ULTRASONICATED JATROPHA CURCAS SEED RESIDUAL AS POTENTIAL BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shahrir M. Zahari ◽  
S. B. Ismail ◽  
Mohd Zamri Ibrahim ◽  
Su Shiung Lam ◽  
Ramli Mat
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reactive Extraction ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Pre Treatment

This study focuses on the prospect of Jatropha Curcas seed residual from the ultrasonic in-situ process which is used as a biofuel raw material especially for producing bioethanol. Reactive extraction process coupled with ultrasonic system were used for simultaneous oil extraction and transesterification of Jatropha Curcas seed. Using ethanol as the solvent, alkaline catalyst (sodium hydroxide) and with the aid of ultrasonic device, about 50% oil from the initial seeds was extracted, which is equivalent to Soxhlet extraction performance. The seeds were being chemically and physically characterized with ultimate analyses, with SEM and XRD as potential bioethanol raw material. SEM and XRD profile exhibited loosen compounds in the ultrasonicated residues and provided a better accessible and easier degradable fiber for assisting bioethanol production process compared to the initial seeds. The positive effects of the ultrasonic reactive extraction for Jatropha Curcas seed pre-treatment is beneficial towards bioethanol production and could further be used as a solvent in the latter process.

Prospect of Parallel Biodiesel and Bioethanol Production from JatrophaCurcas Seed

2014 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Shahrir Mohamed Zahari ◽  
Mohd Zamri Ibrahim ◽  
Su Shiung Lam ◽  
Ramli Mat
Keyword(s):  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reactive Extraction ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Positive Effects

This study focuses on the utilization prospect of JatrophaCurcas seed solely as transport sector renewable fuel for producing biodiesel and bioethanol in a parallel system. Diesel (biodiesel) and petrol (bioethanol as petrol additive) engine fuel could be produce from J. Curcas seed oil portion and its’ seed residue, respectively. Ultrasonic-assisted reactive extractions were used for simultaneous oil extraction and esterification/transesterification of J. Curcas seed. The use of acid/alkaline catalyst and ultrasound resulted in a completely de-oiled seed residual by extracting about 50% oil which is equivalent to the Soxhlet extraction performance. The seeds were being chemically and physically characterized with ultimate analyses and TGA for its suitability as bioethanol raw material. Ultimate analyses revealed similarity with other bioconversion feedstock having carbon and oxygen as the major chemical compositions; with slightly lower carbon content in the residuals due to the oil extraction during the in-situ process. However, TG profile exhibited better decomposition of mass in the ultrasonicated residues having easier accessible and better degradable fiber for bioethanol production process. These shown positive effects on the J. Curcasseed pre-treatment during biodiesel reactive extraction process and for further bioconversion toward bioethanol.

scholarly journals Yield Evaluation and Primary Energy Assessment of the Jatropha curcas Oil Extraction Process for Use as a Biofuel in Engines

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Fredy Torres Mejía ◽  
Juan Alexander Torres Mejía ◽  
Henry Edgardo Maradiaga Galeano ◽  
Claudia López Toro
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Shell Weight ◽  
Jatropha Curcas Oil ◽  
Energy Assessment ◽  
The One ◽  
Jatropha Cake

The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of the extraction and mechanical filtering of Jatropha curcas oil and to evaluate the primary energy of the raw material resulting from the process, this is a qualitative-quantitative study of transversal order based on measurements and analysis of the process in situ: The following factors were evaluated as factors: weight of oil per seed processed, weight of pressed cake, and measurements in the filtering process, from which a balance of matter of the process used was constructed, and the energy valuation of the oil and pressed cake, energy was used as the response variable, measured in Tons of Oil Equivalent (TEP), Barrels of Oil Equivalent (BEP), and tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (Ton CO2eq). The seed used is Creole, the one existing in the area, the extraction was carried out in a KEK-P0101 press, and a KEK-F0090 filter. The collected seeds were dried and then discarded, the average shell weight is 40% of the total weight of the dry seed, from the oil extraction process a yield of 18.6% was obtained using seed with 5.8% humidity, and from the oil filtering process, when it passed through the filter, no weight loss in kg was obtained; finally, the equivalent primary energy valuation of one ton of oil is 39076. 39 MJTon-1, which is equivalent to 0.94 TEP, 2.90 Ton CO2 eq, and 20.87 BEP; in the same way one ton of Jatropha cake represents 15969.30 MJ, equivalent to 0.38 TEP, 1.18 Ton CO2 eq, and 8. 53 BEP, and the total primary energy between one ton of oil and one ton of Jatropha cake after oil extraction together contain 55045.61 MJTon-1, equivalent to 1.32 TEP, 4.08 Ton CO2 eq, and 29.41 BEP.

