Anthropometrics and Body Composition in East African Runners: Potential Impact on Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mooses ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
East African ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Low Bmi ◽  
High Level

Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), fractional utilization of V̇O2max during running, and running economy (RE) are crucial factors for running success for all endurance athletes. Although evidence is limited, investigations of these key factors indicate that East Africans’ superiority in distance running is largely due to a unique combination of these factors. East African runners appear to have a very high level of RE most likely associated, at least partly, with anthropometric characteristics rather than with any specific metabolic property of the working muscle. That is, evidence suggest that anthropometrics and body composition might have important parameters as determinants of superior performance of East African distance runners. Regrettably, this role is often overlooked and mentioned as a descriptive parameter rather than an explanatory parameter in many research studies. This brief review article provides an overview of the evidence to support the critical role anthropometrics and body composition has on the distance running success of East African athletes. The structural form and shape of these athletes also has a downside, because having very low BMI or body fat increases the risk for relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) conditions in both male and female runners, which can have serious health consequences.

scholarly journals The LEAF questionnaire is a good screening tool for the identification of the Female Athlete Triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport among young football players

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12118
Author(s):  
Edyta Łuszczki ◽  
Pawel Jagielski ◽  
Anna Bartosiewicz ◽  
Maciej Kuchciak ◽  
Katarzyna Dereń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Not At Risk

Background It has been noticed that Female Athlete Triad (Fat) and Relative Energy Deficiency (Red-S) in Sport are characterized by the symptoms of impaired endocrine-metabolic function and bone health in female athletes. In addition, it may be evaluated with a qualitative tool, such as Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and quantitative measurements: bone mineral density (BMD), resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, 24-hour dietary recall. Methods The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Triad and Red-S using the LEAF-Q in youth female football players. Additionally, the difference in the BMD, body composition, REE and energy intake (EI) were assessed between the Triad/Red-S risk and not at-risk groups. Results Almost two thirds (64.7%) of participants are classified as being at-risk for the triad according to their LEAF-Q scores. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between most of the values among children from the analyzed groups. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the EI values among girls from the two analyzed groups: at-risk (1,773.18 kcal ±  232.57) and not at-risk (2,054.00 kcal ±  191.39). Girls who did not meet the energy intake recommendations were 10.00 as likely to be in the Triad/Red-S risk group. Conclusion Early identification of Fat/Red-S symptoms by screening tools such as the LEAF questionnaire is important in protecting young athletes from long-term damage due to the progression of the risk factors associated with the Fat/Red-S.

scholarly journals Performance and Health Decrements Associated With Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport for Division I Women Athletes During a Collegiate Cross-Country Season: A Case Series

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Hooper ◽  
Jared Mallard ◽  
Jeff T. Wight ◽  
Kara L. Conway ◽  
George G.A. Pujalte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
Division I ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Cross Country

The purpose of this case series was to evaluate the presence of low Energy Availability (EA) and its impact on components of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in a population of female collegiate runners. Seven female NCAA Division I athletes (age: 22.3 ± 1.5 yrs; height: 169.7 ± 5.7 cm; weight: 58.3 ± 4.1 kg) were tracked from August until February, covering the beginning (Pre XC), end (Post XC) of their competitive cross country season, and beginning of the following track season (Pre Track). The athletes were assessed for female athlete triad (Triad) risk, energy availability, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), nutritional intake, and blood markers (including vitamin D, ferritin, and triiodothyronine (T3)). From Pre XC to Post XC there were no significant differences in body mass, fat free mass or body fat percentage. At Pre XC, mean EA was 31.6 ± 13.3 kcal/kg FFM∙d-1. From Post XC to Pre Track, there was a significant increase in body mass (59.1 ± 5.1 to 60.6 ± 5.7 kg, p&lt;0.001,d=0.27). From Post XC to Pre Track, there was a significant increase in RMR (1466 ± 123.6 to 1614.6 ± 89.1 kcal·d-1, p&lt;0.001,d=2.6). For 25(OH) vitamin D, there was a significant reduction from Pre XC to Post XC (44.1 ± 10.6 vs 39.5 ± 12.2 ng·mL-1, p=0.047,d=-0.4), and a significant increase from Post XC to Pre Track (39.5 ± 12.2 vs. 48.1 ± 10.4 ng·mL-1, p=0.014,d=0.75). For ferritin, there was a trend towards a decrease from Pre XC to Post XC (24.2 ± 13.2 vs. 15.7 ± 8.8 ng·mL-1, p=0.07, d=-0.75), as well as a trend toward an increase from Post XC to Pre Track (15.7 ± 8.8 vs. 34.1 ± 18.0 ng·mL-1, p=0.08, d=1.3). No differences in T3 were observed across time points. Average Triad risk score was 2.3 ± 1.4. Notably, 5 of 7 athletes met criteria for moderate risk. Despite many athletes meeting criteria for low EA and having elevated Triad risk assessment scores, most were able to maintain body mass and RMR. One athlete suffered severe performance decline and a reduced RMR. Surprisingly, she was the only athlete above the recommended value for ferritin. Following increased nutritional intake and reduced training volume, her performance and RMR recovered. Changes in body mass and body composition were not indicative of the presence of other concerns associated with RED-S. This exploratory work serves as a guide for future, larger studies for tracking athletes, using RMR and nutritional biomarkers to assess RED-S.

