scholarly journals A neurodevelopmental origin of behavioral individuality in the Drosophila visual system

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (6482) ◽  
pp. 1112-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerit Arne Linneweber ◽  
Maheva Andriatsilavo ◽  
Suchetana Bias Dutta ◽  
Mercedes Bengochea ◽  
Liz Hellbruegge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Stochastic Variation ◽  
Behavioral Variation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The genome versus experience dichotomy has dominated understanding of behavioral individuality. By contrast, the role of nonheritable noise during brain development in behavioral variation is understudied. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we demonstrate a link between stochastic variation in brain wiring and behavioral individuality. A visual system circuit called the dorsal cluster neurons (DCN) shows nonheritable, interindividual variation in right/left wiring asymmetry and controls object orientation in freely walking flies. We show that DCN wiring asymmetry instructs an individual’s object responses: The greater the asymmetry, the better the individual orients toward a visual object. Silencing DCNs abolishes correlations between anatomy and behavior, whereas inducing DCN asymmetry suffices to improve object responses.

scholarly journals The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Restoring Green Concepts: Qataris Response to Social Media Campaigns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Media ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Media Technology ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
And Behavior

This research focuses on consumer behavior in Qatar and the individual social responsibility in support of environment. The research also describes the role of social media and CSR in promoting awareness campaigns and how effective they are in changing conceptions and behavior. This is measured by focusing on standards, emotions and actions of individuals and how they are affected by CSR campaigns launched by corporations and public sectors.The study measures the uses and impact of new media technology such as mobile applications and social media in achieving the environment pillar of Qatar vision 2030 in addition to designing effective CSR campaign. The Trans theoretical Model of behavior change, by Prochaska and DiClemente (1983) will be examined through a quantitative analysis on social media users.

Brain-Thyroid Relationships, Ciba Foundation Study Group No. 18

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-391
Author(s):  
JOHN F. CRIGLER
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Temperature Responsive ◽  
And Behavior

This "compact" report of a Ciba Study Group presents current information on (1) physiological mechanism of thyroid regulation by the hypothalamus and pituitary, including a discussion of the role of hypothalamic temperature responsive centers on thyroid activity; (2) the role of thyroid hormones in brain development; and (3) the effect of congenital hypothyroidism and of hyperthyroidism on neurological function with respect to intellect and behavior. The neurophysiological papers by Harris, Reichlin, and Anderson, dealing with our present knowledge of the source and nature of "thyrotropic-releasing factor" (TRF), and of the interrelation between the neutral and hormonal (thyroxine and the sympathomimetics) thermoregulatory factors involved in maintenance of thermal homeostasis, are factual, interesting and provocative.

Attitudes and Behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Haddock ◽  
Sapphira Thorne ◽  
Lukas Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Primary Reason ◽  
Controlled Processes ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Attitude Behavior ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Attitudes refer to overall evaluations of people, groups, ideas, and other objects, reflecting whether individuals like or dislike them. Attitudes have been found to be good predictors of behavior, with generally medium-sized effects. The role of attitudes in guiding behavior may be the primary reason why people’s social lives often revolve around expressing and discussing their attitudes, and why social psychology researchers have spent decades examining attitudes. Two central questions in the study of attitudes concern when and how attitudes predict behavior. The “when” question has been addressed over decades of research that has identified circumstances under which attitudes are more or less likely to predict behavior. That is, attitudes are stronger predictors of behaviors when both constructs are assessed in a corresponding or matching way, when attitudes are stronger, and among certain individuals and in certain situations and domains. The “how” question concerns influential models in the attitudes literature that provide a better understanding of the processes through which attitudes are linked with behaviors. For instance, these models indicate that other constructs need to be taken into account in understanding the attitude-behavior link, including intentions to perform a behavior, whether individuals perceive themselves to be in control of their behavior, and what they believe others around them think the individual should do (i.e., norms). The models also describe whether attitudes relate to behavior through relatively deliberative and controlled processes or relatively automatic and spontaneous processes. Overall, the long history of research on attitude-behavior links has provided a clearer prediction of when attitudes are linked with behaviors and a better understanding of the processes underlying this link.

scholarly journals Developmental programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet: focus on inflammatory mechanisms

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fetal Brain Development ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
And Behavior

Obesity is now epidemic worldwide. Beyond associated diseases such as diabetes, obesity is linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Alarmingly maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption during gestation/lactation may "program" offspring longterm for increased obesity themselves, along with increased vulnerability to mood disorders. We review the evidence that programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet is propagated by inflammatory mechanisms, as obesity and high-fat diets are independently associated with exaggerated systemic levels of inflammatory mediators. Due to the recognized dual role of these immune molecules (eg, interleukin [IL]-6, 11-1β) in placental function and brain development, any disruption of their delicate balance with growth factors or neurotransmitters (eg, serotonin) by inflammation early in life can permanently alter the trajectory of fetal brain development. Finally, epigenetic regulation of inflammatory pathways is a likely candidate for persistent changes in metabolic and brain function as a consequence of the perinatal environment.

