Review of the uses and modeling of bitumen from ancient to modern times

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Murali Krishnan and ◽  
KR Rajagopal
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Classical Models ◽  
Multiple Natural Configurations ◽  
The Many

In this article, we provide a review of the uses of asphalt from ancient to modern times and we discuss the main attempts at mathematically modeling its behavior. We start with a discussion of the various definitions for asphalt and bitumen and discuss briefly some of the many fascinating uses to which they have been put from ancient to modern times. In Section 3 we survey the various attempts at unraveling the chemical structure of asphalt. The description of its physical characteristics, the early constitutive models that have been employed to describe its mechanical response, and the numerous tests to assess its properties are dealt with in Section 4. The next section is devoted to a discussion of the aging of asphalt. In Section 6, after a cursory discussion of the more classical models for asphalt concrete, we introduce the reader to a thermodynamic framework that has been recently put into place for bodies that have multiple natural configurations and use this framework to develop a model for describing the mechanical response of asphalt concrete. We use this model to describe various experiments that have been carried out on asphalt concrete and we find that the predictions of the model agree with experiments sufficiently well. This review article cites 580 references.

Constitutive Modeling of Asphalt Bound Granular Materials: Theoretical Background

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Murali Krishnan ◽  
K. R. Rajagopal
Keyword(s):  
Creep Test ◽  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Constitutive Modeling ◽  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Multiple Natural Configurations

Different kinds of hot mix asphalt mixtures are used in highway and runway constructions. Each of these mixtures cater to specific needs and differ from each other in the type and percentage of aggregates and asphalt used, and their response can be markedly different. Constitutive models used in the literature do not differentiate between these different kinds of mixtures and use models which treat them as if they are one and the same. In this study, we propose constitutive models for two different kinds of hot mix asphalt, viz., asphalt concrete and sand asphalt. We use a framework for materials that possess multiple natural configurations for deriving the constitutive equations. While asphalt concrete is modeled as a two constituent mixture, sand asphalt is modeled as a single constituent mixture due to the peculiarity in its makeup. In this study, we present a unified approach for deriving models for these different kind of mixtures. In a companion paper, we compare the predictions of the model for a compressive creep test with available experimental results.

Constitutive Modeling of Cartilaginous Tissues: A Review

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeike A. Taylor ◽  
Karol Miller
Keyword(s):  
Solid Mechanics ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Macroscopic Models ◽  
Cartilaginous Tissues ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
High Level ◽  
Traditional Approaches

An important and longstanding field of research in orthopedic biomechanics is the elucidation and mathematical modeling of the mechanical response of cartilaginous tissues. Traditional approaches have treated such tissues as continua and have described their mechanical response in terms of macroscopic models borrowed from solid mechanics. The most important of such models are the biphasic and single-phase viscoelastic models, and the many variations thereof. These models have reached a high level of maturity and have been successful in describing a wide range of phenomena. An alternative approach that has received considerable recent interest, both in orthopedic biomechanics and in other fields, is the description of mechanical response based on consideration of a tissue's structure—so-called microstructural modeling. Examples of microstructurally based approaches include fibril-reinforced biphasic models and homogenization approaches. A review of both macroscopic and microstructural constitutive models is given in the present work.

scholarly journals Ability of Constitutive Models to Characterize the Temperature Dependence of Rubber Hyperelasticity and to Predict the Stress-Strain Behavior of Filled Rubber under Different Defor Mation States

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Xintao Fu ◽  
Zepeng Wang ◽  
Lianxiang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Yeoh Model

In this paper, some representative hyperelastic constitutive models of rubber materials were reviewed from the perspectives of molecular chain network statistical mechanics and continuum mechanics. Based on the advantages of existing models, an improved constitutive model was developed, and the stress–strain relationship was derived. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on two types of filled tire compounds at different temperatures. The physical phenomena related to rubber deformation were analyzed, and the temperature dependence of the mechanical behavior of filled rubber in a larger deformation range (150% strain) was revealed from multiple angles. Based on the experimental data, the ability of several models to describe the stress–strain mechanical response of carbon black filled compound was studied, and the application limitations of some constitutive models were revealed. Combined with the experimental data, the ability of Yeoh model, Ogden model (n = 3), and improved eight-chain model to characterize the temperature dependence was studied, and the laws of temperature dependence of their parameters were revealed. By fitting the uniaxial tensile test data and comparing it with the Yeoh model, the improved eight-chain model was proved to have a better ability to predict the hyperelastic behavior of rubber materials under different deformation states. Finally, the improved eight-chain model was successfully applied to finite element analysis (FEA) and compared with the experimental data. It was found that the improved eight-chain model can accurately describe the stress–strain characteristics of filled rubber.

