scholarly journals A relationship between attractiveness and performance in professional cyclists

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 20130966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Postma
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Male Population ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Homogeneous Sample ◽  
Tour De France ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Females often prefer to mate with high quality males, and one aspect of quality is physical performance. Although a preference for physically fitter males is therefore predicted, the relationship between attractiveness and performance has rarely been quantified. Here, I test for such a relationship in humans and ask whether variation in (endurance) performance is associated with variation in facial attractiveness within elite professional cyclists that finished the 2012 Tour de France. I show that riders that performed better were more attractive, and that this preference was strongest in women not using a hormonal contraceptive. Thereby, I show that, within this preselected but relatively homogeneous sample of the male population, facial attractiveness signals endurance performance. Provided that there is a relationship between performance-mediated attractiveness and reproductive success, this suggests that human endurance capacity has been subject to sexual selection in our evolutionary past.

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Leadership Characteristics and Motivation and Satisfaction in Health Institutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-68
Author(s):  
Zafer Adiguzel
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Leadership Characteristics ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Health Institutions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Taking Care

This article describes how due to the globalization activities, where competition is very intense and economic, technological and international environmental elements are also very active and uncertain. In the 21st century, the concept “management” stands out so that all institutions, including health institutions, can see their present and future locations, anticipate opportunities and threats, adapt to all the changes that have taken place, make their services more effective and sustain their success. Organizations need leaders who are open to teamwork, encouraging, creative, sociable, energetic, attaching importance to their subordinates' feelings, thoughts, needs and expectations, taking care to develop high quality relations with their subordinates and respecting their subordinates. Within the scope of the study, the understanding of leadership in health institutions and the importance of leadership are emphasized; the effects of leadership on the motivation, satisfaction and performance of the employees

Diet intake and endurance performance in Kenyan runners

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk L Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Diet Intake

AbstractTraining and competing at elite as well as sub-elite level requires an optimal functioning of the body. This review looks at the case of the Kenyan runners, who consume a relatively high-quality diet based on vegetable sources with maize and kidney beans as the staple foods. The diet is high in carbohydrate and total protein, but low to borderline in a few essential amino acids. The timing of diet intake – immediately after training sessions – is optimal for skeletal muscle glycogen resynthesis that is enhanced without the help of insulin up to 60 min after cessation of exercise. Whether the total energy intake of the Kenyan runners is adequate is debatable. However, chronic undernutrition is not possible for athletes who engage in daily high-quality and -quantity physical exercise throughout most of the year. It is suggested that Kenyan runners participate in well-controlled, laboratory studies to investigate the quality of local foods and performance, as well as possible physiological adaptation mechanisms among athletes with a high habitual energy turnover.

Effect of Goal Proximity and Goal Specificity on Muscular Endurance Performance: A Replication and Extension

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gershon Tenenbaum ◽  
Saadia Pinchas ◽  
Gabi Elbaz ◽  
Michael Bar-Eli ◽  
Robert Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
School Students ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present investigation was to extend the literature on the relationship between goal specificity, goal proximity, and performance by using high school students and attempting to control for the effects of social comparison. Subjects (N=214) in Experiment 1 were randomly assigned to one of five goal-setting conditions: (a) short-term goals, (b) long-term goals, (c) short- plus long-term goals,(d) do-your-best goals, and (e) no goals. After a 3-week baseline period, subjects were tested once a week on the 3-minute sit-up over the course of the 10-week experimental period. Results indicated that the short- plus long-term group exhibited the greatest increase in performance although the short-term and long-term groups also displayed significant improvements. In Experiment 2, a short- plus long-term group was compared against a do-your-best group. Results again revealed a significant improvement in performance for the combination-goal group whereas the do-your-best group did not display any improvement.

Effects of Goal Specificity, Goal Difficulty, and Information Feedback on Endurance Performance

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard K. Hall ◽  
Mobert S. Weinberg ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Information Feedback ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Activity Setting ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present investigation was twofold: first, to examine the relationship between goal difficulty, goal specificity, and endurance performance in a physical activity setting, and second, to determine the relationship between different types of information feedback, goals, and performance. Subjects (N = 94) performed on a hand dynamometer endurance task, being asked to hold a one-third maximum contraction for as long as possible. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following goal-setting conditions: (a) Do your best, (b) improve by 40 s, or (c) improve by 70 s. They were provided with either concurrent or terminal feedback in a 2 x 3 x 2 (feedback x goals x trials) design. Performance results indicated a significant goals-by-trials interaction with the 40- and 70-s goal groups exhibiting significantly more improvement than the "do your best" group. No significant performance differences were found between the two feedback groups. However, significant differences in the performance-associated cognitions of the feedback groups indicated a preference for concurrent feedback as an adjunct to goals. Results are discussed in terms of Locke's goal-setting theory as well as some recent field research investigating the goal-setting performance relationship in physical education settings.

Interactions among Dietary Fat, Mineral Status, and Performance of Endurance Athletes: A Case Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry C. Lukaski ◽  
William W. Bolonchuk ◽  
Leslie M. Klevay ◽  
David B. Milne ◽  
Harold H. Sandstead
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fat ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Peak Aerobic Capacity ◽  
And Performance

In a pilot study, performance measures and mineral metabolism were assessed in 3 male endurance cyclists who consumed isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets for 28-day periods in a randomized, crossover design in which dietary carbohydrate, polyunsaturated, or saturated fat contributed about 50% of daily energy intake. Peak aerobic capacity [62 ml/(kg · min)] was unaffected by diet. Endurance capacity at 70–75% peak aerobic capacity decreased with the polyunsaturated fat diet. Copper retention tended to be positive only with saturated fat. Less iron and zinc were retained (intake – losses), and fecal losses of these minerals increased with the polyunsaturated fat. Blood biochemical measures of trace element nutritional status were unaffected by diet, except serum ferritin, which tended to decrease during consumption of the polyunsaturated fat diet. These preliminary results suggest that diets high in polyunsaturated fat, particularly linoleic acid, impair absorption and utilization of iron and zinc, and possibly magnesium, and may reduce endurance performance.

