scholarly journals Differential effects of farming practice on cuckoo bumblebee communities in relation to their hosts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte E. Howard ◽  
Alexander J. Austin ◽  
James D. J. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Host Community ◽  
List Type ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Farming Practice ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Conventional Farms ◽  
Community Metrics ◽  
Community Dissimilarity

ABSTRACTBees are important for vital pollination of wild and crop plants, but are in decline worldwide. Intensification of agriculture is a major driver of bee decline. Organic farming practices are designed to limit environmental impacts of agriculture and can increase bee abundance and species diversity. However, studies have been heavily focused towards some guilds of bees, overlooking others. This includes social brood parasites, cuckoo bumblebees, an understudied bee lineage. Little is known about bumblebee host and cuckoo population dynamics, and the effects of farming practice on cuckoo bumblebees have never previously been evaluated.To compare the effects of farming practice (organic vs conventional) on the abundance, species diversity, and community dissimilarity of cuckoo bumblebees and their hosts, we compared host and cuckoo community metrics across ten matched pairs of organic and conventional farms in Yorkshire, UK.As found by many previous studies, host bumblebees were more abundant on organic farms than on conventional farms. Despite this, cuckoo bumblebees were equally abundant on both farm types. Contrary to prediction, community dissimilarity and species diversity were unaffected by farm type for both host and cuckoo communities.Synthesis and applications: Results suggest that cuckoo bumblebee community metrics are not solely driven by host community metrics, and that cuckoos may respond differently from their hosts to differences among farming practices. This could, in turn, indicate that a unified management practice is not sufficient to conserve all bumblebee species.

scholarly journals Inclusiveness of the ‘Othered’ in Tourism

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
Stephen Wearing ◽  
Simon Darcy
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Host Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Multiple Contexts ◽  
Visitor Experiences ◽  
Good Management Practice ◽  
Tourism Enterprises ◽  
Global Values

This paper highlights that tourism, due to the fact it is a multi-faceted activity and by implication its management has similar multiple contexts, often leads to the exclusion of many who are part of that tourism context. One area that has been left on the fringes of tourism is how contemporary tourism management has “othered” those regarded as being removed from the neoliberal business foundation of tourism. One such group is the host communities in developing countries. The failure to involve and engage with host communities and develop collaboration in the process of planning and management for tourism is and has in the past been detrimental to the sustainability of tourism. In many cases, host communities have been ignored by the industry, with few or no mechanisms or processes put in place to enable them to participate in the management of tourism. This paper presents an overview of how this engagement of host communities can expand the market for tourism and lead to more satisfying visitor experiences, enhance the sustainability of these experiences and, thus, be considered good management practice within the industry. The paper examines how to engage in these practices and create processes that are both enabling for communities and incorporate research techniques that move beyond the very limited monocultural attempts undertaken by the majority of tourism enterprises today. In widening the involvement of the host community, we turn to mechanisms for engagement to provide a platform to demonstrate how this can be done to provide better management practice. In doing so, we extend the scope of engagement to involve those previously considered to be outside of mainstream tourism enterprises, and present an argument that, if sustainability is to move beyond economic and environmental Western constructs to embrace social sustainability, changing global values require tourism management to adopt more inclusive ways of practice and management principles.

scholarly journals Rice production in Chitwan district of Nepal: An analysis from economic and environmental perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
Bidya Kiran Sapkota ◽  
Ananta Prakash Subedi ◽  
Kalyani Mishra Tripathi ◽  
Shiva Chandra Dhakal ◽  
Jiban Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Chi Square Test

