Prediction of Coal and Biomass Co-Firing in Large Utility Boilers

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bar-Ziv ◽  
Z. Steg ◽  
B. Chudnovsky ◽  
A. Talanker ◽  
A. Kunin
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Utility Boilers ◽  
Torrefied Biomass ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Co-firing biomass with coal seems a relatively low cost solution to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and is also an effective way of taking advantage of the high thermal efficiency of large coal fired boilers. Existing coal-fired power stations can quickly be modified for biomass co-firing achieving considerable levels of renewable generation at low capital costs and low commercial risk. However, certain biomass properties may require the retrofitting of the power plants that were originally designed to operate on a particular bituminous coal. These modifications may decrease the boiler reliability and as result reduce availability and increase operation and maintenance costs. To understand these undesirable effects and determine the optimum way to co-fire biomass in IEC’s 5000 MW coal-fired boilers we studied the effect of biomass co-firing on the capacity, heat transfer surfaces, firing systems, pulverizers, fans and airheaters. We evaluated two biomass alternatives — pelletized biomass and torrefied-biomass (bio-coal) — co-fired with bituminous coals in 575 MW tangentially-fired and 550 MW opposite wall burner boilers. Boiler performance, emission and pulverizer self consumption were discussed. Considering all above aspects, we concluded that the most cost effective alternative is co-firing bio-coal with coal.

Evaluation of Biomass and Torrefied Coal Co-Firing in Large Utilities Boilers

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Chudnovsky ◽  
Z. Steg ◽  
A. Kunin ◽  
A. Talanker ◽  
A. Sabek
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Utility Boilers ◽  
Performance And Emissions

Renewable energy targets and CO2 emissions markets drive the transition to a cleaner and renewable energy production system. In this manner, utilities are looking for cost effective options with a minimum impact on unit performance and reliability. Co-firing biomass, in comparison with other renewable sources, is the main contributor to meeting the world’s renewable energy target. It avoids the destruction of capital, by making coal-fired power plants cleaner without having to replace them. Biomass co-firing provides a relatively low cost means of increasing renewables capacity and an effective way of taking advantage of the high thermal efficiency of large coal fired boilers. The direct displacement of coal when co-firing plus the higher conversion efficiencies generally achieved also contribute to achieving higher CO2 reduction benefits from each co-fired tone of biomass. However, coal–fired power plants are not designed to co-fire large amounts of biomass. This means that not more than 5–10% of biomass can be co-fired. In order to increase this amount, utilities have to make significant investments in dedicated biomass handling and processing equipment. Even when these investments are made, the co-firing percentage is often limited to 20% thermal fraction, because the chemical and physical properties of bio-fuels. Another possibility, to increase biomass fraction in co-firing is torrefied fuel burning. Co-firing torrefied biomass could increase considerably co-firing percentages, while saving investment and transport cost compared to biomass co-firing. However, it should be concerned regarding the ability of generators involved in coal and biomass co-firing that this alternative may impact on boiler reliability due to specific biomass properties and it this issue should be carefully evaluated during design stage. In order to prevent such an undesirable effect we initiated a study to understand the influence of using co-firing on the capacity, limitations of furnace size, heat transfer surfaces, firing systems, pulverizers, fans, airheaters and equipment for post combustion emission treatment. This paper discusses the technical and commercial application of coal and biomass/ torrefied coal co-firing in large utility boilers. In the present study we used a series of simulation using computer codes; the latter are CFD codes suitable for simulation of the performance and emissions of co-fired utility boilers and an expert system that aided in issues like boiler and furnace performance, pulverizing capabilities, post combustion treatment equipment performance, sootblowing optimization, boiler Fans operation and performance.

Advances in absorbents and techniques used in wet and dry FGD: a critical review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lokesh Kumar ◽  
Susanta Kumar Jana
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Packed Column ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Process Industries ◽  
Slurry Bubble Columns

Abstract Sulfur dioxide is considered as an extremely harmful and toxic substance among the air pollutants emitted from the lignite- and other high-sulfur-coal based power plants, old tires processing units, smelters, and many other process industries. Various types of absorbents and desulfurization technologies have been developed and adopted by the industries to reduce the emission rate of SO2 gas. The present paper focuses on the ongoing advances in the development of varieties of regenerative and non-regenerative absorbents viz., Ca-based, Mg-based, Fe-based, Na-based, N2-based, and others along with various FGD technology, viz., wet, dry or semi-dry processes. Additionally, different types of contactors viz., packed column, jet column, spray tower, and slurry bubble columns along with their significant operational and design features have also been discussed. In the existing or newly installed limestone-based FGD plants, an increasing trend of the utilization of newly developed technologies such as limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) and magnesium-enhanced lime (MEL) are being used at an increasing rate. However, the development of low-cost sorbents, particularly suitable solid wastes, for the abatement of SO2 emission needs to be explored sincerely. Many such wastes cause air pollution by way of entrainment of fine particulate matter (PM), groundwater contamination by its leaching, or brings damage to crops due to its spreading onto the cultivation land. One such pollutant is marble waste and in this work, this has been suggested as a suitable substitute to limestone and cost-effective sorbent for the desulfurization of flue gases. The product of this process being sellable in the market or may be used as a raw material in several industries, it can also prove to be an important route of recycling and reuse of one of the air and water-polluting solid wastes.