scholarly journals Indicators and correlates of low energy availability in male and female dancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000906
Author(s):  
Nicola Keay ◽  
AusDancers Overseas ◽  
Gavin Francis
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Dance Training ◽  
High Level ◽  
Low Energy Availability

ObjectivesTo investigate indicators and correlates of low energy availability (LEA) in male and female dancers.MethodsA Dance-Specific Energy Availability Questionnaire (DEAQ) was developed and administered online internationally to dancers training at preprofessional, professional or advanced amateur level. The DEAQ drew on current validated, published questionnaires for LEA, linked to the clinical outcomes of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Questions addressed recognised physiological indicators and consequences of LEA in the context of dance, together with potential correlates. LEA was quantified using a scoring system to include these characteristics.Results247 responses to the DEAQ were analysed (225 female and 22 male), mean age 20.7 years (SD 7.9) with 85% practising ballet. Psychological, physiological and physical characteristics consistent with LEA were reported by 57% of the female dancers and 29% of male dancers, indicating a risk of RED-S. The unique nature of dance training, in terms of demands and environment, was found to be potentially influential in development of this situation. Less than one-third (29%) of dancers were aware of RED-S.ConclusionThis study found dancers to be a specific group of high-level artistic performers displaying indicators of LEA and consequently at risk of developing the adverse clinical health and performance consequences of RED-S. Awareness of RED-S was low. The DEAQ has the potential to raise awareness and be a practical, objective screening tool to identify dancers in LEA, at risk of developing RED-S.

Nutritional Recommendations for Synchronized Swimming

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry Robertson ◽  
Dan Benardot ◽  
Margo Mountjoy
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Synchronized Swimming ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
The Aesthetic

The sport of synchronized swimming is unique, because it combines speed, power, and endurance with precise synchronized movements and high-risk acrobatic maneuvers. Athletes must train and compete while spending a great amount of time underwater, upside down, and without the luxury of easily available oxygen. This review assesses the scientific evidence with respect to the physiological demands, energy expenditure, and body composition in these athletes. The role of appropriate energy requirements and guidelines for carbohydrate, protein, fat, and micronutrients for elite synchronized swimmers are reviewed. Because of the aesthetic nature of the sport, which prioritizes leanness, the risks of energy and macronutrient deficiencies are of significant concern. Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and disordered eating/eating disorders are also of concern for these female athletes. An approach to the healthy management of body composition in synchronized swimming is outlined. Synchronized swimmers should be encouraged to consume a well-balanced diet with sufficient energy to meet demands and to time the intake of carbohydrate, protein, and fat to optimize performance and body composition. Micronutrients of concern for this female athlete population include iron, calcium, and vitamin D. This article reviews the physiological demands of synchronized swimming and makes nutritional recommendations for recovery, training, and competition to help optimize athletic performance and to reduce risks for weight-related medical issues that are of particular concern for elite synchronized swimmers.

scholarly journals Lower Leg Length is Associated with Running Economy in High Level Caucasian Distance Runners

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rauno Laumets ◽  
Karel Viigipuu ◽  
Kerli Mooses ◽  
Jarek Mäestu ◽  
Priit Purge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
High Level ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderate Relationship