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the major staple food in the Nepalese context. Chitwan district of Nepal was purposively selected to analyze the rice production from the socio-economic and environmental perspective. A total of 100 rice growing farmers, 50 organic and 50 inorganic were selected as the sample for the purpose of the study using the simple random method of sampling. Primary data were collected through a pre-tested semi-structure interview schedule and key informant interviews; secondary data were collected reviewing related publications. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression and chi-square test were used for data analysis. The multiple regression revealed that the four explanatory variables included in the model: age of the household head, primary occupation of the household head, number of family members involved in agriculture and subsidy in inputs for rice farming were found to have positive and statistically significant effect on rice yield (P<0.01). Moreover, chi-square test revealed that the farming practices that contributes to climate change mitigation such as: minimum tillage practice (P<0.05), crop diversification (P<0.01), green manuring (P<0.01), agro forestry practice (P<0.05), incorporating crop residues (P<0.1), weed management practice (P<0.01) and pest management practice (P<0.01)were found to be well adopted by the organic rice farmers, in contrast, the farming practices of inorganic rice farmers were statistically and significantly different in this respect. Government should make such policy that could grave the attention of the Nepalese people towards organic agriculture; moreover, encouraging them to make it their primary occupation.

ANALYSIS OF DESERTIFICATION TRENDS IN THE NORTH-WEST CASPIAN PLAIN

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Petrov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Pasture Load ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Strict Regulation ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
North Western

The desertification of the North-Western Caspian plain controlled by the arid and humid rhythms of climate, nature landscapes Sarpinsky lowland and the Black lands, intensity of human activities. Trends in desertification are detected by monitoring the state of vegetation, lands and irrigation systems. It has been established that productivity and species diversity of natural vegetation must be strict regulation of pasture load, agriculture should be carried out with the use of modern farming practices, socio-economic development of the territory should regulate the system of environmental measures.

Corrections to the indices of community dissimilarity based on species diversity measures

Oecologia ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Rejmánek
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Diversity Measures ◽  
Community Dissimilarity

scholarly journals Pengetahuan Peternak tentang Good Farming Practices (GFP) Sapi Potong di Kecamatan Kasreman Kabupaten Ngawi Provinsi Jawa Timur

AGRIEKSTENSIA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Endri Cahyo Saputro ◽  
Novita Dewi Kristanti ◽  
Luki Amar Hendrawati
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Probability Sampling ◽  
Farming Practice ◽  
Livestock Ownership ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Characteristic Relationship

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan hubungan karakteristik peternak dengan penerapan GFP Sapi Potong di Kecamatan Kasreman. Jumlah sampel 32 orang dengan teknik pengambilan sampel berupa area probability sampling. Analisis data menggunakan Pearson Product Moment dengan tingkat kepercayaan (α) 5% untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik peternak dengan pengetahuan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik peternak berupa umur, pendidikan, jumlah kepemilikan ternak, intensitas penyuluhan dan kekosmopolitan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan penerapan GFP (Sig. < 0,05), dengan hubungan terkuat pada karakteristik intensitas penyuluhan (r=0,786). Sedangkan karakteristik peternak berupa lama beternak tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan penerapan GFP (Sig. > 0,05).  Kata kunci     :   penerapan, Good Farming Practice (GFP), kajian, hubungan    This study aims to describe the characteristic relationship of farmers to the implementation of cattle GFP in Kasreman District. The number of samples are 32 people with sampling technique is area probability sampling. The data analysis using Pearson Product Moment with confidence level (α) 5%. Characteristics of farmers in the form of age, education, number of livestock ownership, intensity of extension and cosmopolite have a significant relationship with the implementation of GFP, with the strongest relationship on the characteristics of intensity of extension (Sig. < 0,05). While the characteristics of farmers in the form of farming experience has no significant relationship with the implementation of GFP (Sig. > 0,05).  Keywords  :   implementation, Good Farming Practice (GFP), study, relationship

scholarly journals Responses of Individual Plant Species, Functional Groups, α- and β-Diversity to Short-Term Grazing Exclusion under Severe Drought Episode in Long-Term Grazed Alfa-Steppes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yacine Kouba ◽  
Saifi Merdes ◽  
Badreddine Saadali ◽  
Haroun Chenchouni
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Grazing Exclusion

