dapat menghubungkan apa yang terjadi kemarin dengan apa yang kita alami sekarang. Otak adalah perangkat paling kompleks di dunia. Triliunan sel otak memiliki fungsi yang spesifik namun berhubungan. Kontrol semua aspek fisik dan psikologis manusia. Baik disadari maupun tidak. Kapasitas penyimpanan memori di otak jauh melebihi kapasitas hard drive komputer terbesar sekalipun. Otak memiliki kemampuan untuk menangani algoritma kompleks dalam jumlah yang tidak terbatas secara bersamaan, jauh melebihi kemampuan prosesor komputer paling canggih sekalipun. Namun sayangnya manusia tidak mampu mengoptimalkan seluruh potensi otaknya, sehingga otak tidak membiarkan semua jejak ingatan tersebut disimpan dengan sempurna, melainkan lambat laun akan hilang. Tetapi ketika orang yang bersangkutan diminta untuk mengingat hal-hal yang telah dia ingat, terkadang beberapa di antaranya mulai dilupakan. Dalam tulisan ini, kita akan membahas hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan memori seperti pengorganisasian, pelupa, model memori dan kebiasaan belajar dan memori.

scholarly journals Upregulation of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist by Aspirin in Glial Cells via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Sudipta Chakrabarti ◽  
Tim Prorok ◽  
Avik Roy ◽  
Dhruv Patel ◽  
Sridevi Dasarathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Primary Mouse ◽  
The Brain

Background: Neuroinflammation is a recognized aspect of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurological illnesses. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an anti-inflammatory molecule, which inhibits inflammatory molecules in different cells including brain cells. However, mechanisms for upregulating IL-1Ra in brain cells are poorly understood. Objective: Since aspirin is a widely available pain reliever that shows promise beyond its known pain-relieving capacity, we examined whether aspirin could upregulate the IL-1Ra in the brain. Methods: We employed PCR, real-time PCR, western blot, immunostaining, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and lentiviral transduction in glial cells. 5xFAD mice, an animal model of AD, were treated with aspirin orally via gavage. Results: Aspirin increased the expression of IL-1Ra mRNA and protein in primary mouse astrocytes and mouse BV-2 microglial cells. While investigating the mechanism, we found that the IL-1Ra gene promoter harbors peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) and that aspirin upregulated IL-1Ra in astrocytes isolated from peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta knockout (PPARβ –/–), but not PPARα –/–, mice. Moreover, we observed that aspirin bound to tyrosine 314 residue of PPARα to stimulate IL-1Ra and that aspirin treatment also increased the recruitment of PPARα to the IL-1Ra promoter. Accordingly, aspirin increased IL-1Ra in vivo in the brain of wild type and PPARβ –/–, but not in PPARα –/– mice. Similarly, aspirin treatment also increased astroglial and microglial IL-1Ra in the cortex of 5xFAD, but not 5xFAD/PPARα –/– mice. Conclusion: Aspirin may reduce the severity of different neurological conditions by upregulating IL-1Ra and reducing the inflammation.

Presence of antibody in virus-infected brain cells of SSPE ferrets

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 804-805
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Brown ◽  
Tammy L. Donato ◽  
Halldor Thormar
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Measles virus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been found in the brains of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a slowly progressing disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in children. IgG/albumin ratios indicate that the antibodies are synthesized within the CNS. Using the ferret as an animal model to study the disease, we have been attempting to localize the Ig's in the brains of animals inoculated with a cell associated strain of SSPE. In an earlier report, preliminary results using Protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (PrAPx) (Dynatech Diagnostics Inc., South Windham, ME.) to detect antibodies revealed the presence of immunoglobulin mainly in antibody-producing plasma cells in inflammatory lesions and not in infected brain cells.In the present experiment we studied the brain of an SSPE ferret with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:1024 in serum and 1:512 in CSF at time of sacrifice 7 months after i.c. inoculation with SSPE measles virus-infected cells. The animal was perfused with saline and portions of the brain and spinal cord were immersed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (P-L-P) fixative. The ferret was not perfused with fixative because parts of the brain were used for virus isolation.

Effect of pH and inhibitors on beta-amyloid fibril assembly

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 752-753
Author(s):  
Beverly E. Maleeff ◽  
Timothy K. Hart ◽  
Stephen J. Wood ◽  
Ronald Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Fibril ◽  
Peptide Fragment ◽  
Hydrophobic Peptides ◽  
Amyloid Fibril Formation ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer's disease is characterized post-mortem in part by abnormal extracellular neuritic plaques found in brain tissue. There appears to be a correlation between the severity of Alzheimer's dementia in vivo and the number of plaques found in particular areas of the brain. These plaques are known to be the deposition sites of fibrils of the protein β-amyloid. It is thought that if the assembly of these plaques could be inhibited, the severity of the disease would be decreased. The peptide fragment Aβ, a precursor of the p-amyloid protein, has a 40 amino acid sequence, and has been shown to be toxic to neuronal cells in culture after an aging process of several days. This toxicity corresponds to the kinetics of in vitro amyloid fibril formation. In this study, we report the biochemical and ultrastructural effects of pH and the inhibitory agent hexadecyl-N-methylpiperidinium (HMP) bromide, one of a class of ionic micellar detergents known to be capable of solubilizing hydrophobic peptides, on the in vitro assembly of the peptide fragment Aβ.

Microvascular features that suggest effectors of blood-flow regulation in the brain: Evidence by SEM of corrosion casts of intracerebral vessels

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-275
Author(s):  
Enrico D.F. Motti ◽  
Hans-Georg Imhof ◽  
Gazi M. Yasargil
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Corrosion Casts ◽  
Cerebral Microcirculation ◽  
Pial Arteries ◽  
Random Occurrence ◽  
Brain Arteries ◽  
Homogeneous Network ◽  
The Brain

Physiologists have devoted most attention in the cerebrovascular tree to the arterial side of the circulation which has been subdivided in three levels: 1) major brain arteries which keep microcirculation constant despite changes in perfusion pressure; 2) pial arteries supposed to be effectors regulating microcirculation; 3) intracerebral arteries supposed to be deprived of active cerebral blood flow regulating devices.The morphological search for microvascular effectors in the cerebrovascular bed has been elusive. The opaque substance of the brain confines in vivo investigation to the superficial pial arteries. Most morphologists had to limit their observation to the random occurrence of a favorable site in the practically two-dimensional thickness of diaphanized histological sections. It is then not surprising most investigators of the cerebral microcirculation refer to an homogeneous network of microvessels interposed between arterioles and venules.We have taken advantage of the excellent depth of focus afforded by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate corrosion casts obtained injecting a range of experimental animals with a modified Batson's acrylic mixture.

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