scholarly journals Effects of extraction conditions on characterization of gelatin from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) skin

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S6) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
Rabiatul Amirah R. ◽  
Ellya Hazreera A.J. ◽  
Nor Qhairul Izzreen M.N. ◽  
Rozzamri A. ◽  
Umi Hartina M.R.
Keyword(s):  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment

The study aimed to determine the characteristics of gelatin from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) skin pre-treated with NaOH and Ca(OH)2 at different concentrations (0.3 M, 0.5 M and 0.7 M) and extracted at 65˚C for 6 hrs and 24 hrs respectively. The gelatin obtained was evaluated for its moisture, protein and ash content, UV-vis absorption value, colour, emulsifying and foaming properties. The highest yield (20.25%) was observed for gelatin extracted by 0.5 M NaOH at 24 hrs extraction time. For alkaline pre-treatment, it was found that NaOH was more efficient than Ca(OH)2 in terms of preparing the skin for subsequent extraction process. The protein content of the extracted gelatin samples was in the range of 71.76% - 87.83%, showing that the varying processing conditions are sufficiently to recover protein from the raw material. Ash content for all samples was in agreement with USDA standard, which was below than 3%. The extracted gelatin had varying pH values which were from 5.47 to 7.02. The gelatin was colourless with ‘L’ values of more than 80, except for 0.7 M Ca(OH)2 at 24 hrs which showed slightly darker properties. The intensity of the UV-vis absorption spectrum showed that a high absorption peak was observed at 6 hrs of extraction time (230 – 250 nm) compared to 24 hrs extraction time. Emulsifying properties of buffalo gelatin increased with increasing concentrations of alkaline except for 0.7 M NaOH and 0.7 M Ca(OH)2 for both extraction time. Meanwhile, foam expansion of the gelatin extracted from the different extraction conditions was observed to have a significant difference (p < 0.05) for all samples. To our knowledge, buffalo skin has the potential to be an alternative source of gelatin in the diversified industrial application by modifying the extraction conditions in order to produce gelatin with desired quality.

scholarly journals Microalgae to Energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Olushola O
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Green Pigment ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Extraction Processes ◽  
Algae Oil

Microalgae, an organism which is considered as a potential source of biofuel from the last decade endowed with excellent capability of CO 2 capture and sequestration, water treatment, prolific growth rate and enormous energy content. The Soxhlet extraction of lipids from microalgae (Chlorella Vulgaris, Nannochloropsis sp., and Thalassiosira weissflogii), was carried out with several solvents (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, and hexane), pure and mixtures, in order to optimize the extraction process. For the paper, the highest amount of lipid was obtained using a combination of methanol and acetone or methanol alone. The extract liquid fractions were treated with activated carbon to remove the green pigment. Attempts to in situ algae oil transesterification were accomplished using acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and base (NaOH and CaO) catalysts. The extend of extraction processes was assessed by infrared spectroscopy.