Grazing exclusion has been proved to be one of the main measures for rehabilitating degraded arid steppes. However, the effect of this management practice on plant species diversity and composition is ambiguous, specially under prolonged droughts. Concurrently considering the responses of individual plant species, diversity of functional groups, &alpha;-diversity, and &beta;-diversity (and its components) may be crucial to the holistic understanding of grazing exclusion effects on plant communities under drought conditions. Here, we investigated the response of these diversity measures to short-term sheep exclusion under severe drought episode in arid steppes of Alfa-grass (Stipa tenacissima) with a long evolutionary history of livestock grazing. Individual species responses were tested based on species occurrence and abundance in either grazed or grazing-excluded steppes, in addition, we used indicator species analysis to assess the strength of the association between plant species and management type. Likewise, &alpha;-diversity, abundance- and incidence-based &beta;-diversity, as well as the functional groups&rsquo; diversities were quantified using Hill Numbers and compared between the two management types. Sheep grazing exclusion enabled the recovery of various Alfa-steppe indicator species and improved the size of regional species pool, overall &alpha;-diversity, and the diversity of therophytes. This management practice decreased the abundance-based &beta;-diversity and the nestedness-resultant fraction of the incidence-based &beta;-diversity at the local scale, while at the landscape scale increased the abundance-based &beta;-diversity and its balanced variation fraction and reduced the incidence-based &beta;-diversity and its turnover component. Furthermore, protection from grazing altered &beta;-diversities scaling patterns by maintaining higher balanced variation in species abundance at large spatial scale and greater abundance-gradient in species composition at the fine-scale. Our results suggest that the implementation of short-term grazing exclusion in degraded arid steppes would be the appropriate management practice for vegetation restoration and plant diversity conservation during prolonged drought periods.

scholarly journals Decolonizing Psocopteran Systematics: Holarctic Lineages Cannot Inform Diversity and Evolution in Tropics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Sarria-Rodríguez ◽  
Ranulfo Gonzalez-Obando ◽  
Nelson Rivera-Franco ◽  
Heiber Cardenas-Henao ◽  
Cristian Román-Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
List Type ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Holarctic Region

AbstractDespite tropical psocids comprise ~60% of species diversity within the Psocidae (Insecta, Psocodea), previous studies on the Psocidae phylogeny have poorly sampled tropical species (<40% species in trees). Here we discuss the evolution and systematics of the Psocidae based on the most comprehensive species-level sampling of the Psocidae. We sequenced and inferred the phylogenetic position of 43 previously unsampled Neotropical species from COI, H3, WNT, 18S, 16S, and 12S. Based on our phylogenies we found that Neotropical psocids are generally not closely related to morphologically similar taxa in the Holarctic region. Consequently, the monophyletic status for the major groups within Psocidae (subfamilies and tribes) is recovered only when Holarctic groups are sampled (7–10 of 11 higher-level groups are monophyletic) but violated when Neotropical species are included in the dataset (1 of 11 higher-level groups are monophyletic). Leveraging the largest phylogeny of the Psocidae, our study pinpoints the downfalls of simply extending taxonomic knowledge from lineages of a certain area to inform diversity and evolution of lineages in other regions.HighlightsTropical psocids comprise >60% of the extant family richnessPrevious phylogenies have undersampled Tropical psocidsHolarctic and Neotropical species are classified under the same morphological groupsHolarctic and Neotropical generally correspond to evolutionarily distinct lineagesPhylogenies based on Holarctic psocids poorly inform evolution in the Neotropics

Introduction: A Framework for Biodiversity Studies

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Gosz ◽  
Avi Perevolotsky
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Patch Dynamics ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Integrative Concept ◽  
And Function

