scholarly journals Male and Female Cervical Spine Biomechanics and Anatomy: Implication for Scaling Injury Criteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Cameron R. Bass ◽  
Liming Voo ◽  
Frank A. Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Motion Responses ◽  
Geometric Scaling ◽  
Biomechanical Responses ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
The Military

There is an increased need to develop female-specific injury criteria and anthropomorphic test devices (dummies) for military and automotive environments, especially as women take occupational roles traditionally reserved for men. Although some exhaustive reviews on the biomechanics and injuries of the human spine have appeared in clinical and bioengineering literatures, focus has been largely ignored on the difference between male and female cervical spine responses and characteristics. Current neck injury criteria for automotive dummies for assessing crashworthiness and occupant safety are obtained from animal and human cadaver experiments, computational modeling, and human volunteer studies. They are also used in the military. Since the average human female spines are smaller than average male spines, metrics specific to the female population may be derived using simple geometric scaling, based on the assumption that male and female spines are geometrically scalable. However, as described in this technical brief, studies have shown that the biomechanical responses between males and females do not obey strict geometric similitude. Anatomical differences in terms of the structural component geometry are also different between the two cervical spines. Postural, physiological, and motion responses under automotive scenarios are also different. This technical brief, focused on such nonuniform differences, underscores the need to conduct female spine-specific evaluations/experiments to derive injury criteria for this important group of the population.

Biomechanical Study of Pediatric Human Cervical Spine: A Finite Element Approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srirangam Kumaresan ◽  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Frank A. Pintar ◽  
Dennis J. Maiman ◽  
Shashi Kuppa
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Pediatric Spine ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
Local Component ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Geometric Scaling ◽  
Biomechanical Responses ◽  
Adult Spine

Although considerable effort has been made to understand the biomechanical behavior of the adult cervical spine, relatively little information is available on the response of the pediatric cervical spine to external forces. Since significant anatomical differences exist between the adult and pediatric cervical spines, distinct biomechanical responses are expected. The present study quantified the biomechanical responses of human pediatric spines by incorporating their unique developmental anatomical features. One-, three-, and six-year-old cervical spines were simulated using the finite element modeling technique, and their responses computed and compared with the adult spine response. The effects of pure overall structural scaling of the adult spine, local component developmental anatomy variations that occur to the actual pediatric spines, and structural scaling combined with local component anatomy variations on the responses of the pediatric spines were studied. Age- and component-related developmental anatomical features included variations in the ossification centers, cartilages, growth plates, vertebral centrum, facet joints, and annular fibers and nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs. The flexibility responses of the models were determined under pure compression, pure flexion, pure extension, and varying degrees of combined compression–flexion and compression–extension. The pediatric spine responses obtained with the pure overall (only geometric) scaling of the adult spine indicated that the flexibilities consistently increase in a uniform manner from six- to one-year-old spines under all loading cases. In contrast, incorporation of local anatomic changes specific to the pediatric spines of the three age groups (maintaining the same adult size) not only resulted in considerable increases in flexibilities, but the responses also varied as a function of the age of the pediatric spine and type of external loading. When the geometric scaling effects were added to these spines, the increases in flexibilities were slightly higher; however, the pattern of the responses remained the same as found in the previous approach. These results indicate that inclusion of developmental anatomical changes characteristic of the pediatric spines has more of a predominant effect on biomechanical responses than extrapolating responses of the adult spine based on pure overall geometric scaling. [S0148-0731(00)00501-X]

scholarly journals Mortality by marital status in the Republic of Serbia

2018 ◽  
pp. 597-606
Author(s):  
Ivan Marinkovic ◽  
Biljana Radivojevic
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Population Mortality ◽  
The Impact

Mortality among married is lower than in those out of wedlock. Studies in European countries show that the difference in mortality between those who are married and those unmarried is increased regardless of sex. The main objective of the analysis in this paper is to show the impact of marriage on the mortality of the population, as well as the difference in the life expectancy of men and women in Serbia, by marriage status. Is there a protective effect of marriage? That is, can we confirm the hypothesis of higher importance of marriage status, when it comes to mortality of the men, and can we determine whether there are strong links between mortality and various modalities of marriage in the female population? Mortality trends for married and unmarried individuals were analyzed between the years 1981 and 2011, for both male and female population by five-year age groups. The scope of the analysis is the territory of Central Serbia and Vojvodina. This aspect of mortality is not sufficiently addressed in national research, which is why it is expected that the results of the conducted research can contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors affecting the mortality of the population in Serbia.