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate lower limb anthropometric and composition variables related to running economy (RE) and running performance in a homogeneous group of high level European distance runners. RE at the speeds of 14, 16 and 18 km·h−1 (189 ± 12; 188 ± 11; 187 ± 11 O2 ml·kg−1·km−1) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (67.3 ± 2.9 ml·kg−1·min−1) of 13 high level distance runners were determined on a motorised treadmill. Anthropometric variables and body composition were measured. The BMI was related to RE at the speed of 14 (r2 = 0.434; p = 0.014), 16 (r2 = 0.436; p = 0.014) and 18 km·h−1 (r2 = 0.389; p = 0.023). Lower leg length was negatively related to RE at the speed of 16 and showed such a tendency at the speed of 14 and 18 km·h−1. VO2max indicated a moderate relationship with RE at the speeds of 14, 16 and 18 km·h−1 (r2 = 0.372, p = 0.030; r2 = 0.350, p = 0.033; r2 = 0.376, p = 0.026, respectively) which was confirmed by subsequent partial correlation analysis. While lower leg length and the BMI presented a relationship with RE, none of the calculated body composition and anthropometric proportions were related to RE or performance. The relationship between RE and VO2max would confirm the notion that RE could be at least partly compensated by VO2max to achieve high performance results.

EVALUATING THE INTENSITY OF THE 10-MINUTE SNATCH TEST DURING A HARDSTYLE KETTLEBELL POLISH CHAMPIONSHIP

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (79) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Jacek Polechoński ◽  
Rajmund Tomik ◽  
Michał Rozpara ◽  
Mirosław Jurczak ◽  
Michał Tobor
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Heavy Loads ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Aim. Over the last few years an increasing number of people have started training out with kettlebells (KBs) all over the world. Unfortunately, there is very little scientific data about the effect of training with KBs, and essentially no research has been done on the various kettlebell sports which are developing dynamically. The main aim of this paper was to analyse the intensity of physical effort during the 10 minute Snatch Test (10 min ST) at the HardStyle Kettlebell Polish Championship (HSKPC). Our research also included an analysis of the contestants’ body composition on the competition day. Basic procedures. Ten male contestants and five female contestants were examined. Physical effort intensity was measured using Polar Team2 Pro. Body composition was evaluated with the Tanita SC-330 immediately before the start of the competitions. The mean values of the analyzed parameters in the study contestants were compared with the best male and female contestants of the Championship. Results. The heart rate during intensive exertion for the 10 min ST was consistently at a high level (80-89% HRmax) or very high level (90-100% HRmax). Such a high HR was maintained for 98% of the exercise performance, and the mean relative energy expenditure were 14.4 METs among the women and 15.5 METs among the men. An analysis of body composition showed that participants of the HSKPC were characterized by an athletic build. Conclusions. Even though the contestants lift relatively heavy loads during the 10 min ST (men 24 or 28 kg, women 16 kg) the effort can be described as an endurance test. Considering all the competitions taking place during the HSKPC and the results of the participants it can be stated that these competitions are unusually demanding and require versatile physical fitness, as well as strength, endurance and coordination. Key words: kettlebell, snatch test, physical effort, Hardstyle

Exosomal miR-214-5p Released from Glioblastoma Cells Modulates Inflammatory Response of Microglia after Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation through Targeting CXCR5

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-kai Yang ◽  
Hong-jiang Liu ◽  
Yuanyu Wang ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Ji-peng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Direct Target ◽  
And Migration ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cxcr5 Expression ◽  
Proliferation And Migration

Background and Objective: Exosomes communicate inter-cellularly and miRNAs play critical roles in this scenario. MiR-214-5p was implicated in multiple tumors with diverse functions uncovered. However, whether miR-214-5p is mechanistically involved in glioblastoma, especially via exosomal pathway, is still elusive. Here we sought to comprehensively address the critical role of exosomal miR-214-5p in glioblastoma (GBM) microenvironment.Methods:The relative expression of miR-214-5p was determined by real-time PCR. Cell viability and migration were measured by MTT and transwell chamber assays, respectively. The secretory cytokines were measured with ELISA kits. The regulatory effect of miR-214-5p on CXCR5 expression was interrogated by luciferase reporter assay. Protein level was analyzed by Western blot.Results:We demonstrated that miR-214-5p was aberrantly overexpressed in GBM and associated with poorer clinical prognosis. High level of miR-214-5p significantly contributed to cell proliferation and migration. GBM-derived exosomal miR-214-5p promoted inflammatory response in primary microglia upon lipopolysaccharide challenge. We further identified CXCR5 as the direct target of miR-214- 5p in this setting.Conclusion:Overexpression of miR-214-5p in GBM modulated the inflammatory response in microglia via exosomal transfer.

