Select streptococci can degrade Candida mannan to facilitate growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fultz ◽  
Taylor Ticer ◽  
Janiece Glover ◽  
Leah Stripe ◽  
Melinda A. Engevik
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolases ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Synergistic Relationship

Background: Multiple studies have found that streptococci have a synergistic relationship with Candida species, but the details of these interactions are still being discovered. Candida species are covered by mannan, a polymer of mannose, which could serve as a carbon source for certain microbes. We hypothesized that streptococci that possess mannan-degrading glycosyl hydrolases would also be able to enzymatically cleave mannose residues, which could serve as a primary carbohydrate source to support growth. Methods & Results: We analyzed 90 streptococci genomes to predict the capability of streptococci to transport and utilize mannose and to degrade diverse mannose-linkages found on mannan. The genome analysis revealed mannose transporters and downstream pathways in most streptococci, but only <50% of streptococci harbored the glycosyl hydrolases required for mannan degradation. To confirm the ability of streptococci to use mannose or mannan, we grew 6 representative streptococci in a chemically defined media lacking glucose supplemented with mannose, yeast extract or purified mannan isolated from Candida and Saccharomyces strains. Although all tested Streptococcus strains could use mannose, S. salivarius and S. agalactiae , which did not possess mannan-degrading glycosyl hydrolases, could not use yeast extract or mannan to enhance their growth. In contrast, we found that S. mitis , S. parasanguinis, S. sanguinis , and S. pyogenes possessed the necessary glycosyl hydrolases to use yeast extract and isolated mannan, which promoted robust growth. Conclusions : Our data indicate that several streptococci are capable of degrading fungal mannans and harvesting mannose for energy. Importance: This work highlights a previously undescribed aspect of streptococcal- Candida interactions. Our work identifies that certain streptococci possess the enzymes required to degrade mannan and through this mechanism, they can release mannose residues from the cell wall of fungal species and use them as a nutrient source. We speculate that streptococci that can degrade fungal mannan may have a competitive advantage for colonization. This finding has broad implications for human health as streptococci and Candida are found at multiple body sites.

scholarly journals Conserved Processes and Lineage-Specific Proteins in Fungal Cell Wall Evolution

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 2269-2277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan E. Coronado ◽  
Saad Mneimneh ◽  
Susan L. Epstein ◽  
Wei-Gang Qiu ◽  
Peter N. Lipke
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Phosphatidyl Inositol ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolases ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Structural Wall ◽  
Lineage Specificity

ABSTRACT The cell wall is a defining organelle that differentiates fungi from its sister clades in the opisthokont superkingdom. With a sensitive technique to align low-complexity protein sequences, we have identified 187 cell wall-related proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and determined the presence or absence of homologs in 17 other fungal genomes. There were both conserved and lineage-specific cell wall proteins, and the degree of conservation was strongly correlated with protein function. Some functional classes were poorly conserved and lineage specific: adhesins, structural wall glycoprotein components, and unannotated open reading frames. These proteins are primarily those that are constituents of the walls themselves. On the other hand, glycosyl hydrolases and transferases, proteases, lipases, proteins in the glycosyl phosphatidyl-inositol-protein synthesis pathway, and chaperones were strongly conserved. Many of these proteins are also conserved in other eukaryotes and are associated with wall synthesis in plants. This gene conservation, along with known similarities in wall architecture, implies that the basic architecture of fungal walls is ancestral to the divergence of the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. The contrasting lineage specificity of wall resident proteins implies diversification. Therefore, fungal cell walls consist of rapidly diversifying proteins that are assembled by the products of an ancestral and conserved set of genes.

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI PRODUKSI ENZIM KITINASE PADA ISOLAT JAMUR KITINOLITIK DARI SAMPEL TANAH RIZOSFER

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Eka Corneliyawati ◽  
Massora Massora ◽  
Khikmah Khikmah ◽  
As’ad Syamsul Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Chitinase Production

The rhizosphere is the zone of soil surrounding a plant root where plant roots, soil and the soil biota interact with each other. Chitinolytic fungi has been effectively used in biological control agens. The chitinase activity causes lysis of the fungi cell wall pathogen. The aim of the research was to find optimization of activity chitinase enzyme from rhizosphere soil was conducted in vitro. Optimal growth chitinase production for TKR3 fungi isolate were concentration of chitin 0,2% (b/v), pH 5,5, temperature 30ºC, agitation 150 rpm and incubation time at four days. The optimum yield of chitinase production is influenced by fungal species and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Heterologous Production of 6-Deoxyerythronolide B in Escherichia coli through the Wood Werkman Cycle