A GENDER BASED COMPARISON TO STUDY THE PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITIES OF MIGRAINE ON THE BASIS OF ITS SEVERITY.

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Shilpi Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Headache Clinic ◽  
Gender Based

Background: There is lack of data from india on the difference of presenting psychiatric comorbidities of migraineurs among male and female population. Objectives: the objective of the study were to quantify the impairment i.e disability due to migraine severity, associated depression and anxiety among male and female migraineurs of comparable characteristics. Materials And Methods: we interviewed 105 consecutive newly diagnosed migraine patients (both male and female) visiting headache clinic in a tertiary care centre between September 2019 to march 2020.Age and sex matched healthy subjects (n=105, later 5 dropped) were used. PHQ9, MIDAS, and GAD7 scales were administered. Predictors were analysed using regression analysis. Result: both male and female migraineurs have shown similar result with preponderance of anxiety disorder more in female than male migraineurs. Prevalence of clinically signicant anxiety(48%) and depressive (41%) symptoms, higher among female than male. Female gender, headache related disability, and severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms predicted worse mental component summary scores. Conclusion: incidence of clinically signicant anxiety and depressive symptoms is much higher among migraineurs and the severity was comparatively higher among female than male. These ndings goes with studies from other parts of world and Indian prospects.

scholarly journals Identification of Components of the Aggregation Pheromone of the Guam Strain of Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, and Determination of Stereochemistry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Hall ◽  
Steven J. Harte ◽  
Dudley I. Farman ◽  
Mark Ero ◽  
Alfred Pokana
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Field Trapping ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Oryctes Rhinoceros ◽  
Rhinoceros Beetle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Specific

AbstractThe coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) (CRB), is endemic to tropical Asia where it damages both coconut and oil palm. A new invasion by CRB occurred on Guam in 2007 and eradication attempts failed using commonly applied Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) isolates. This and subsequent invasive outbreaks were found to have been caused by a previously unrecognized haplotype, CRB-G, which appeared to be tolerant to OrNV. The male-produced aggregation pheromone of the endemic, susceptible strain of O. rhinoceros (CRB-S) was previously identified as ethyl 4-methyloctanoate. Following reports from growers that commercial lures containing this compound were not attractive to CRB-G, the aim of this work was to identify the pheromone of CRB-G. Initial collections of volatiles from virgin male and female CRB-G adults from the Solomon Islands failed to show any male- or female-specific compounds as candidate pheromone components. Only after five months were significant quantities of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid produced by males but not by females. No other male-specific compounds could be detected, in particular methyl 4-methyloctanoate, 4-methyl-1-octanol, or 4-methyl-1-octyl acetate, compounds identified in volatiles from some other species of Oryctes. Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate elicited a strong electroantennogram response from both male and female CRB-G, but these other compounds, including 4-methyloctanoic acid, did not. The enantiomers of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid were conveniently prepared by enzymatic resolution of the commercially-available acid, and the enantiomers of the acid, but not the ester, could be separated by gas chromatography on an enantioselective cyclodextrin phase. Using this approach, both ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid produced by male CRB-G were shown to be exclusively the (R)-enantiomers whereas previous reports had suggested male O. rhinoceros produced the (S)-enantiomers. However, re-examination of the ester and acid produced by male CRB-S from Papua New Guinea showed that these were also the (R)-enantiomers. In field trapping experiments carried out in the Solomon Islands, both racemic and ethyl (R)-4-methyloctanoate were highly attractive to both male and female CRB-G beetles. The (S)-enantiomer and the corresponding acids were only weakly attractive. The addition of racemic 4-methyloctanoic acid to ethyl 4-methyloctanoate did significantly increase attractiveness, but the addition of (R)- or (S)-4-methyloctanoic acid to the corresponding ethyl esters did not. Possible reasons for the difference in assignment of configuration of the components of the CRB pheromone are discussed along with the practical implications of these results.