scholarly journals Transcription in X-chromosomal segmental aneuploids of Drosophila melanogaster and regulation of dosage compensation

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayashree Prasad ◽  
Ashish K. Duttagupta ◽  
A. S. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Nuclear Variation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Per Gene

SUMMARYTranscription of X chromosomal DNA has been examined autoradio-graphically in various 1X2A and 2X2A normal larvae and 1X2A (+ X fr) and 2X2A (+ X fr) segmental aneuploid larvae of species Drosophila melanogaster. The segmental aneuploids contained duplications for the segment 9A–11A and 15D–ISA of the X chromosome. Results show that in the aneuploid male containing 9A–11A duplicaton both the homologous segments involved in the aneuploidy are autonomously hyperactive; their combined activity, measured by X/A grain ratio, is found to be nearly 70% more than the activity in normal male and about 100% more than that in diplo-X female. In the aneuploid female, containing the aneuploid segment 15D–18A and having three doses of the segment of the X chromosome, the activity was over 100% more than the diplo-X activity. The per gene dose activity for the two segments in the aneuploid male and female, respectively, is also significantly higher than their male and female counterparts. The possible role of lack of contiguity of the genetic segments and an intra-nuclear variation has been ruled out by appropriate analysis. We, therefore, interpret these findings to be due to an autonomous expression of the X linked compensatory genes, resulting from a primary modulation in the organization of the entire X chromosome. The autosomal signal then renders the individual genetic locus hyperactive.

scholarly journals Wiring Up Vision: Minimizing Supervised Synaptic Updates Needed to Produce a Primate Ventral Stream

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Geiger ◽  
Martin Schrimpf ◽  
Tiago Marques ◽  
James J. DiCarlo
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Ventral Stream ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Visual Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Ventral Visual Stream ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAfter training on large datasets, certain deep neural networks are surprisingly good models of the neural mechanisms of adult primate visual object recognition. Nevertheless, these models are poor models of the development of the visual system because they posit millions of sequential, precisely coordinated synaptic updates, each based on a labeled image. While ongoing research is pursuing the use of unsupervised proxies for labels, we here explore a complementary strategy of reducing the required number of supervised synaptic updates to produce an adult-like ventral visual stream (as judged by the match to V1, V2, V4, IT, and behavior). Such models might require less precise machinery and energy expenditure to coordinate these updates and would thus move us closer to viable neuroscientific hypotheses about how the visual system wires itself up. Relative to the current leading model of the adult ventral stream, we here demonstrate that the total number of supervised weight updates can be substantially reduced using three complementary strategies: First, we find that only 2% of supervised updates (epochs and images) are needed to achieve ~80% of the match to adult ventral stream. Second, by improving the random distribution of synaptic connectivity, we find that 54% of the brain match can already be achieved “at birth” (i.e. no training at all). Third, we find that, by training only ~5% of model synapses, we can still achieve nearly 80% of the match to the ventral stream. When these three strategies are applied in combination, we find that these new models achieve ~80% of a fully trained model’s match to the brain, while using two orders of magnitude fewer supervised synaptic updates. These results reflect first steps in modeling not just primate adult visual processing during inference, but also how the ventral visual stream might be “wired up” by evolution (a model’s “birth” state) and by developmental learning (a model’s updates based on visual experience).

scholarly journals Attitudinal Ambivalence

Psychology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Cavazza ◽  
Vincent Pillaud ◽  
Fabrizio Butera
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Attitudinal Ambivalence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Research on attitudinal ambivalence started in the early 1970s, forty years after the first wave of research on attitudes. Ambivalent attitudes consist of both positive and negative evaluations of the same object. Early approaches proposed different measurement methods, and ambivalence can now be measured either directly (referred to as “felt ambivalence”) or indirectly (referred to as “potential ambivalence”). Because of its duality, ambivalence has been studied in comparison with univalent attitudes—which consist of either positive or negative evaluations of an object—to uncover their specific features, antecedents, and consequences. Relevant research has focused on identifying the prevalence of ambivalent attitudes, and on whether they could stem from particular personality traits or situations. Researchers have found that ambivalent attitudes seem to be widespread and can be held for a long period of time. Their relationship with behaviors has also been widely studied. At the individual level, ambivalence increases response latency when a choice has to be made, extends information processing, can affect attitude stability, and can even lead to discomfort. At the behavioral level, studies have highlighted the moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence on the relationship between attitudes and behavior. A different field of research focuses on its strength to question whether ambivalence leads to more resistance or susceptibility to persuasion and influence. It appears that ambivalent attitudes are pliable and, depending on the context, can either help individuals to be more adaptive or prevent them from arriving at a satisfying conclusion. The role of ambivalent attitudes in interpersonal relationships and self-presentation also highlight some benefits in holding an ambivalent attitude. This article opens by reviewing general overviews to provide a detailed picture of the current state of research. It then presents early approaches to attitudinal ambivalence, and reviews studies that highlight the moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence on the relationship between attitudes and behavior, as well as studies that question whether ambivalence might lead to more resistance or susceptibility to persuasion and influence. The article then focuses on the impact of ambivalence at the individual level. Antecedents of attitudinal ambivalence will be reviewed, as well as its consequences on the individual. The article concludes by presenting research questioning its functions as well as some applied work.