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
R. Axayacatl Gonzalez-Garcia ◽  
Lars K. Nielsen ◽  
Esteban Marcellin
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Heterologous Production ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Extender Unit

Polyketides are a remarkable class of natural products with diverse functional and structural diversity. The class includes many medicinally important molecules with antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer properties. Native bacterial, fungal and plant hosts are often difficult to cultivate and coax into producing the desired product. As a result, Escherichia coli has been used for the heterologous production of polyketides, with the production of 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-dEB) being the first example. Current strategies for production in E. coli require feeding of exogenous propionate as a source for the precursors propionyl-CoA and S-methylmalonyl-CoA. Here, we show that heterologous polyketide production is possible from glucose as the sole carbon source. The heterologous expression of eight genes from the Wood-Werkman cycle found in Propionibacteria, in combination with expression of the 6-dEB synthases DEBS1, DEBS2 and DEBS3 resulted in 6-dEB formation from glucose as the sole carbon source. Our results show that the Wood-Werkman cycle provides the required propionyl-CoA and the extender unit S-methylmalonyl-CoA to produce up to 0.81 mg/L of 6-dEB in a chemically defined media.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Able To Accumulate and Utilize Cholesterol

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (21) ◽  
pp. 6584-6591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Brzostek ◽  
Jakub Pawelczyk ◽  
Anna Rumijowska-Galewicz ◽  
Bozena Dziadek ◽  
Jaroslaw Dziadek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Cholesterol Accumulation ◽  
Targeted Disruption ◽  
Future Studies

ABSTRACT It is expected that the obligatory human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis must adapt metabolically to the various nutrients available during its cycle of infection, persistence, and reactivation. Cholesterol, which is an important part of the mammalian cytoplasmic membrane, is a potential energy source. Here, we show that M. tuberculosis grown in medium containing a carbon source other than cholesterol is able to accumulate cholesterol in the free-lipid zone of its cell wall. This cholesterol accumulation decreases the permeability of the cell wall for the primary antituberculosis drug, rifampin, and partially masks the mycobacterial surface antigens. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis was able to grow on mineral medium supplemented with cholesterol as the sole carbon source. Targeted disruption of the Rv3537 (kstD) gene inhibited growth due to inactivation of the cholesterol degradation pathway, as evidenced by accumulation of the intermediate, 9-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione. Our findings that M. tuberculosis is able to accumulate cholesterol in the presence of alternative nutrients and use it when cholesterol is the sole carbon source in vitro may facilitate future studies into the pathophysiology of this important deadly pathogen.

Citrus Residues Isolates Improve Astaxanthin Production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wu ◽  
Mingbo Lu ◽  
Longjiang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Xanthophyllomyces Dendrorhous ◽  
Citrus Juice ◽  
Astaxanthin Production ◽  
Mutant Strains

The wild strain and two astaxanthin-overproducing mutant strains, W618 and GNG274, of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous were analyzed in order to assess their ability to grow and synthesize astaxanthin in a minimal medium containing (per liter): 2 g KH2PO4, 0.5 g MgSO4, 2 g KNO3, and 1 g yeast extract, and supplemented with citrus residues isolates as a carbon source (citrus medium). The selected strain W618 was evaluated under various contents of citrus juice. At the content of 20% (v/v), the highest astaxanthin production reached 22.63 mg L-1, which was two-fold more than that observed in yeast malt medium. Addition of 8% (v/v) n-hexadecane to the citrus medium was found to be optimal, increasing the astaxanthin yield by 21.7%.

scholarly journals Thermogymnomonas acidicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermoacidophilic, cell wall-less archaeon in the order Thermoplasmatales, isolated from a solfataric soil in Hakone, Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2557-2561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Itoh ◽  
Naoto Yoshikawa ◽  
Tomonori Takashina
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis ◽  
Total Dna

