Enhanced pretreatment, characterization and utilization of Prosopis juliflora stem for bioethanol production

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-605
Author(s):  
S. Sivarathnakumar ◽  
G. Baskar ◽  
R. Praveen Kumar ◽  
B. Bharathiraja
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Alkali Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid And Alkali Treatment

Purpose –Prosopis juliflora is a raw material for long-term sustainable production of bioethanol. The purpose of this paper is to identify the best combination of pre-treatment strategy implemented on the lignocellulosic biomass Prosopis juliflora for bioethanol production. Design/methodology/approach – Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material was carried out using acid, alkali and sonication in order to characterize the biomass for bioethanol production. Prosopis juliflora stem was subjected to steam at reduce temperature (121°C) for one hour residence time initially. Further acid and alkali treatment was carried out individually followed by combinations of acid and sonication, alkali and sonication. Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid were used with 3 per cent (w/v) and 3 per cent (v/v) concentration under temperature range of 60-90°C for 60 min incubation time. Sonication under 60°C for 5 min and 40 KHz frequency was carried out. Pre-treated sample were further characterised using field emission scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to understand the changes in surface morphology and functional characteristics. Findings – In sono assisted acid treatment-based method, nitric acid yields better cellulose content at 70°C and removes lignin that even at increased temperatures no burning was observed. Originality/value – The paper adds to the scarce research available on the combination of auto hydrolysis coupled with sono assisted acid/alkali hydrolysis which is yet to be practiced.

scholarly journals Biological Pretreatment of Rubberwood withCeriporiopsis subvermisporafor Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Bioethanol Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forough Nazarpour ◽  
Dzulkefly Kuang Abdullah ◽  
Norhafizah Abdullah ◽  
Nazila Motedayen ◽  
Reza Zamiri
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Biological Pretreatment ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Alternative Material

Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), a potential raw material for bioethanol production due to its high cellulose content, was used as a novel feedstock for enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production using biological pretreatment. To improve ethanol production, rubberwood was pretreated with white rot fungusCeriporiopsis subvermisporato increase fermentation efficiency. The effects of particle size of rubberwood (1 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.25 mm) and pretreatment time on the biological pretreatment were first determined by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction and their best condition obtained with 1 mm particle size and 90 days pretreatment. Further morphological study on rubberwood with 1 mm particle size pretreated by fungus was performed by FT-IR spectra analysis and SEM observation and the result indicated the ability of this fungus for pretreatment. A study on enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in an increased sugar yield of 27.67% as compared with untreated rubberwood (2.88%). The maximum ethanol concentration and yield were 17.9 g/L and 53% yield, respectively, after 120 hours. The results obtained demonstrate that rubberwood pretreated byC. subvermisporacan be used as an alternative material for the enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production.

scholarly journals Effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration during pre-treatment on isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) mature pods

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 3137-3158
Author(s):  
Aida Safina Aridi ◽  
Nyuk Ling Chin ◽  
Nur Akmal Ishak ◽  
Nor Nadiah Mohamad Yusof ◽  
Kazunori Kadota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Bleaching Treatment ◽  
Insight Into

Mature pods of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit were utilized as raw material for nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) production. NCC’s isolation begins with L. leucocephala fiber’s alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide, followed by bleaching treatment at three different percentages (3%, 5%, and 7%) of sodium hypochlorite. Acid hydrolysis was then conducted to obtain NCC, which was comprehensively characterized in terms of morphology, chemical functional groups, whiteness index, and crystallinity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemical composition results showed that alkali treatment (NaOH) and bleaching (3%, 5%, and 7% of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO) were effective in the removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The variation of sodium hypochlorite concentration affected physical and structural characteristics of the NCC produced, which exhibited a rod-shaped structure with diameters ranging from 17 to 49 nm. These observations provide insight into the potential utilization of L. leucocephala as raw material for preparing nanocellulose, which may address problems of the underutilized mature pods.

ULTRASONICATED JATROPHA CURCAS SEED RESIDUAL AS POTENTIAL BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shahrir M. Zahari ◽  
S. B. Ismail ◽  
Mohd Zamri Ibrahim ◽  
Su Shiung Lam ◽  
Ramli Mat
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reactive Extraction ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Pre Treatment

