scholarly journals Testosterone modulates status-specific patterns of cooperation in a social network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Brandt Ryder ◽  
Roslyn Dakin ◽  
Ben J. Vernasco ◽  
Brian S. Evans ◽  
Brent M. Horton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
Territorial Status ◽  
Pipra Filicauda ◽  
Automated Telemetry

SummaryStable cooperation requires plasticity whereby individuals are able to express competitive or cooperative behaviors depending on social context. To date, however, the physiological mechanisms that underlie behavioral variation in cooperative systems are poorly understood. We studied hormone-mediated behavior in the wire-tailed manakin (Pipra filicauda), a gregarious songbird whose cooperative partnerships are crucial for fitness. We used automated telemetry to monitor > 36,000 cooperative interactions among male manakins over three field seasons, and we examined how circulating testosterone affects cooperation using > 500 hormone samples. Observational data show that in non-territorial floater males, high testosterone is associated with increased cooperative behaviors and subsequent ascension to territorial status. In territory-holding males, however, both observational and experimental evidence demonstrate that high testosterone antagonizes cooperation. Moreover, circulating testosterone explains significant variation (2-8%) in social behavior within each status class. Collectively, our findings show that the hormonal control of cooperation depends on a male’s social status. We propose that the status-dependent reorganization of hormone-regulatory pathways can facilitate stable cooperative partnerships, and thus provide direct fitness benefits for males.

scholarly journals Drought decreases cooperative sentinel behavior and affects vocal coordination in meerkats

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1558-1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Rauber ◽  
Tim H Clutton-Brock ◽  
Marta B Manser
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Drought Condition ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Suricata Suricatta ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors

Abstract Cooperative breeding often evolved in harsh and arid habitats characterized by high levels of environmental uncertainty. Most forms of cooperative behavior have energetic costs and previous studies have shown that the contributions of individuals to alloparental provisioning are conditional on their food intake. However, the effect of naturally occurring, extreme environmental conditions on the persistence of costly forms of cooperative behaviors and their coordination by communication remain unknown. Here, we show that in meerkats (Suricata suricatta) the probability to act as sentinel, a cooperative vigilance behavior, was the same for typically occurring dry and wet conditions, but significantly reduced during a drought condition with almost no rain, especially in young individuals, members of small groups and groups with pups. The duration an individual stayed on sentinel guard, however, was most reduced during dry conditions. Besides reductions in sentinel behavior, the vocal coordination of foraging meerkats differed when comparing drought and wet conditions. Individuals responded more strongly to playbacks of sentinel “all-clear” calls and close calls, resulting in less vigilance and more foraging behavior during the drought condition. We conclude that while meerkats are adapted to commonly occurring dry periods with low rainfall, the extreme drought period with almost no rain, led to a decrease of the frequency of costly forms of cooperative behaviors in favor of behaviors that maximize direct fitness benefits and also affected the vocal coordination among group members.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Hormonal Control of Shoot Branching in Salix matsudana

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Juanjuan Liu ◽  
Bingbing Ni ◽  
Yanfei Zeng ◽  
Caiyun He ◽  
Jianguo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Shoot Branching ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Salix Matsudana ◽  
Transcriptome Expression

Shoot branching is regulated by axillary bud activities, which subsequently grow into branches. Phytohormones play a central role in shoot branching control, particularly with regard to auxin, cytokinins (CKs), strigolactones (SLs), and gibberellins (GAs). To further study the molecular basis for the shoot branching in Salix matsudana, how shoot branching responds to hormones and regulatory pathways was investigated, and potential genes involved in the regulation of shoot branching were identified. However, how these positive and inhibitory processes work on the molecular level remains unknown. RNA-Seq transcriptome expression analysis was used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying shoot branching. In total, 102 genes related to auxin, CKs, SLs, and GAs were differentially expressed in willow development. A majority of the potential genes associated with branching were differentially expressed at the time of shoot branching in S. matsudana, which have more number of branching. These findings are consistent with the growth and physiological results. A regulatory network model was proposed to explain the interaction between the four hormones that control shoot branching. Collectively, the results presented here contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the hormonal effects on shoot branching in S. matsudana. In the future, these findings will help uncover the interactions among auxin, SLs, CKs, and GAs that control shoot branching in willow, which could help improve plant structures through the implementation of molecular techniques in targeted breeding.

scholarly journals Abscisic acid controlled sex before transpiration in vascular plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (45) ◽  
pp. 12862-12867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. M. McAdam ◽  
Timothy J. Brodribb ◽  
Jo Ann Banks ◽  
Rainer Hedrich ◽  
Nadia M. Atallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
History Of