A novel thermoacidophilic, cell wall-less archaeon, strain IC-189T, was isolated from a solfataric field in Ohwaku-dani, Hakone, Japan. The cells were irregular cocci, sometimes lobed, club-shaped or catenated, and were highly variable in size, ranging from 0.8 to 8.0 μm in diameter. The strain grew at temperatures in the range 38–68 °C (optimally at 60 °C) and at pH 1.8–4.0 (optimally at around pH 3.0). Strain IC-189T was obligately aerobic and heterotrophic, requiring yeast extract for growth. Yeast extract, glucose and mannose served as carbon and energy sources. The polar lipids consisted mainly of cyclic or acyclic glycerol-bisdiphytanyl-glycerol tetraethers, and the predominant quinone was a menaquinone with seven isoprenoid units (MK-7). The G+C content of total DNA was 56.1 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain IC-189T was a member of the order Thermoplasmatales, but diverged from the hitherto known species of the genera Thermoplasma, Picrophilus and Ferroplasma (86.2–91.0 % sequence similarity). These phenotypic and phylogenetic properties clearly support a separate taxonomic status for this strain. Therefore, strain IC-189T represents a novel genus (order Thermoplasmatales) and species, for which the name Thermogymnomonas acidicola gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain IC-189T (=JCM 13583T=DSM 18835T).

scholarly journals Posttranslational Modifications Required for Cell Surface Localization and Function of the Fungal Adhesin Aga1p

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1099-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohong Huang ◽  
Mingliang Zhang ◽  
Scott E. Erdman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Functional Requirements

ABSTRACT Adherence of fungal cells to host substrates and each other affects their access to nutrients, sexual conjugation, and survival in hosts. Adhesins are cell surface proteins that mediate these different cell adhesion interactions. In this study, we examine the in vivo functional requirements for specific posttranslational modifications to these proteins, including glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor addition and O-linked glycosylation. The processing of some fungal GPI anchors, creating links to cell wall β-1,6 glucans, is postulated to facilitate postsecretory traffic of proteins to cell wall domains conducive to their functions. By studying the yeast sexual adhesin subunit Aga1p, we found that deletion of its signal sequence for GPI addition eliminated its activity, while deletions of different internal domains had various effects on function. Substitution of the Aga1p GPI signal domain with those of other GPI-anchored proteins, a single transmembrane domain, or a cysteine capable of forming a disulfide all produced functional adhesins. A portion of the cellular pool of Aga1p was determined to be cell wall resident. Aga1p and the α-agglutinin Agα1p were shown to be under glycosylated in cells lacking the protein mannosyltransferase genes PMT1 and PMT2, with phenotypes manifested only in MATα cells for single mutants but in both cell types when both genes are absent. We conclude that posttranslational modifications to Aga1p are necessary for its biogenesis and activity. Our studies also suggest that in addition to GPI-glucan linkages, other cell surface anchorage mechanisms, such as transmembrane domains or disulfides, may be employed by fungal species to localize adhesins.

scholarly journals Carbon Source-Induced Modifications in the Mycolic Acid Content and Cell Wall Permeability of Rhodococcus erythropolis E1

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 7019-7027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Sokolovská ◽  
Raoul Rozenberg ◽  
Christophe Riez ◽  
Paul G. Rouxhet ◽  
Spiros N. Agathos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Rhodococcus Erythropolis ◽  
Mycolic Acid ◽  
Mycolic Acids ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Linear Alkanes ◽  
Wall Permeability ◽  
Cell Wall Permeability

ABSTRACT The influence of the carbon source on cell wall properties was analyzed in an efficient alkane-degrading strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis (strain E1), with particular focus on the mycolic acid content. A clear correlation was observed between the carbon source and the mycolic acid profiles as estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Two types of mycolic acid patterns were observed after growth either on saturated linear alkanes or on short-chain alkanoates. One type of pattern was characterized by the lack of odd-numbered carbon chains and resulted from growth on linear alkanes with even numbers of carbon atoms. The second type of pattern was characterized by mycolic acids with both even- and odd-numbered carbon chains and resulted from growth on compounds with odd-numbered carbon chains, on branched alkanes, or on mixtures of different compounds. Cellular short-chain fatty acids were twice as abundant during growth on a branched alkane (pristane) as during growth on acetate, while equal amounts of mycolic acids were found under both conditions. More hydrocarbon-like compounds and less polysaccharide were exposed at the cell wall surface during growth on alkanes. Whatever the substrate, the cells had the same affinity for aqueous-nonaqueous solvent interfaces. By contrast, bacteria displayed completely opposite susceptibilities to hydrophilic and hydrophobic antibiotics and were found to be strongly stained by hydrophobic dyes after growth on pristane but not after growth on acetate. Taken together, these data show that the cell wall composition of R. erythropolis E1 is influenced by the nutritional regimen and that the most marked effect is a radical change in cell wall permeability.

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