Reactive extraction and in situ esterification of Jatropha curcas L. seeds for the production of biodiesel

Fuel ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siew Hoong Shuit ◽  
Keat Teong Lee ◽  
Azlina Harun Kamaruddin ◽  
Suzana Yusup
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Reactive Extraction ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L ◽  
In Situ Esterification

scholarly journals WORLD AND DOMESTIC EXPERIENCE OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
А.A. Dolinskyi ◽  
O. M. Obodovych ◽  
V.V. Sydorenko
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Crystallinity Degree ◽  
Limited Output ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Materials Used

The paper presents an overview of bioetanol production technologies. It is noted that world fuel ethanol production in 2017 amounted to more than 27,000 million gallons (80 million tons). Eight countries, namely the USA, Brazil, the EU, China, Canada, Thailand, Argentina, India, together produce about 98% of bioethanol. In Ukraine, the volume of bioethanol production by alcoholic factories in recent years has been gradually increasing and amounted to 2,992.8 ths. dal in 2017. The production of ethanol as an additive to gasoline, with regard to the raw materials used, as well as the corresponding technologies, is historically divided into three generations. The first generation of biofuels produced from food crops rich in sugar or starch is currently dominant. Production of advanced biofuels from non-food crop feedstocks is limited. Output is anticipated to remain modest in the short term, as progress is needed to improve technology readiness. The main stages of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic raw materials are pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The pre-treatment process aims to reduce of sizes of raw material particles, provision of the components exposure (hemicellulose, cellulose, starch), provision of better access for the enzymes (in fermentative hydrolysis) to the surface of raw materials, and reduction of crystallinity degree of the cellulose matrix. The pre-treatment process is a major cost component of the overall process. The pre-treatment process is highly recommended as it gives subsequent or direct yield of the fermentable sugars, prevents premature degradation of the yielded sugars, prevents inhibitors formation prior hydrolysis and fermentation, lowers the processing cost, and lowers the demand of conventional energy in general. From the perspective of efficiency, promising methods of pre-treatment of lignocellulosic raw materials to hydrolysis are combined methods combining mechanical, chemical and physical mechanisms of influence on raw materials. One method that combines several physical effects on a treated substance is the discrete-pulsed energy input (DPIE) method. The DPIE method can be applied in the pre- treatment of lignocellulosic raw material in the technology bioethanol production for intensifying the process and reducing energy consumption. Ref. 15, Fig. 2.

Enhanced pretreatment, characterization and utilization of Prosopis juliflora stem for bioethanol production

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-605
Author(s):  
S. Sivarathnakumar ◽  
G. Baskar ◽  
R. Praveen Kumar ◽  
B. Bharathiraja
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Alkali Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid And Alkali Treatment

Purpose –Prosopis juliflora is a raw material for long-term sustainable production of bioethanol. The purpose of this paper is to identify the best combination of pre-treatment strategy implemented on the lignocellulosic biomass Prosopis juliflora for bioethanol production. Design/methodology/approach – Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material was carried out using acid, alkali and sonication in order to characterize the biomass for bioethanol production. Prosopis juliflora stem was subjected to steam at reduce temperature (121°C) for one hour residence time initially. Further acid and alkali treatment was carried out individually followed by combinations of acid and sonication, alkali and sonication. Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid were used with 3 per cent (w/v) and 3 per cent (v/v) concentration under temperature range of 60-90°C for 60 min incubation time. Sonication under 60°C for 5 min and 40 KHz frequency was carried out. Pre-treated sample were further characterised using field emission scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to understand the changes in surface morphology and functional characteristics. Findings – In sono assisted acid treatment-based method, nitric acid yields better cellulose content at 70°C and removes lignin that even at increased temperatures no burning was observed. Originality/value – The paper adds to the scarce research available on the combination of auto hydrolysis coupled with sono assisted acid/alkali hydrolysis which is yet to be practiced.

scholarly journals Transesterifikasi In Situ Minyak Biji Pepaya Menjadi Metil Ester dengan Co-Solvent N-Heksana Menggunakan Microwave

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Elvianto Dwi Daryono ◽  
Adi Sintoyo ◽  
Rendi Chandra Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Optimum Yield