Peran Konselor dan Treatment dalam Menangani Perilaku Biseksual Remaja di Sekolah

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima Pratiwi Fadli ◽  
Ifdil Ifdil ◽  
Alfina Sari
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavior Therapy ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
National Education ◽  
Bisexual Behavior ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The success of educators in shaping the young generation of the nation requires the role of various educational practitioners, one of them is the counselor. Counselors in the national education system is one of the educators whose profession aims to develop the potential of self and mengandiri konselinya so that the realization of effective daily life. The role of the counselor as an educator implicitly has a big part in dealing with various phenomena that occur in the school environment related to the behavior and psychological condition of students. The idea behind this study is a very worrying phenomenon that the existence of bisexual behavior among adolescents in school. Indications of bisexual teens are psychologically diagnosed as having cognitive impairment and behavior. Based on the literature review of bisexual behavior can be treated using cognitive behavior therapy treatment. Cognitive behavior therapy is one of the psychological interventions to help the individual modify his mood and behavior by changing his self-destructive thoughts. The role of counselors with the use of this treatment is very important in addressing the bisexual behavior of adolescents found in schools today

scholarly journals Meeting Cyber Age Needs for Governance in a Changing Global Order

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5557
Author(s):  
Oran R. Young ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
Dan Guttman
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Digital Systems ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Conventional Material ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The advent of the cyber age has created a world in which digital systems, operating on their own and interacting with more conventional material or physical systems, have become an increasingly prominent feature of the landscape of human affairs. This development, affecting every aspect of human life, has generated a class of increasingly critical needs for governance that are difficult to address effectively within the confines of the current global order in which sovereign states compete to maximize their influence in the absence of any overarching public authority. These needs include concerns associated with the management of powerful digital technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence, robotics, machine learning, blockchain technology, the internet of things, and big data) as well as problems relating to the use of these technologies by many actors to exercise influence from the level of the individual (e.g., identity theft) to the level of international society (e.g., foreign interventions in national electoral systems). The challenge of meeting these needs prompts an analysis of processes leading to change in the prevailing global order, energized at least in part by the growing role of the digital systems of the cyber age. Our analysis includes both Western perspectives highlighting changes in the identity and behavior of key actors and Chinese perspectives emphasizing the spread of social narratives embedded in the concepts of tianxia and gongsheng. While it is premature to make explicit predictions, we conclude with some observations about the most important trends to watch regarding efforts to meet cyber age needs for governance, and we note the connections between these developments and the overarching challenge of fulfilling the suite of goals commonly associated with the idea of sustainable development.

scholarly journals Mosaic analysis gives an estimate of the extent of genomic involvement in the development of the visual system in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 883-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
H M Thaker ◽  
D R Kankel
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Mitotic Recombination ◽  
Neural Connectivity ◽  
Mosaic Analysis ◽  
Homozygous Mutant ◽  
High Degree

Abstract To investigate the role of vital loci in the development of the visual system of Drosophila, we induced mitotic recombination in individuals heterozygous for recessive organismal lethals and selected for analysis the resulting mosaics with homozygous mutant eye clones. Heads bearing clones were serially sectioned, silver-stained and examined for aberrations in the ommatidia and the neural structures to which they project. In our screen of 68 lines bearing diepoxybutane-induced X-linked lethals, 26 yielded few or no homozygous mutant clones (putative cell-lethals). Of the rest, 20 lines produced individuals with morphologically abnormal eye clones showing various degrees of aberrations in the ommatidial architecture. In 14 of these 20, the laminar cartridges innervated by the mutant clones were also disorganized. Clones with normal structure were found in 18 of the lines, and three lines were resistant to the induction of mitotic recombination. In a single line, comparatively normal clones in the eye projected to a lamina with subtle but consistent abnormalities. To the extent that we have a representative sample, these results suggest that about two-thirds of all vital genes may be essential for the normal assembly and neural connectivity of the eye. This points to a high degree of pleiotropy in the manner in which information in the genome of the fly is used in development.

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