scholarly journals Methionine Diet Evoked Hyperhomocysteinemia Causes Hippocampal Alterations, Metabolomics Plasma Changes and Behavioral Pattern in Wild Type Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4961
Author(s):  
Maria Kovalska ◽  
Eva Baranovicova ◽  
Dagmar Kalenska ◽  
Anna Tomascova ◽  
Marian Adamkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hippocampal Alterations ◽  
The Impact

L-methionine, an essential amino acid, plays a critical role in cell physiology. High intake and/or dysregulation in methionine (Met) metabolism results in accumulation of its intermediate(s) or breakdown products in plasma, including homocysteine (Hcy). High level of Hcy in plasma, hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy), is considered to be an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, stroke and dementias. To evoke a mild hHcy in adult male Wistar rats we used an enriched Met diet at a dose of 2 g/kg of animal weight/day in duration of 4 weeks. The study contributes to the exploration of the impact of Met enriched diet inducing mild hHcy on nervous tissue by detecting the histo-morphological, metabolomic and behavioural alterations. We found an altered plasma metabolomic profile, modified spatial and learning memory acquisition as well as remarkable histo-morphological changes such as a decrease in neurons’ vitality, alterations in the morphology of neurons in the selective vulnerable hippocampal CA 1 area of animals treated with Met enriched diet. Results of these approaches suggest that the mild hHcy alters plasma metabolome and behavioural and histo-morphological patterns in rats, likely due to the potential Met induced changes in “methylation index” of hippocampal brain area, which eventually aggravates the noxious effect of high methionine intake.

scholarly journals Enhanced Round-Robin Algorithm in the Cloud Computing Environment for Optimal Task Scheduling

Computers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Fahd Alhaidari ◽  
Taghreed Zayed Balharith
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Task Scheduling ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Round Robin ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Time Quantum ◽  
Dynamic Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Performance

Recently, there has been significant growth in the popularity of cloud computing systems. One of the main issues in building cloud computing systems is task scheduling. It plays a critical role in achieving high-level performance and outstanding throughput by having the greatest benefit from the resources. Therefore, enhancing task scheduling algorithms will enhance the QoS, thus leading to more sustainability of cloud computing systems. This paper introduces a novel technique called the dynamic round-robin heuristic algorithm (DRRHA) by utilizing the round-robin algorithm and tuning its time quantum in a dynamic manner based on the mean of the time quantum. Moreover, we applied the remaining burst time of the task as a factor to decide the continuity of executing the task during the current round. The experimental results obtained using the CloudSim Plus tool showed that the DRRHA significantly outperformed the competition in terms of the average waiting time, turnaround time, and response time compared with several studied algorithms, including IRRVQ, dynamic time slice round-robin, improved RR, and SRDQ algorithms.

scholarly journals Knochengesundheit und Hochleistungssport

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa-Maria Wallwiener ◽  
Barbara Kapfer ◽  
Vanadin Seifert-Klauss
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Medikamentöse Therapie ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Sich Eine ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Körperliche Betätigung

ZusammenfassungRegelmäßige körperliche Betätigung trägt zu einer gesunden Knochendichte bei, Leistungssportlerinnen in einigen Sportarten weisen jedoch eine erhöhte Prävalenz erniedrigter Knochendichte sowie vermehrt Stressfrakturen auf. Häufig liegt dem ein relatives Energiedefizit (RED), verbunden mit hoher mechanischer Belastung und intensivem Trainingsalltag, zugrunde. Das Vorliegen eines RED im Sport ist oft unterdiagnostiziert, daher hat sich eine systematische multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit unter Zuhilfenahme standardisierter Tests, z. B. des RED‑S CAT (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool) als hilfreich erwiesen. Therapieansätze zielen primär auf eine Behebung der negativen Energiebilanz der Patientin als auch auf psychotherapeutische Interventionen ab. Darüber hinaus kann in schweren Fällen eine medikamentöse Therapie zur Unterstützung sowohl einer ausgeglichenen hormonellen Situation als auch des Knochenstoffwechsels notwendig sein.

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