Dalam berat kering biji pepaya mengandung minyak hingga 30% sehingga berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku biodiesel. Transesterifikasi in situ merupakan langkah sederhana dalam menghasilkan biodiesel yaitu dengan cara mengeliminasi proses ekstraksi dan pemurnian minyak sehingga dapat menghemat biaya produksi dan memberikan hasil yang memuaskan. Reaksi satu fase dapat dibentuk dengan menambahkan co-solvent yang dapat meningkatkan kelarutan minyak. N-heksana merupakan co-solvent yang paling baik karena murah, tidak reaktif dan bertitik didih rendah (68oC) sehingga dapat dipisahkan secara co-distilasi bersama-sama dengan metanol. Gelombang mikro dapat merambat melewati cairan sehingga proses pemanasan akan berlangsung lebih efektif dan proses pembuatan biodiesel dapat dilakukan lebih singkat. Pada penelitian ini variasi daya yang digunakan adalah 30%, 50% dan 70% dari 399 watt serta waktu reaksi yaitu 2, 4, 6, 8 dan 10 menit. Hasil kemudian dianalisa menggunakan GC (Gas Chromatography). Didapatkan yield optimum sebesar 89,25% pada daya sebesar 70% dan waktu reaksi 8 menit. Yield optimum memiliki densitas sebesar 0,86 g/cm3 dan memiliki angka asam 0,28 mg KOH/g sampel. Hasil tersebut telah memenuhi SNI 7182:2015.In the dry weight of papaya seed oil contains up to 30%, so the potential to be used as raw material for biodiesel. Transesterification in situ is a simple step to produce biodiesel that is by eliminating extraction process and refining of oil so it can save on production costs and give satisfactory results. The reaction of one phase can be formed by adding a co-solvent to increase the solubility of oils. N-hexane is a co-solvent that is best because it is inexpensive, non-reactive and low boiling point (68°C) so that it can be separated by co-distillation with methanol. Microwave can propagate passed through the liquid so that the heating process will take place more effectively and the process of making biodiesel can be made shorter. In this study the variation of power used is 30%, 50% and 70% of 399 watts and the reaction time is 2,4,6,8 and 10 minutes. Results were analyzed by GC (Gas Chromatography). The optimum yield was 89.25% at 70% power and reaction time 8 minutes. The optimum yield has a density of 0.86 g / cm 3 and has an acid number of 0.28 mg KOH/g sample. These results have met the SNI 7182:2015.

scholarly journals Bioethanol Production from Locally Growing Algal Biomass: A Promising and Cost-effective Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
. Shivangi ◽  
Rohit Raina ◽  
Manish Mishra ◽  
Shelly Sehgal
Keyword(s):  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Wood Treatment ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
Mechanical Disruption ◽  
Pre Treatment

Background: Energy production and consumption ratio form the hallmark of the economic prosperity of a country. To keep up with the demand and supply of energy a major switch to biofuels is reasoned but the cost associated with production and the choice of raw material forms two major economical and ethical concerns, especially in the under-developed and developing countries where the food is not sufficiently available to everyone. In this scenario, the use of food sources as raw material becomes unjustified. Purpose: To address these issues, here we made an effort to obtain bioethanol from a non-edible and easily available resource that requires a modest cost of production i.e., a locally available algal bloom. Also, different methods of pre-treatment were employed and scrutinized for their efficacy. These methods of pre-treatment are very cost-effective and easy to administer. Materials and Methods: The algal biomass was pre-treated separately in three ways viz., freeze-thawing, mechanical disruption and rotten wood treatment. The algal cake left out after extraction of lipid content for biodiesel production was also used as a fourth sample. After pre-treatment, the supernatant was collected and estimated for reducing sugar content and allowed to ferment using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A distillate was obtained and checked for ethanol percentage through gas chromatography. Results: The mechanically disrupted sample yielded the highest percentage of ethanol followed by algal cake, freeze-thawing and rotten wood treatment. Conclusion: Given present food scarcity, the non-edible algae could be a better alternative for bioethanol production as compared to the use of conventional food crops. Through this study, we have found that a better yield can be achieved if the algal biomass is pre-treated via mechanical disruption.

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