Low Cost Recursive Localization scheme for High Density Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 263-285
Author(s):  
Badia Bouhdid ◽  
Wafa Akkari ◽  
Sofien Gannouni
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Density ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
Localization Algorithm ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Localization Scheme ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Algorithm Implementation

While existing localization approaches mainly focus on enhancing the accuracy, particular attention has recently been given to reducing the localization algorithm implementation costs. To obtain a tradeoff between location accuracy and implementation cost, recursive localization approaches are being pursued as a cost-effective alternative to the more expensive localization approaches. In the recursive approach, localization information increases progressively as new nodes compute their positions and become themselves reference nodes. A strategy is then required to control and maintain the distribution of these new reference nodes. The lack of such a strategy leads, especially in high density networks, to wasted energy, important communication overhead and even impacts the localization accuracy. In this paper, the authors propose an efficient recursive localization approach that reduces the energy consumption, the execution time, and the communication overhead, yet it increases the localization accuracy through an adequate distribution of reference nodes within the network.

Development of Calibration Equipment for Geodetic Angle Measurement Instruments

2015 ◽  
Vol 220-221 ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Lauryna Šiaudinytė ◽  
Deividas Sabaitis ◽  
Domantas Bručas ◽  
Gintaras Dmitrijev
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

Production of high precision circular scales is a complicated process requiring expensive equipment and complex processes to achieve. Precision angle measurement equipment tends to be very expensive and therefore not accessible to all in need. Simplification of production of such devices can lead to reducing costs of angle measurement systems ensuring easier accessibility. A new method of producing precision circular scales using low cost mass production can reduce the costs of these devices drastically. Therefore, utilising a common CD technology as the basis for such scales is analysed. This paper deals with the analysis of the newest laser cutting method for plastic circular scales. Preliminary results of manufacturing such scales are presented in the paper as well as measurements of the grating of the scale were performed. The quality of different scales manufactured using different laser types is analysed in the study. The cost – effective alternative of manufacturing circular scales is discussed in the paper.

Performance evaluation of a low-cost odour trap installed in waterless urinals

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-258
Author(s):  
S. Ramesh Sakthivel ◽  
Md Azizurrahaman ◽  
V. Ganesh Prabhu ◽  
V. M. Chariar
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Particle Flow ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Waterless urinals save precious fresh water normally used for flushing and reduce odour levels in restrooms. However, existing models of waterless urinals available on the market are expensive and maintenance costs of the odour traps of these urinals are also quite high. Experiments conducted using a low cost membrane-based waterless-urinal odour prevention trap available in India revealed a reduction of over 90.5% in ammonia gas concentration in the urinals. The ammonia levels observed, in the range of 0.22 to 0.30 ppm in waterless urinals fitted with the odour trap evaluated in this study, is comparable to values reported for the widely used sealant liquid based waterless urinals in the past. No sign of clogging was observed in the clogging tests conducted. Passage of particles up to 4 mm in size in the particle flow analysis tests conducted is somewhat higher than the 2 mm reported for sealant liquid and membrane odour traps in previous studies, and it reveals that the odour trap can perform in adverse conditions without getting clogged. Economics of installation and maintenance aspects of waterless urinals carried out here show that the odour trap evaluated in this study can really be a cost effective alternative.

Totally Enclosed Inline Electric Motor Driven Gas Compressors

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Miller ◽  
Anders T. Johnson ◽  
Markus Ahrens ◽  
T. Kenton Flanery
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Gas Industry

A team forms to address the challenge of low cost, low maintenance gas compression that can be quickly ramped up to meet peak demands. The Natural Gas Industry recognizes the importance of efficient, flexible compression equipment for the transmission of gas. In the early 1900s the Gas Industry met its compression objectives with many small reciprocating compressor units. As competition increased, Gas Companies began employing more cost effective larger units 3.7 MW (5,000 bhp) and eventually gas turbines 11+ MW (15,000+ bhp) became the prime mover of choice. While gas fired engine driven compressors are convenient for gas companies; they are becoming increasingly difficult to install. Environmental restrictions have tightened making permitting difficult. The larger gas turbine units seemed a solution because they were the low capital cost prime mover and clean burning. However, gas turbines have not yet achieved the high degree of flexibility and fuel efficiency gas transporters hoped. Flexibility has become an increasingly important issue because of the new “Peaking Power Plants” that are coming online. Gas companies are trying to solve the problem of low cost, low maintenance compression that can be quickly ramped up to meet peak demands. The idea of using electric motors to drive compressors to minimize the environmental, regulatory, and maintenance issues is not new. The idea of installing an electrically powered, highly flexible, efficient, low maintenance compressor unit directly into the pipeline feeding the load, possibly underground where it won’t be seen or heard, is a new and viable way for the gas and electric industries to do business together. This paper examines the application of totally enclosed, variable speed electric motor driven gas compressors to applications requiring completely automated, low maintenance, quick response gas pressure boosters. In this paper we will describe how a natural gas transporter, compressor manufacturer, motor manufacturer, and power company have teamed up to design the world’s first gas compressor that can be installed directly in the pipeline. We will discuss methodologies for installing the proposed compressor, the environmental benefits — no emissions, a small footprint, minimal noise — and the benefit of being able to install compression exactly where it is needed to meet the peaking requirements of today’s new loads.