Sexual reproduction in animals and plants shares common elements, including sperm and egg production, but unlike animals, little is known about the regulatory pathways that determine the sex of plants. Here we use mutants and gene silencing in a fern species to identify a core regulatory mechanism in plant sexual differentiation. A key player in fern sex differentiation is the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), which regulates the sex ratio of male to hermaphrodite tissues during the reproductive cycle. Our analysis shows that in the fern Ceratopteris richardii, a gene homologous to core ABA transduction genes in flowering plants [SNF1-related kinase2s (SnRK2s)] is primarily responsible for the hormonal control of sex determination. Furthermore, we provide evidence that this ABA–SnRK2 signaling pathway has transitioned from determining the sex of ferns to controlling seed dormancy in the earliest seed plants before being co-opted to control transpiration and CO2 exchange in derived seed plants. By tracing the evolutionary history of this ABA signaling pathway from plant reproduction through to its role in the global regulation of plant–atmosphere gas exchange during the last 450 million years, we highlight the extraordinary effect of the ABA–SnRK2 signaling pathway in plant evolution and vegetation function.

scholarly journals Neural and hormonal control of food hoarding

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (3) ◽  
pp. R641-R655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Bartness ◽  
E. Keen-Rhinehart ◽  
M. J. Dailey ◽  
B. J. Teubner
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Melanocortin Receptor ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Food Hoarding ◽  
Appetitive Behavior ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Agouti Related Protein ◽  
Stimulation Of

Many animals hoard food, including humans, but despite its pervasiveness, little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying this appetitive behavior. We summarize studies of food hoarding in humans and rodents with an emphasis on mechanistic laboratory studies of species where this behavior importantly impacts their energy balance (hamsters), but include laboratory rat studies although their wild counterparts do not hoard food. The photoperiod and cold can affect food hoarding, but food availability is the most significant environmental factor affecting food hoarding. Food-deprived/restricted hamsters and humans exhibit large increases in food hoarding compared with their fed counterparts, both doing so without overeating. Some of the peripheral and central peptides involved in food intake also affect food hoarding, although many have not been tested. Ad libitum-fed hamsters given systemic injections of ghrelin, the peripheral orexigenic hormone that increases with fasting, mimics food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding. Neuropeptide Y or agouti-related protein, brain peptides stimulated by ghrelin, given centrally to ad libitum-fed hamsters, duplicates the early and prolonged postfood deprivation increases in food hoarding, whereas central melanocortin receptor agonism tends to inhibit food deprivation and ghrelin stimulation of hoarding. Central or peripheral leptin injection or peripheral cholecystokinin-33, known satiety peptides, inhibit food hoarding. Food hoarding markedly increases with pregnancy and lactation. Because fasted and/or obese humans hoard more food in general, and more high-density/high-fat foods specifically, than nonfasted and/or nonobese humans, understanding the mechanisms underlying food hoarding could provide another target for behavioral/pharmacological approaches to curb obesity.

scholarly journals Growth Inhibition by Bupivacaine Is Associated with Inactivation of Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mushtaq Ahmad Beigh ◽  
Mehvish Showkat ◽  
Basharat Bashir ◽  
Asma Bashir ◽  
Mahboob ul Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
S6 Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Downstream Effector ◽  
Mtorc1 Signaling ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Cell Growth And Proliferation

Bupivacaine is an amide type long acting local anesthetic used for epidural anesthesia and nerve blockade in patients. Use of bupivacaine is associated with severe cytotoxicity and apoptosis along with inhibition of cell growth and proliferation. Although inhibition of Erk, Akt, and AMPK seemingly appears to mediate some of the bupivacaine effects, potential downstream targets that mediate its effect remain unknown. S6 kinase 1 is a common downstream effector of several growth regulatory pathways involved in cell growth and proliferation known to be affected by bupivacaine. We have accordingly attempted to relate the growth inhibitory effects of bupivacaine with the status of S6K1 activity and we present evidence that decrease in cell growth and proliferation by bupivacaine is mediated through inactivation of S6 kinase 1 in a concentration and time dependent manner. We also show that ectopic expression of constitutively active S6 kinase 1 imparts substantial protection from bupivacaine induced cytotoxicity. Inactivation of S6K1 though associated with loss of putative mTOR mediated phosphorylation did not correspond with loss of similar phosphorylations in 4EBP1 indicating that S6K1 inhibition was not mediated through inactivation of mTORC1 signaling pathway or its down regulation.

scholarly journals Cell Growth Model with Stochastic Gene Expression Helps Understand the Growth Advantage of Metabolic Exchange and Auxotrophy

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dibyendu Dutta ◽  
Supreet Saini
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Stochastic Gene Expression ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
State Growth ◽  
Cell Growth Model ◽  
Metabolic Exchange

Cooperative behaviors are highly prevalent in the wild, but their evolution is not understood. Metabolic flux models can demonstrate the viability of metabolic exchange as cooperative interactions, but steady-state growth models cannot explain why cooperators grow faster.

scholarly journals PUBLIC AND NON-PUBLIC COMPANIES IN THE LAW OF RUSSIA AND SOME FOREIGN COUNTRIES

2016 ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Михаил Красильников ◽  
Mikhail Krasilnikov ◽  
Андрей Габов ◽  
Andrey Gabov ◽  
Татьяна Бойко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Companies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Public Company ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
The Uk