Review article: Reclaiming the rebellion: 1798 in 1998

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (123) ◽  
pp. 395-410
Author(s):  
Ian McBride
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Celtic Tiger ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
International Dimension ◽  
Good Friday ◽  
The North ◽  
The Many

Few Irish men and women can have escaped the mighty wave of anniversary fever which broke over the island in the spring of 1998. As if atoning for the failed rebellion itself, the bicentenary of 1798 was neither ill-coordinated nor localised, but a genuinely national phenomenon produced by years of planning and organisation. Emissaries were dispatched from Dublin and Belfast to remote rural communities, and the resonant names of Bartlett, Whelan, Keogh and Graham were heard throughout the land; indeed, the commemoration possessed an international dimension which stretched to Boston, New York, Toronto, Liverpool, London and Glasgow. In bicentenary Wexford — complete with ’98 Heritage Trail and ’98 Village — the values of democracy and pluralism were triumphantly proclaimed. When the time came, the north did not hesitate, but participated enthusiastically. Even the French arrived on cue, this time on bicycle. Just as the 1898 centenary, which contributed to the revitalisation of physical-force nationalism, has now become an established subject in its own right, future historians will surely scrutinise this mother of all anniversaries for evidence concerning the national pulse in the era of the Celtic Tiger and the Good Friday Agreement. In the meantime a survey of some of the many essay collections and monographs published during the bicentenary will permit us to hazard a few generalisations about the current direction of what might now be termed ‘Ninety-Eight Studies’.

Uncertainty Quantification in Predicting Behaviour of Rubber-Like Materials in Uni-Axial Loading

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref Ghaderi ◽  
Vahid Morovati ◽  
Pouyan Nasiri ◽  
Roozbeh Dargazany
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Quantification ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Pure Shear ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Material Parameters ◽  
Axial Extension

Abstract Material parameters related to deterministic models can have different values due to variation of experiments outcome. From a mathematical point of view, probabilistic modeling can improve this problem. It means that material parameters of constitutive models can be characterized as random variables with a probability distribution. To this end, we propose a constitutive models of rubber-like materials based on uncertainty quantification (UQ) approach. UQ reduces uncertainties in both computational and real-world applications. Constitutive models in elastomers play a crucial role in both science and industry due to their unique hyper-elastic behavior under different loading conditions (uni-axial extension, biaxial, or pure shear). Here our goal is to model the uncertainty in constitutive models of elastomers, and accordingly, identify sensitive parameters that we highly contribute to model uncertainty and error. Modern UQ models can be implemented to use the physics of the problem compared to black-box machine learning approaches that uses data only. In this research, we propagate uncertainty through the model, characterize sensitivity of material behavior to show the importance of each parameter for uncertainty reduction. To this end, we utilized Bayesian rules to develop a model considering uncertainty in the mechanical response of elastomers. As an important assumption, we believe that our measurements are around the model prediction, but it is contaminated by Gaussian noise. We can make the noise by maximizing the posterior. The uni-axial extension experimental data set is used to calibrate the model and propagate uncertainty in this research.