Scale Model on Performance Prediction in Recreational and Elite Endurance Runners

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus P. Tartaruga ◽  
Carlos B. Mota ◽  
Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga ◽  
Jeanick Brisswalter
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Performance Prediction ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose:To identify the effect of allometric scaling on the relationship between running efficiency (REff) and middle-distancerunning performance according to performance level.Methods:Thirteen male recreational middle-distance runners (mean ± SD age 33.3 ± 8.4 y, body mass 76.4 ± 8.6 kg, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 52.8 ± 4.6 mL · kg−1 · min−1; G1) and 13 male high-level middle-distance runners (age 25.5 ± 4.2 y, body mass 62.8 ± 2.7 kg, VO2max 70.4 ± 1.9 mL · kg−1 · min−1; G2) performed a continuous incremental test to volitional exhaustion to determine VO2max and a 6-min submaximal running test at 70% of VO2max to assess REff.Results:Significant correlation between REff and performance were found for both groups; however, the strongest correlations were observed in recreational runners, especially when using the allometric exponent (respectively for G1, nonallometric vs allometric scaling: r = .80 vs r = .86; and for G2, nonallometric vs allometric scaling: r = .55 vs r = .50).Conclusion:These results indicate that an allometric normalization may improve endurance-performance prediction from REff values in recreational, but not in elite, runners.

Neue leistungsdiagnostische Erkenntnisse im Skilanglauf des Breitensportbereichs

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Leisure Sports ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

We suggest that leisure cross country skiers can also profit from a serious endurance capacity diagnostic. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable and valid protocol in order to make serious recommendation for training schedule of athleths. In order to analyze the relationship between endurance performance and the technic specific capabilities of cross country skiing aiming to allow valid recommendations participants had to absolve two test protocols. The first test consisted of detecting running pace on a treadmill at a 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentration. Second, participants had to absolve a Coopertest in skating technique on flat ground allowing to measure maximum distance absolved during 12 minutes and maximum heart rate. Between the absolved distance on the Coopertest and the pace at 4mmol/l blood lactate a correlative relationship of 0,43 was identified (R2 = 0,43). These analyses allow that participants can position themselves in the sample concerning their technical capabilities. On the other side our analyses let us suggest, that technical capabilities also in leisure sports play an important role, which are best continousely and constantely trained.

Compensatory Coping Through the Extension of Working Hours

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maie Stein ◽  
Sylvie Vincent-Höper ◽  
Nicole Deci ◽  
Sabine Gregersen ◽  
Albert Nienhaus
Keyword(s):  
Job Demands ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Workplace Health ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Advance Knowledge

Abstract. To advance knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between leadership and employees’ well-being, this study examines leaders’ effects on their employees’ compensatory coping efforts. Using an extension of the job demands–resources model, we propose that high-quality leader–member exchange (LMX) allows employees to cope with high job demands without increasing their effort expenditure through the extension of working hours. Data analyses ( N = 356) revealed that LMX buffers the effect of quantitative demands on the extension of working hours such that the indirect effect of quantitative demands on emotional exhaustion is only significant at low and average levels of LMX. This study indicates that integrating leadership with employees’ coping efforts into a unifying model contributes to understanding how leadership is related to employees’ well-being. The notion that leaders can affect their employees’ use of compensatory coping efforts that detract from well-being offers promising approaches to the promotion of workplace health.

The Influence of Cognitive and Affective Reactions to Feedback on Subsequent Goals

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Ilies ◽  
Timothy A. Judge ◽  
David T. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Business School ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dispositional Measure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reactions To Feedback

This paper focuses on explaining how individuals set goals on multiple performance episodes, in the context of performance feedback comparing their performance on each episode with their respective goal. The proposed model was tested through a longitudinal study of 493 university students’ actual goals and performance on business school exams. Results of a structural equation model supported the proposed conceptual model in which self-efficacy and emotional reactions to feedback mediate the relationship between feedback and subsequent goals. In addition, as expected, participants’ standing on a dispositional measure of behavioral inhibition influenced the strength of their emotional reactions to negative feedback.

Cognitive Factors Mediate the Relation Between Age and Flight Path Maintenance in General Aviation

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Van Benthem ◽  
Chris M. Herdman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Pilot Error ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Identifying pilot attributes associated with risk is important, especially in general aviation where pilot error is implicated in most accidents. This research examined the relationship of pilot age, expertise, and cognitive functioning to deviations from an ideal circuit trajectory. In all, 54 pilots, of varying age, flew a Cessna 172 simulator. Cognitive measures were obtained using the CogScreen-AE ( Kay, 1995 ). Older age and lower levels of expertise and cognitive functioning were associated with significantly greater flight path deviations. The relationship between age and performance was fully mediated by a cluster of cognitive factors: speed and working memory, visual attention, and cognitive flexibility. These findings add to the literature showing that age-related changes in cognition may impact pilot performance.

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