Perceived social support and burden of care of male and female caregivers of patient with schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Narendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Nishant Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Burden Of Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a high familial, social and economic burden. Schizophrenia is also associated with a high level of disability which may create impediments on the social and economic areas of the patients as well as on their respective family networks. Families with schizophrenia may encounter problems such as impairment of health and well being of other family members, restriction of social activities of the family members and shrinking of support from the social network. Aims: The present study examined the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study examining the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 60 (30 male and 30 female) caregivers of the patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia as per ICD-10-DCR. Results and Conclusion: This study revealed that male caregivers perceived more social support and less burden of care as compared to female caregivers. Key words: Gender, social support, burden

scholarly journals Possibility of Human Gender Recognition Using Raman Spectra of Teeth

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3983
Author(s):  
Ozren Gamulin ◽  
Marko Škrabić ◽  
Kristina Serec ◽  
Matej Par ◽  
Marija Baković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Gender Recognition ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tooth Type ◽  
Tooth Apex ◽  
The Difference

Gender determination of the human remains can be very challenging, especially in the case of incomplete ones. Herein, we report a proof-of-concept experiment where the possibility of gender recognition using Raman spectroscopy of teeth is investigated. Raman spectra were recorded from male and female molars and premolars on two distinct sites, tooth apex and anatomical neck. Recorded spectra were sorted into suitable datasets and initially analyzed with principal component analysis, which showed a distinction between spectra of male and female teeth. Then, reduced datasets with scores of the first 20 principal components were formed and two classification algorithms, support vector machine and artificial neural networks, were applied to form classification models for gender recognition. The obtained results showed that gender recognition with Raman spectra of teeth is possible but strongly depends both on the tooth type and spectrum recording site. The difference in classification accuracy between different tooth types and recording sites are discussed in terms of the molecular structure difference caused by the influence of masticatory loading or gender-dependent life events.

scholarly journals Tropism of Sub-Axial Cervical Facet Joints Is Not Related to Segmental Movement during Active Movement or Therapist-Perceived Symptomatic Locations

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Neil Tuttle ◽  
Kerrie Evans ◽  
Clarice Sperotto dos Santos Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Facet Joints ◽  
Segmental Mobility ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Translational Movement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cervical Facet ◽  
The Relationship

Tropism, or asymmetry, of facet joints in the cervical spine has been found to be related to degenerative changes of the joints and discs. Clinicians often assume that differences in segmental mobility are related to tropism. The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between asymmetry of facet joints in the sub-axial cervical spine and (1) segmental mobility and (2) spinal levels perceived by therapists to have limited mobility. Eighteen participants with idiopathic neck pain had MRIs of their cervical spine in neutral and at the end of active rotation. Angular movement and translational movement of each motion segment was calculated from 3D segmentations of the vertebrae. A plane was fitted to the facet on each side. Tropism was considered to be the difference in the orientation of the facet planes and ranged from 1 to 30° with a median of 7.7°. No relationships were found between the extent of tropism and either segmental movement or locations deemed to be symptomatic. Tropism in the sub-axial cervical spine does not appear to be related to segmental mobility in rotation or to levels deemed to be symptomatic.

scholarly journals The Sex Determination Cascade in the Silkworm

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Xu Yang ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Yaohui Wang ◽  
Dehong Yang ◽  
Yongping Huang
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Primary Signal ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Working Mechanisms

In insects, sex determination pathways involve three levels of master regulators: primary signals, which determine the sex; executors, which control sex-specific differentiation of tissues and organs; and transducers, which link the primary signals to the executors. The primary signals differ widely among insect species. In Diptera alone, several unrelated primary sex determiners have been identified. However, the doublesex (dsx) gene is highly conserved as the executor component across multiple insect orders. The transducer level shows an intermediate level of conservation. In many, but not all examined insects, a key transducer role is performed by transformer (tra), which controls sex-specific splicing of dsx. In Lepidoptera, studies of sex determination have focused on the lepidopteran model species Bombyx mori (the silkworm). In B. mori, the primary signal of sex determination cascade starts from Fem, a female-specific PIWI-interacting RNA, and its targeting gene Masc, which is apparently specific to and conserved among Lepidoptera. Tra has not been found in Lepidoptera. Instead, the B. mori PSI protein binds directly to dsx pre-mRNA and regulates its alternative splicing to produce male- and female-specific transcripts. Despite this basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex determination, the links among the primary signals, transducers and executors remain largely unknown in Lepidoptera. In this review, we focus on the latest findings regarding the functions and working mechanisms of genes involved in feminization and masculinization in Lepidoptera and discuss directions for future research of sex determination in the silkworm.

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