scholarly journals Targeted rotavirus vaccination of high-risk infants; a low cost and highly cost-effective alternative to universal vaccination

BMC Medicine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Bruijning-Verhagen ◽  
Marie-Josée J Mangen ◽  
Mariet Felderhof ◽  
Nico G Hartwig ◽  
Marlies van Houten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Universal Vaccination ◽  
Effective Alternative ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
High Risk Infants

scholarly journals Current Status of Energy Production from Solid Biomass in Southern Italy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2576
Author(s):  
Cristina Moliner ◽  
Elisabetta Arato ◽  
Filippo Marchelli
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Solid Biomass

This work analyses and discusses data on thermochemical plants in Southern Italy that are fed with solid biomass. The analysis takes into account the biomass availability and potential together with the cost-benefit analysis using technology development and economic indicators (LCOE). A total of 63,762 units have been categorised according to the employed technology and produced energy: power plants for electricity production or cogeneration plants for combined heat and electricity production (53 plants) and thermal units for heat production (63,709 units). The eight regions of the area have noteworthy differences. In terms of electricity generated from solid biomass Calabria is by far the largest producer, followed by Apulia. Sicily, Sardinia and Molise provide lower amounts while Abruzzo, Basilicata and Campania generate almost negligible amounts. Regarding thermal production, Campania and Calabria are the largest producers, but Basilicata, Molise and Abruzzo generate the highest amount per capita. The area is far from fully exploiting its biomass potential, and there are also no district heating grids. Bioenergy can be remarkably competitive, provided that capital costs are relatively low and low-cost biomass is available, as it is the case of Italy. New applications and markets for sub-products (i.e., char, ash) would help in lowering the still not competitive economic indicators (LCOE).

scholarly journals Why Can Simple Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Practices in Large-Scale Grid-Connected PV Power Plants Play a Key Role in Improving Its Energy Output?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3798
Author(s):  
Hamid Iftikhar ◽  
Eduardo Sarquis ◽  
P. J. Costa Branco
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Operation And Maintenance

Existing megawatt-scale photovoltaic (PV) power plant producers must understand that simple and low-cost Operation and Maintenance (O&M) practices, even executed by their own personal and supported by a comparison of field data with simulated ones, play a key role in improving the energy outputs of the plant. Based on a currently operating 18 MW PV plant located in an under-developing South-Asia country, we show in this paper that comparing real field data collected with simulated results allows a central vision concerning plant underperformance and valuable indications about the most important predictive maintenances actions for the plant in analysis. Simulations using the globally recognized software PVSyst were first performed to attest to the overall power plant performance. Then, its energy output was predicted using existing ground weather data located at the power plant. Compared with the actual plant’s annual energy output, it was found that it was underperforming by −4.13%, leading to a potential monetary loss of almost 175,000 (EUR)/year. Besides, an analysis of the O&M power plant reports was performed and compared to the best global practices. It was assessed that the tracker systems’ major issues are the forerunner of the most significant PV power plant underperformance. In addition, issues in inverters and combiner boxes were also reported, leading to internal shutdowns. In this case, predictive maintenance and automated plant diagnosis with a bottom-up approach using low-cost data acquisition and processing systems, starting from the strings level, were recommended.

scholarly journals Complete Design and Finite Element Analysis of an all Terrain Vehicle

2012 ◽  
pp. 276-286
Author(s):  
Amrit Om Nayak ◽  
S. Kalaivanan ◽  
D. Manikandan ◽  
G. Ramkumar ◽  
T. Manoj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Successful Design ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Function Diagram ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All

We have tried to design an all terrain vehicle that meets international standards and is also cost effective at the same time. We have focused on every single system to improve the performance of each component. Our vehicle can navigate through almost all terrain, which ultimately is the objective behind the making of any all terrain vehicle. We began the task of designing by conducting extensive research of each main component of the vehicle. We did not want to design certain areas such as the frame, and then make the rest to fit. We considered each component to be significant, and thereby designed the vehicle as a whole trying to optimize each component while constantly considering how other components would be affected. This forced us to think outside the box, research more thoroughly, and redesign components along the way in order to have a successful design. We used the necessary parameters to create a Qualitative Function Diagram (QFD) to determine which parameters were the most critical. These key parameters ranging from most critical to least critical are safety, reliability, low cost, ease of operation and maintenance, and overall performance.

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