Experimental Investigation of Combustion Behavior of Biodiesel-Water Emulsion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurjap Singh ◽  
Nicholas Hentges ◽  
Damion Johnson ◽  
Albert Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
Combustion Properties

Abstract Biodiesel has proved to be an attractive alternative fuel for the compression-ignition engine, with its blends of regular petrodiesel being sold at virtually every gas station in the United States. Researchers have explored many of its combustion properties and sought to modify them in the interest of better fuel economy, specific fuel combustion, and lower emissions. The emulsification of biodiesel with water in order to promote microexplosions during the combustion process is one such fuel modification method. Microexplosions fragment the fuel droplet into many smaller droplets, which promote homogeneous combustion, and can result in smoother power output and better fuel economy. Present research analyzes the droplet combustion properties of soy biodiesel with 10% water and 0.1% POLYOX™ polymer. A sub-millimeter droplet is suspended on three 16μm silicon carbide wires and ignited using hot wire loops. The combustion process is recorded at 1000 frames/second by a high-speed CCD camera. Combustion behavior of the emulsified fuel is then analyzed by post-processing the resulting high-speed images. Results show several microexplosion events. Combustion trends are plotted, and combustion rates are determined. Burning rate for the emulsion was found to be very close to that of base fuel, with 2.1% decrease noted. It is hoped that present research will spark further interest in the fuel behavior modification of biodiesel.

scholarly journals Simulation of Combustion Process of Diesel and Ethanol Fuel in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine

CFD letters ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Fatin Farhanah Zulkurnai ◽  
Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood ◽  
Norhidayah Mat Taib ◽  
Mohd Radzi Abu Mansor
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition ◽  
Complete Combustion

Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine give advantages over conventional diesel engine with the promising engine power and good control on NOx and soot emission. The trend of the RCCI concept is still new and Is very important to control the ignition in order to control the combustion progress and emission. The objective of this study is to provide data on the combustion characteristics and emission of diesel as high reactive, and ethanol as the low reactive fuel in the RCCI engine. The engine speed and injection timing were varied. Simulation work was conducted by using the Converge CFD software based on the Yanmar TF90 diesel engine parameter. Results show that operating the engine at low speed resulting in better engine performance and low carbon emissions due to the sufficient oxygen contents. For the high-speed engine, advancing the injection timing improves the fuel and air reactivity and steeper the equivalence ratio gradient, which result in a complete combustion process.

scholarly journals A Review on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia as a Carbon-Free Fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Shini Lai ◽  
Danan Chen ◽  
Rongjun Wu ◽  
Noriyuki Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
And Storage

A comprehensive review of combustion characteristics of ammonia (NH3) as a carbon free fuel is presented. NH3 is an attractive alternative fuel candidate to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel and the emission of CO2, soot, and hydrocarbon pollutants, due to its comparable combustion properties, productivities from renewable sources, and storage and transportation by current commercial infrastructure. However, the combustion properties of NH3 are quite different from conventional hydrocarbon fuels, which highlight the specific difficulties during the application of NH3. Therefore, this paper presents comparative experimental and numerical studies of the application of NH3 as a fuel during combustion process, including the combustion properties of laminar burning velocity, flame structures, pollutant emissions for the application of NH3 as a carbon free fuel. This paper presents the burning velocity and pollutant emissions of NH3 alone and mixtures with other fuels to improve the combustion properties. The aim of this paper is to review and describe the suitability of NH3 as a fuel, including the combustion and emission characteristics of NH3 during its combustion process.

Effects of mustard husk, wheat straw and flaxseed residue blending on combustion behavior of high ash coal and petroleum coke blends