This study focuses on the prospect of Jatropha Curcas seed residual from the ultrasonic in-situ process which is used as a biofuel raw material especially for producing bioethanol. Reactive extraction process coupled with ultrasonic system were used for simultaneous oil extraction and transesterification of Jatropha Curcas seed. Using ethanol as the solvent, alkaline catalyst (sodium hydroxide) and with the aid of ultrasonic device, about 50% oil from the initial seeds was extracted, which is equivalent to Soxhlet extraction performance. The seeds were being chemically and physically characterized with ultimate analyses, with SEM and XRD as potential bioethanol raw material. SEM and XRD profile exhibited loosen compounds in the ultrasonicated residues and provided a better accessible and easier degradable fiber for assisting bioethanol production process compared to the initial seeds. The positive effects of the ultrasonic reactive extraction for Jatropha Curcas seed pre-treatment is beneficial towards bioethanol production and could further be used as a solvent in the latter process.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF ACID CATALYST AND TIME ON % YIELD OF BIOETHANOL FROM ELEPHANT GRASS (Pennistum Purpureum Schumach)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Netty - Herawati
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Good Nutrition ◽  
High Cellulose

Elephant gass is cattle feed that contains good nutrition. One of its uses is converted into an energy source in the form bioethanol, Elephant grass has a high cellulose content reaching 40,85%, therefore elephant grass has the potential to be used as raw material in manufacture of bioethanol through the process of acid hydrolysis and fermentation. In research on percent yield of bioethanol from elephant grass chemically carried out at fixed conditions : grass weight 100 gr, temperature 100oC, water 1 liter, H2SO4 30 ml, hydrolysis timw 2 hours and conditions change : fermentation time 4,6,8 (day), saccharomyces cerevisiae starter 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, HCl and H2SO4 catalys. From the research on chemical bioethanol production from elephant grass we got the best percent yield at 6 days of fermentation, 11% saccharomyces cerevisiae, HCl catalys which was 17,30%Keywords: bioethanol, fermentation, elephant grass,

scholarly journals WORLD AND DOMESTIC EXPERIENCE OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
А.A. Dolinskyi ◽  
O. M. Obodovych ◽  
V.V. Sydorenko
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Crystallinity Degree ◽  
Limited Output ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Materials Used

The paper presents an overview of bioetanol production technologies. It is noted that world fuel ethanol production in 2017 amounted to more than 27,000 million gallons (80 million tons). Eight countries, namely the USA, Brazil, the EU, China, Canada, Thailand, Argentina, India, together produce about 98% of bioethanol. In Ukraine, the volume of bioethanol production by alcoholic factories in recent years has been gradually increasing and amounted to 2,992.8 ths. dal in 2017. The production of ethanol as an additive to gasoline, with regard to the raw materials used, as well as the corresponding technologies, is historically divided into three generations. The first generation of biofuels produced from food crops rich in sugar or starch is currently dominant. Production of advanced biofuels from non-food crop feedstocks is limited. Output is anticipated to remain modest in the short term, as progress is needed to improve technology readiness. The main stages of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic raw materials are pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The pre-treatment process aims to reduce of sizes of raw material particles, provision of the components exposure (hemicellulose, cellulose, starch), provision of better access for the enzymes (in fermentative hydrolysis) to the surface of raw materials, and reduction of crystallinity degree of the cellulose matrix. The pre-treatment process is a major cost component of the overall process. The pre-treatment process is highly recommended as it gives subsequent or direct yield of the fermentable sugars, prevents premature degradation of the yielded sugars, prevents inhibitors formation prior hydrolysis and fermentation, lowers the processing cost, and lowers the demand of conventional energy in general. From the perspective of efficiency, promising methods of pre-treatment of lignocellulosic raw materials to hydrolysis are combined methods combining mechanical, chemical and physical mechanisms of influence on raw materials. One method that combines several physical effects on a treated substance is the discrete-pulsed energy input (DPIE) method. The DPIE method can be applied in the pre- treatment of lignocellulosic raw material in the technology bioethanol production for intensifying the process and reducing energy consumption. Ref. 15, Fig. 2.

scholarly journals The Efficiency of Nitrogen and Flue Gas as Operating Gases in Explosive Decompression Pretreatment

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merlin Raud ◽  
Vahur Rooni ◽  
Timo Kikas
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Ethanol Yields ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical Changes

As the pretreatment process is the most expensive and energy-consuming step in the overall second generation bioethanol production process, it is vital that it is studied and optimized in order to be able to develop the most efficient production process. The aim of this paper was to investigate chemical and physical changes in biomass during the process of applying the explosive decompression pretreatment method using two different gases—N2 and synthetic flue gas. The explosive decompression method is economically and environmentally attractive since no chemicals are used—rather it is pressure that is applied—and water is used to break down the biomass structure. Both pre-treatment methods were used at different temperatures. To be able to compare the effects of the pretreatment, samples from different process steps were gathered together and analysed. The results were used to assess the efficiency of the pretreatment, the chemical and physical changes in the biomass and, finally, the mass balances were compiled for the process during the different process steps of bioethanol production. The results showed that both pre-treatment methods are effective in hemicellulose dissolution, while the cellulose content decreases to a smaller degree. The high glucose and ethanol yields were gained with both explosive pretreatment methods at 175 °C (15.2–16.0 g glucose and 5.6–9.0 g ethanol per 100 g of dry biomass, respectively).