The classification of business entities into public and non-public in the Russian law provides a reason to seek from the world experience in order to highlight the similarities and further development of regulatory pathways of the above-noted institute. The goal set is achieved by comparing the attributes of a public company in the legislation of some countries. In particular, on the example of the UK and the USA it is established the difference between public and private companies. There is marked a combination of two trends: imperative regulation of public companies, along with the freedom of the creation and operation of private companies. The article describes the approach to the definition of the status of a public company, adopted in Eastern Europe, which is different from that in the UK, studies law in certain countries strongly influenced by English law. Along with the detailed characteristics of the Russian model of public (non-public) companies its difference from the typical Anglo-Saxon model is revealed. The presence (absence) of division into public (private) companies does not evidence the proper and (or) inadequate level of a legal system in this aspect, but simply reflects the model of regulation of the market in a particular country. The authors criticize different interpretation of the term “publicity” by legislators in the case of public (non-public) companies.

Pyrethroid resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ahmad ◽  
M. I. Arif ◽  
M. R. Attique
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
The Status ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe status of pyrethroid resistance in some field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) from Pakistan was determined using an IRAC leaf-dip method. Resistance factors varied between populations, and the general trend was for a moderate to high resistance to cypermethrin and cyfluthrin; a low to moderate resistance to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin; and a comparatively low resistance to bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and zeta-cypermethrin. Depending on which physiological mechanisms are shown to be present in Pakistani field strains, the latter group of pyrethroids may serve as useful tools in the management of insecticide resistance.

scholarly journals Pinniped Ontogeny as a Window into the Comparative Physiology and Genomics of Hypoxia Tolerance

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1414-1424
Author(s):  
Emma L Weitzner ◽  
Cornelia E Fanter ◽  
Allyson G Hindle
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Weddell Seal ◽  
Hypoxia Tolerance ◽  
Comparative Physiology ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Pathways

Synopsis Diving physiology has received considerable scientific attention as it is a central element of the extreme phenotype of marine mammals. Many scientific discoveries have illuminated physiological mechanisms supporting diving, such as massive, internally bound oxygen stores and dramatic cardiovascular regulation. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that support the diving phenotype remain mostly unexplored as logistic and legal restrictions limit the extent of scientific manipulation possible. With next-generation sequencing (NGS) tools becoming more widespread and cost-effective, there are new opportunities to explore the diving phenotype. Genomic investigations come with their own challenges, particularly those including cross-species comparisons. Studying the regulatory pathways that underlie diving mammal ontogeny could provide a window into the comparative physiology of hypoxia tolerance. Specifically, in pinnipeds, which shift from terrestrial pups to elite diving adults, there is potential to characterize the transcriptional, epigenetic, and posttranslational differences between contrasting phenotypes while leveraging a common genome. Here we review the current literature detailing the maturation of the diving phenotype in pinnipeds, which has primarily been explored via biomarkers of metabolic capability including antioxidants, muscle fiber typing, and key aerobic and anaerobic metabolic enzymes. We also discuss how NGS tools have been leveraged to study phenotypic shifts within species through ontogeny, and how this approach may be applied to investigate the biochemical and physiological mechanisms that develop as pups become elite diving adults. We conclude with a specific example of the Antarctic Weddell seal by overlapping protein biomarkers with gene regulatory microRNA datasets.

scholarly journals Analysis of changes in the administrative-territorial status of monoprofile cities of Donbas (late 1940s – 1980s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Valeriy Bohunenko
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Settlement Structure ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
Historical Retrospect ◽  
Territorial Status ◽  
Relationship Of

Transformations of the administrative-territorial status of monoprofile cities of Donbas in the context of development of structural-settlement structure of the region in the late 1940s and 1980s are considered. The urgency of the study is due to the reform of decentralization in Ukraine – changes in the order of local self-government and territorial organization of power. Its goal is to create communities that are self‑sufficient and effective in the economic, administrative and socio‑cultural dimensions. In the course of reform, monoprofile cities often acquire the status of centers of united territorial communities. In assessing the relevance of such decisions to the purpose of the reform, it is advisable to examine the relationship of structural-settlement, socio-economic and administrative-territorial status of these cities in historical retrospect. It turns out that the monoprofile cities of the region are an industrial-urban phenomenon, the genesis of which influenced the formation of the specifics of the settlement structure of Donbas. During the study period, the number of such cities more than doubled, reaching more than sixty cities in the late 1980s. Their share among the settlements of the region with the administrative status of a city was at that time two thirds. The emergence of monoprofile cities in the region in large numbers in the 1940s – 1980s is associated with government-industrial policy. At the same time, the structural and settlement importance of these settlements was reflected in their acquisition of the administrative-territorial status of region or district cities. From the beginning of the study period, the vast majority of cities with a narrow industrial base in the region belonged to the cities of district subordination, as they did not meet high enough urban criteria. In the urbanized region, in the presence of other, more powerful urban centers, the corresponding role in the administrative-territorial organization programmed the secondary nature of their structural settlement development. In particular, it did not contribute to the formation of micro-regions around these cities, which must be taken into account in the current conditions of reforming local self-government and territorial organization in the country.

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