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Pritam Kumar ◽  
Barun Kumar Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Thermodynamic Parameters ◽  
Petroleum Coke ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This present work reports the combustion studies of coal, petroleum coke (PC) and biomass blends to assess the effects of the mustard husk (MH), wheat straw (WS) and flaxseed residue (FR) blending towards improvement of coal combustion characteristics. Ignition temperature (TS), maximum temperature (TP), burnout temperature (TC), activation energy (AE) and thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG and ΔS) were analyzed to evaluate the impact of biomass and PC blending on coal combustion. Experimental results indicate that coal and PC have inferior combustion characteristics compared to MH, WS and FR. With the increase in WS content in blends from 10 to 30%, TS reduced from 371 to 258OC, TP decreased from 487 to 481OC, inferring substantial enhancements in combustion properties. Kinetic analysis inferred that blended fuel combustion could be explained mostly using reaction models, followed by diffusion-controlled and contracting sphere models. Overall, with the increase in FR mass in blends from 10 to 30%, AE decreased from 108.97 kJ/mol to 70.15 kJ/mol signifying ease of combustion. Analysis of synergistic effects infers that higher biomass addition improves coal and PC blends' combustion behavior through catalytic effects of alkali mineral matters present in biomass. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters signified that combustion of coal and PC is challenging than biomasses, however, blending of biomass makes the combustion process easier.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Shape of a Compression-Ignition Engine Combustion Chamber by Using Simulation Tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-146
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Pielecha ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Engine Combustion

Abstract Modern solutions used in compression-ignition internal combustion engines are quite similar to each other. The use of high-pressure, direct fuel injection results in high combustion rates with controlled exhaust emissions. One of the combustion system quality criteria is to obtain adequately high thermodynamic indicators of the combustion process, which are obtained through, among others, the right combustion chamber geometry. Its shape influences the fuel atomization process, turbulence of fuel dose, evaporation and the combustion process. Optimizing the combustion chamber shape is one of the decisive factors proving the correct execution of the combustion process. This article presents the methodology of choosing the combustion chamber shape (changes of three selected combustion chamber dimensions) by using the optimization methods. Generating multidimensional data while maintaining the correlation structure was performed by using the Latin hypercube method. Chamber optimization was carried out by using the Nelder-Mead method. The combustion chamber shape was optimized for three engine load values (determined by the average indicated pressure) at selected engine operating conditions. The presented method of engine combustion chamber optimization can be used in low and high speed diesel propulsion engines (especially in maritime transport applications).

High-speed brightfield 3-D imaging and 3-D image analysis of thick and overlapped cell clusters in cytological preparations

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
Robert W. Mackin
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Array Processor ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Computer Controlled

This paper presents two advances towards the automated three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of thick and heavily-overlapped regions in cytological preparations such as cervical/vaginal smears. First, a high speed 3-D brightfield microscope has been developed, allowing the acquisition of image data at speeds approaching 30 optical slices per second. Second, algorithms have been developed to detect and segment nuclei in spite of the extremely high image variability and low contrast typical of such regions. The analysis of such regions is inherently a 3-D problem that cannot be solved reliably with conventional 2-D imaging and image analysis methods.High-Speed 3-D imaging of the specimen is accomplished by moving the specimen axially relative to the objective lens of a standard microscope (Zeiss) at a speed of 30 steps per second, where the stepsize is adjustable from 0.2 - 5μm. The specimen is mounted on a computer-controlled, piezoelectric microstage (Burleigh PZS-100, 68/μm displacement). At each step, an optical slice is acquired using a CCD camera (SONY XC-11/71 IP, Dalsa CA-D1-0256, and CA-D2-0512 have been used) connected to a 4-node array processor system based on the Intel i860 chip.

Five-Dimensional Microscopy using Widefield-Deconvolution: Practical Considerations and Biological Applications

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
W.F. Marshall ◽  
K. Oegema ◽  
J. Nunnari ◽  
A.F. Straight ◽  
D.A. Agard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Excitation Light ◽  
Cooled Ccd

The ability to image cells in three dimensions has brought about a revolution in biological microscopy, enabling many questions to be asked which would be inaccessible without this capability. There are currently two major methods of three dimensional microscopy: laser-scanning confocal microscopy and widefield-deconvolution microscopy. The method of widefield-deconvolution uses a cooled CCD to acquire images from a standard widefield microscope, and then computationally removes out of focus blur. Using such a scheme, it is easy to acquire time-lapse 3D images of living cells without killing them, and to do so for multiple wavelengths (using computer-controlled filter wheels). Thus, it is now not only feasible, but routine, to perform five dimensional microscopy (three spatial dimensions, plus time, plus wavelength).Widefield-deconvolution has several advantages over confocal microscopy. The two main advantages are high speed of acquisition (because there is no scanning, a single optical section is acquired at a time by using a cooled CCD camera) and the use of low excitation light levels Excitation intensity can be much lower than in a confocal microscope for three reasons: 1) longer exposures can be taken since the entire 512x512 image plane is acquired in parallel, so that dwell time is not an issue, 2) the higher quantum efficiently of a CCD detect over those typically used in confocal microscopy (although this is expected to change due to advances in confocal detector technology), and 3) because no pinhole is used to reject light, a much larger fraction of the emitted light is collected. Thus we can typically acquire images with thousands of photons per pixel using a mercury lamp, instead of a laser, for illumination. The use of low excitation light is critical for living samples, and also reduces bleaching. The high speed of widefield microscopy is also essential for time-lapse 3D microscopy, since one must acquire images quickly enough to resolve interesting events.