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pretreatment Secara Alkalisasi-Resistive Heating terhadap Kandungan Lignoselulosa Jerami Padi

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Dewi Maya Maharani ◽  
Lisa Normalasari ◽  
Dianita Kumalasari ◽  
Chandra Ardin Hersandi Prakoso ◽  
Mutiara Kusumaningtyas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Combine Method ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Resistive Heating

Cellulose is a potential biomass that is used for bioethanol production and commonly present in agricultural residues like rice straw. Cellulose is an important material to produce glucose and bioethanol, but it is covered by lignin and hemicellulose bonds to form a lignocellulose.  Bioethanol production using basic material containing cellulose requires special attention in the process of pretreatment for lignin degradation process and increase the accessible surface and decrystallize cellulose. The aim of this research was to apply alkalization and resistive heating combine method for rice straw pretreatment process before further being converted into bioethanol and to determine the effects of heating temperature and NaOH concentration on the content of  lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The reactor had been designed for resistive heating process. Rice straw that was resized into 100 mesh has dissolved with 0.03 M, 0.05 M, and 0.07 M NaOH and heated with resistive heating temperature of 75 oC, 85 oC, and 99 oC. Cellulose is a raw material that will be further converted into glucose. So that, the selected optimum conditions of this study were  pretreatment with the highest increase of cellulose content level until 8.88% and resulted decreasing levels of lignin (1.39%) and hemicellulose (4.33%) by temperature  75 oC and 0.07 M NaOH concentration. Resistive heating that combine with alkalization can be used for rice straw pretreatment process that reduce lignin and hemicellulose content as well as increasing cellulose content. ABSTRAKSelulosa merupakan biomassa yang potensial digunakan untuk produksi bioetanol dan banyak ditemukan di residu pertanian seperti jerami padi. Selulosa merupakan material penting yang dapat dikonversi menjadi glukosa kemudian dikonversi menjadi bioetanol, namun selulosa pada alam dilapisi oleh ikatan lignin dan hemiselulosa menjadi lignoselulosa. Pembuatan bioetanol berbasis selulosa membutuhkan proses pretreatment yang berfungsi untuk mendegradasi ikatan lignin, meningkatkan luas permukaan biomassa dan dekristalisasi selulosa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh alkalisasi resistive heating pada proses pretreatment jerami padi sebelum dikonversi lebih lanjut menjadi bioetanol dan mengetahui pengaruh suhu pemanasan serta konsentrasi NaOH selama pretreatment terhadap perubahan kandungan lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa. Sebelum dilakukan penelitian dilakukan perancangan reaktor resistive heating. Jerami padi ukuran 100 mesh dilarutkan pada larutan NaOH dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,03 M, 0,05 M, dan 0,07 M, selanjutnya dipanaskan pada reaktor resistive heating dengan variasi suhu pemanasan 75 oC, 85 oC, dan 99 oC. Selulosa merupakan senyawa yang akan dikonversi lebih lanjut menjadi glukosa. Sehingga pada penelitian ini dipilih kondisi optimum berdasarkan peningkatan selulosa tertinggi hingga 8,88% serta penurunan lignin dan hemiselulosa sebesar 1,39% dan 4,33% pada perlakuan suhu pemanasan 75 oC dan konsentrasi NaOH 0,07 M. Alkalisasi resistive heating dapat diterapkan pada pretreatment jerami padi karena dapat mengurangi kandungan lignin dan hemiselulosa serta meningkatkan kandungan selulosa.

scholarly journals Bioethanol Production from Locally Growing Algal Biomass: A Promising and Cost-effective Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
. Shivangi ◽  
Rohit Raina ◽  
Manish Mishra ◽  
Shelly Sehgal
Keyword(s):  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Wood Treatment ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
Mechanical Disruption ◽  
Pre Treatment