Finite Element Analysis of Hyperelastic Components

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Nicholson ◽  
N. W. Nelson ◽  
B. Lin ◽  
A. Farinella
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Arc Length ◽  
Numerical Techniques ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Current Review

Finite element analysis of hyperelastic components poses severe obstacles owing to features such as large deformation and near-incompressibility. In recent years, outstanding issues have, to a considerable extent, been addressed in the form of the hyperelastic element available in commercial finite element codes. The current review article, which updates and expands a 1990 article in Rubber Reviews, is intended to serve as a brief exposition and selective survey of the recent literature. Published simulations are listed. Rubber constitutive models and the measurement of their parameters are addressed. The underlying incremental variational formulation is sketched for thermomechanical response of compressible, incompressible and near-incompressible elastomers. Coupled thermomechanical effects and broad classes of boundary conditions, such as variable contact, are encompassed. Attention is given to advanced numerical techniques such as arc length methods. Remaining needs are assessed. This review article contains 142 references.

Herbert R. Lissner: The Father of Impact Biomechanics

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert I. King ◽  
Michele J. Grimm
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Lead Author ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
Impact Biomechanics ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
The Many ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Professor Herbert R. Lissner was a pioneer in impact biomechanics, having initiated research on the injury mechanisms, mechanical response, and human tolerance of the human brain to blunt impact 80 years ago—in 1939. This paper summarizes the contributions made by Professor Lissner in head injury as well as in the many areas of impact biomechanics in which he was involved. In 1977, the Bioengineering Division of ASME established the H. R. Lissner Award to recognize outstanding career achievements in the area of biomechanics. In 1987, this award was converted to a society-wide Medal, and to date it has been awarded to 44 exemplary researchers and educators. The lead author of this paper was Professor Lissner's first and only Ph.D. student, and he offers a unique insight into his research and contributions.

A Comparative Study of the Response of Double Shearing and Hypoplastic Models

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaning Zhu ◽  
Morteza M. Mehrabadi ◽  
Mehrdad Massoudi
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Shear Loading ◽  
Biaxial Compression ◽  
Finite Element Program ◽  
Cyclic Shear ◽  
Hypoplastic Model ◽  
Element Program

The principal objective of this paper is to compare the mechanical response of a double shearing model with that of a hypoplastic model under biaxial compression and under cyclic shear loading. As the origins and nature of these two models are completely different, it is interesting to compare the predictions of these two models. The constitutive relations of the double shearing and the hypoplastic models are implemented in the finite element program ABACUS/Explicit. It is found that the hypoplastic and the double shearing constitutive models both show strong capability in capturing the essential behavior of granular materials. In particular, under the condition of non-cyclic loading, the stress ratio and void ratio predictions of the double shearing and the hypoplastic models are relatively close, while under the condition of cyclic loading, the predictions of these models are quite different. It is important to note that in the double shearing model employed in this comparison the shear rates on the two slip systems are assumed to be equal. Hence, the conclusions derived in this comparison pertain only to this particular double shearing model. Similarly, the hypoplasticity model considered here is that proposed by Wu, et al. [30] and the conclusions reached here pertain only to this particular hypoplasticity model.

Constitutive Modeling of Asphalt Bound Granular Materials: Applications to Sand Asphalt

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Murali Krishnan ◽  
K. R. Rajagopal
Keyword(s):  
Granular Materials ◽  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Constitutive Modeling ◽  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Compressive Creep ◽  
Multiple Natural Configurations

In the earlier paper, we developed constitutive relations for two kinds of hot mix asphalt, viz., asphalt concrete and sand asphalt using the framework of materials with multiple natural configurations. In the present paper, we apply the framework that we developed for sand asphalt to study compressive creep experiments. Experimental studies of Wood and Goetz (1959) are used to compare with the predictions of the model.

Development of a Biofidelic Material Model for Brain Tissue

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kulathu ◽  
David L. Littlefield
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Material Models ◽  
Computational Mesh ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Computational simulations of brain injury mechanisms have advanced to a level of sophistication where in addition to capturing different anatomic regions, the computational mesh is capable of distinguishing white and grey matter in the brain. Brain tissue is typically modeled as an isotropic, viscoelastic material. Experiments have shown that the mechanical response of brain tissue to an external load varies depending on the location from which the tissue is harvested and also the direction of loading. Some researchers have developed anisotropic constitutive models by appealing to the composite material case wherein cylindrical axon fibers are immersed in a cellular matrix. Though such material models have been developed over a small sample, they have not been applied over the entire brain for simulation purposes.

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