scholarly journals Energy Treatment of Solid Municipal Waste in Combination with Biomass by Decentralized Method with the Respect to the Negative Effects on the Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4405
Author(s):  
Miroslav Rimar ◽  
Olha Kulikova ◽  
Andrii Kulikov ◽  
Marcel Fedak
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

Waste is a product of society and one of the biggest challenges for future generations is to understand how to sustainably dispose of large amounts of waste. The main objective of this study was to determine the possibility and conditions of the decentralized combustion of non-hazardous municipal waste. The analysis of the combustion properties of a mixture of wood chips and 20–30% of municipal solid waste showed an improvement in the operating parameters of the combustion process. Analysis also confirmed that the co-combustion of dirty fuels and biomass reduced the risk of releasing minerals and heavy metals from fuel into the natural environment. Approximately 55% of the heavy metals passed into the ash. The analysis of municipal solid waste and fuel mixtures containing municipal solid waste for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons showed the risk of increasing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in flue gases.

scholarly journals Benchmark of the Trends of Spatial Inequality in World Megaregions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6456
Author(s):  
Ziqi Liu ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Liwen Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
International Learning ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
Index Measure

There have been growing concerns around the world over the rising spatial inequality (SI) amid fast and vast globalization. This paper presents an effort to benchmark the conditions and trends of spatial inequality in 37 megaregions in the United States, Europe, and China. Furthermore, the study selected three megaregion examples and analyzed the effect of developing high-speed rail (HSR) as an infrastructure investment strategy on reshaping the spatial pattern of job accessibility. The study measures spatial inequality with the Theil index of gross regional product and with the rank-size coefficient of polycentricity. Results show that spatial inequality exists and varies in magnitude within and between megaregions. On average, Chinese megaregions exhibited the level of spatial inequality about two times or more of those in the U.S. and European megaregions. The decade between 2006 and 2016 saw a decrease in the Theil index measure of megaregional inequality in China, but a slight increase in the United States and Europe. Fast growing megaregions exhibit high levels and rising trends of spatial inequality regardless of the country or continent setting. HSR helps improve mobility and accessibility; yet the extent to which HSR reduces spatial inequality is context dependent. This study presents a first attempt to assess and compare the spatial inequality conditions and trajectories in world megaregions aiming at promoting international learning.

Emulsion Stability Evaluation Using Fractal Dimensions Approach

2007 ◽  
Vol 555 ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana Pašalić ◽  
P.B. Jovanić ◽  
B. Bugarski
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Stable Region ◽  
Stability Evaluation ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

There are many developed strategies for evaluating emulsion stability, aimed at determining the life circle of emulsions. Most of them are based on rheological properties of emulsions. There are, however, very few based on direct emulsion observations. In this paper we present a developed method for the emulsion stability evaluation by direct observation of optical emulsion properties. We propose the fractal dimension approach as a stability quantification measure. The method is based on the measure of emulsion transmittance properties, which are directly dependent on the emulsion stability at the moment of measurement. The oil in water emulsion was used as a test emulsion. The system is classified as stable emulsion and our intention was to find the moment when it starts to break. Emulsion transmittance properties were measure applying a system for acquisition of visual information, which is based on a CCD camera and a fast PC configuration equipped with the capturing software. The acquired sets of visual information were analyzed by the OZARIA software package. The fractal dimensions were determined by the box counting method. For these experiments, 100 boxes of different sizes were used. Experimental emulsions were measured after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days from the moment of creation. A slight increase in fractal dimensions was observed, which indicates that the emulsions are still in the stable region, or from the fractal point of view emulsion are still regular and no significant irregularities were observed. From the first experiments the applied methodology proved to be sensitive enough to be used for emulsions stability evaluation.

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