Background: Energy production and consumption ratio form the hallmark of the economic prosperity of a country. To keep up with the demand and supply of energy a major switch to biofuels is reasoned but the cost associated with production and the choice of raw material forms two major economical and ethical concerns, especially in the under-developed and developing countries where the food is not sufficiently available to everyone. In this scenario, the use of food sources as raw material becomes unjustified. Purpose: To address these issues, here we made an effort to obtain bioethanol from a non-edible and easily available resource that requires a modest cost of production i.e., a locally available algal bloom. Also, different methods of pre-treatment were employed and scrutinized for their efficacy. These methods of pre-treatment are very cost-effective and easy to administer. Materials and Methods: The algal biomass was pre-treated separately in three ways viz., freeze-thawing, mechanical disruption and rotten wood treatment. The algal cake left out after extraction of lipid content for biodiesel production was also used as a fourth sample. After pre-treatment, the supernatant was collected and estimated for reducing sugar content and allowed to ferment using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A distillate was obtained and checked for ethanol percentage through gas chromatography. Results: The mechanically disrupted sample yielded the highest percentage of ethanol followed by algal cake, freeze-thawing and rotten wood treatment. Conclusion: Given present food scarcity, the non-edible algae could be a better alternative for bioethanol production as compared to the use of conventional food crops. Through this study, we have found that a better yield can be achieved if the algal biomass is pre-treated via mechanical disruption.

Pemanfaatan A-Selulosa Fiber Cake Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Alternatif Bahan Baku Nitroselulosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Reni Putri ◽  
Robert Junaidi ◽  
Mustain Mustain
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Pre Treatment

Dengan kadar selulosa yang tinggi, fiber cake kelapa sawit dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan nitroselulosa. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan nitroselulosa dari ?-Selulosa fiber cake kelapa sawit yang memiliki yield produk dan kadar nitrogen yang tinggi dengan waktu yang singkat. Percobaan dilakukan melalui tiga tahapan yaitu tahap pre-treatment bahan baku, tahap pembuatan nitroselulosa melalui proses nitrasi dan tahap analisis produk nitroselulosa. Konversi ?-selulosa fiber cake kelapa sawit menjadi nitroselulosa dilakukan dengan variasi asam penitrasi dengan perbandingan H2SO4 98% dengan HNO3 70% sebesar 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 dan 1:5, waktu reaksi pada proses nitrasi selama 30 dan 40 menit serta variasi.suhu proses nitrasi 10-15oC dan 15-20oC. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa kondisi optimal proses pembuatan nitroselulosa dari fiber cake kelapa sawit dicapai pada rasio asam penitrasi sebesar 1:1 dengan suhu nitrasi 15-20oC dan waktu nitrasi selama 40 menit. Pada kondisi ini diperoleh yield sebesar 95,0% dengan kadar nitrogen sebesar 9,9%.    With high cellulose content, fiber cake palm oil can be used as a raw material for the manufacture of nitrocellulose. This experiment aims to produce nitrocellulose from fiber cake palm oil which has high yield product and high nitrogen content. The experiment was carried out in three stages, namely the pre-treatment of raw materials, the stage of making nitrocellulose through the nitration process and the analysis stage of the nitrocellulose product. The conversion of ?-cellulose fiber cake into nitrocellulose was carried out by varying the acid nitrate with a ratio of H2SO4 98% with HNO3 70% at 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5, The reaction is in the nitration process for 30 and 40 minutes and the variation of the nitration process temperature is 10-15oC and 15-20oC. From the results of the study it is known that the optimal conditions for the process of making nitrocellulose from fiber cake palm oil are achieved at a nitrating acid ratio of 1 :1 with a nitration temperature of 15-20oC and a nitration time of 40 minutes. In this condition, yield of 95,0% was obtained with nitrogen content of 9,9%.

scholarly journals Production of Biofuel (Bio-Ethanol) From Fruitwaste: Banana Peels

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5897-5901
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Biomass Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Pre Treatment

Bio-ethanol, a type of biofuel, is known as renewable energy source as it is derived from biomass as its raw material. Biomass can be found in abundance and sustainable i.e. sources are available continuously, unlike the currently used conventional fossil fuels where these sources are limited and depleting. In this study, biomass from fruit waste, banana peels, were utilized to produce bio-ethanol via hydrolysis and fermentation process. Banana peels, a lignocellulosic biomass, possesses compositions which favour these processes, where the banana peels are rich in cellulose content and low in lignin content. Mechanical pre-treatment of the banana peels was conducted to further ease the hydrolysis process by reducing the particle size of the biomass. Hydrolysis was carried out for 24 hours at 50ºC at different pH using sulfuric acid H2SO4 acid and sodium hydroxide NaOH as the base, to study the effect of pH on the hydrolysis process and hence the final bio-ethanol production, in terms of concentration. Fermentation of the hydrolysis products were carried out using glucose-yeast broth for 4 days at temperature of 35ºC. Water content in the bio-ethanol product from fermentation process was separated using rotary evaporator, prior to ethanol analysis using Gas Chromatography (GC-MS). Concentration of ethanol was found to be the highest at acidic pH conditions; pH 4 to 6. Lowest ethanol concentration was recorded at higher pH values, indicating alkaline conditions do not favour the hydrolysis process.

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