Biodiversity is regarded as a scientific concept, a measurable entity, as well as a social–political construct (Gaston 1996, Wilson 1993). The aim of this volume is to develop the scientific basis for biodiversity studies, and for the integration of the concept into management practice. We emphasize biodiversity as a powerful, integrative concept—one that requires careful articulation and further conceptualization before application. Diversity is a concept that refers to the range of variation or differences among a set of entities; biological diversity then refers to variety within the living world. An example of biological diversity is “species diversity,” which is commonly used to describe the number, variety, and variability of the assemblage of living organisms in a defined area or space. However, biodiversity as a concept has evolved. Current definitions expand the biological diversity concept to emphasize the multiple dimensions and ecological realms in which biodiversity can be observed. These definitions stress that biodiversity encompasses at least four kinds of diversities: genetic diversity, species or taxonomic diversity, ecosystem diversity, and landscape diversity (McAllister 1991; Solbrig 1993, Stuart and Adams 1991; Groombridge 1992; Heywood 1994, Wilson 1993). Two main problems emerge as a consequence of the broad scope that the biodiversity concept has taken at present. Cast as questions, the problems are: (1) How do we incorporate processes (e.g., foraging, energy and nutrient flows, patch dynamics) into a concept that is based on seemingly static entities (i.e., individual organisms, species, habitat types, patch types)? (2) How do we integrate across ecological subdisciplines (e.g., ecosystem, population, landscape ecology) and across scales that are involved in biodiversity studies? The two problems are not mutually exclusive. Indeed, they are inseparable and complementary. For example, to determine how species diversity and ecosystem processes interact requires incorporation of entities and processes, as well as integration of community and ecosystem ecology. The focus on both entities and processes reflects the long-recognized dichotomy of structure and function in biology and ecology. Clearly, both structure and function must be integrated in order to successfully solve ecological questions. Dealing with biodiversity brings this needed integration into focus.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in Selected Small Scale Commercial Broiler Farms of Bangladesh Related to Good Farm Practices

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1778
Author(s):  
Badrul Alam ◽  
Md. Nasir Uddin ◽  
Debashish Mridha ◽  
A. H. M. Taslima Akhter ◽  
SK Shaheenur Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Good Practice ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cloacal Swab ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Conventional Farms ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Poultry origin Campylobacter is considered as one of the leading causal agents of human foodborne illness. This study was conducted to estimate the occurrence, molecular identification, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Campylobacter species from the broiler farms in Bangladesh. Samples (352) were collected from 32 farms and comprised of 128 cloacal swab, 64 feed, 64 drinking water, 64 attendants’ hand rinsed water, and 32 whole carcasses. All samples were tested for the presence of Campylobacter via cultural, biochemical, and PCR. The AMR was determined via the disc diffusion method. An overall occurrence of Campylobacter spp. was estimated as 26.4%. The level of Campylobacter contamination was found to be higher in conventional farms (36.4%) than the good practice farms (16.5%) including all sample categories (p = 0.000). Of 93 isolates, 67.74% and 32.26% were confirmed as C. jejuni and C. coli respectively, of which 34.92% C. jejuni, and 30% C. coli were shown to be multidrug-resistant. A significant occurrence of Campylobacter contamination in broiler farms with multidrug resistant patterns might be cogitated as serious food safety and public health concern linking to poultry food chain. A risk reduction approach through good farming practices targeting the prudent use of antimicrobials for broiler production is thus necessitated.

scholarly journals Effects of fertilization, burning, and grazing on plant community in the long-term fenced grasslands  

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Guanghua ◽  
Li Wei ◽  
Yu Kailiang ◽  
Ratajczak Zak ◽  
Kallenbach Robert L ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Grassland Productivity ◽  
Group Diversity ◽  
Positive Effect

Fencing is the common management practice to restore degraded grasslands. However, long-term fencing decreases grassland productivity and species diversity. The study was therefore conducted as a three-year (2011–2013) experiment with a randomized complete block in a grassland fenced for 20 years in the Loess Plateau of China, and the effects of fertilization, burning and grazing on aboveground biomass, species and functional group composition, species and some functional group diversity were analysed. Our results showed that the functional group of perennial bunchgrasses dominated the grassland regardless of management practices. However, burning altered species composition (i.e. the unpalatable species, Artemisia sacrorum) more significantly than fertilization or grazing, and surprisingly, nearly quadrupled the functional group of shrubs and semi-shrubs. Fertilization had a positive effect on the aboveground biomass (44.0%), while clearly reducing species diversity (21.9%). Grazing decreased aboveground biomass, but increased species diversity by 15.9%. This study indicated that fertilization influenced plant community through its impact on aboveground biomass, while burning changed plant community by altering dominant species. Thus, it was concluded that fertilizer could further improve community biomass while burning reduced the edibility of grass. Grazing could be carried out to enhance the biodiversity in the long-term fenced grasslands.  

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