scholarly journals Effective Antibiotic Resistance Mitigation during Cheese Fermentation

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (20) ◽  
pp. 7171-7175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinhui Li ◽  
Yingli Li ◽  
Valente Alvarez ◽  
Willis James Harper ◽  
Hua H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Potential Source

ABSTRACTControlling antibiotic-resistant (ART) bacteria in cheese fermentation is important for food safety and public health. A plant-maintained culture was found to be a potential source for ART bacterial contamination in cheese fermentation. Antibiotics had a detectable effect on the ART population from contamination in the finished product. The decrease in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance (AR) in retail cheese samples from 2010 compared to data from 2006 suggested the effectiveness of targeted AR mitigation in related products.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 984-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abdus Sobur ◽  
Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj ◽  
Ripon Sarker ◽  
A. M. M. Taufiqur Rahman ◽  
S. M. Lutful Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
One Health ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli

Aim: The present study was carried out to determine load of total bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in dairy farm and its environmental components. In addition, the antibiogram profile of the isolated bacteria having public health impact was also determined along with identification of virulence and resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) under a one-health approach. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples of six types (cow dung - 15, milk - 10, milkers' hand wash - 10, soil - 10 water - 5, and vegetables - 10) were collected from four dairy farms. For enumeration, the samples were cultured onto plate count agar, eosin methylene blue, and xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar and the isolation and identification of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties followed by PCR. The pathogenic strains of E. coli stx1, stx2, and rfbO157 were also identified through PCR. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 12 commonly used antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes ereA, tetA, tetB, and SHV were performed by PCR. Results: The mean total bacterial count, E. coli and Salmonella spp. count in the samples ranged from 4.54±0.05 to 8.65±0.06, 3.62±0.07 to 7.04±0.48, and 2.52±0.08 to 5.87±0.05 log colony-forming unit/g or ml, respectively. Out of 240 samples, 180 (75%) isolates of E. coli and 136 (56.67%) isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered through cultural and molecular tests. Among the 180 E. coli isolates, 47 (26.11%) were found positive for the presence of all the three virulent genes, of which stx1 was the most prevalent (13.33%). Only three isolates were identified as enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that both E. coli and Salmonella spp. were found highly resistant to azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and ertapenem and susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. Among the four antibiotic resistance genes, the most observable was tetA (80.51-84.74%) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. and SHV genes were the lowest one (22.06-25%). Conclusion: Dairy farm and their environmental components carry antibiotic-resistant pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. that are potential threat for human health which requires a one-health approach to combat the threat.

scholarly journals Antibiotics in Food Chain: The Consequences for Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
Shashi B. Kumar ◽  
Shanvanth R. Arnipalli ◽  
Ouliana Ziouzenkova
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Continuous Use

Antibiotics have been used as essential therapeutics for nearly 100 years and, increasingly, as a preventive agent in the agricultural and animal industry. Continuous use and misuse of antibiotics have provoked the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria that progressively increased mortality from multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, thereby posing a tremendous threat to public health. The goal of our review is to advance the understanding of mechanisms of dissemination and the development of antibiotic resistance genes in the context of nutrition and related clinical, agricultural, veterinary, and environmental settings. We conclude with an overview of alternative strategies, including probiotics, essential oils, vaccines, and antibodies, as primary or adjunct preventive antimicrobial measures or therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. The solution for antibiotic resistance will require comprehensive and incessant efforts of policymakers in agriculture along with the development of alternative therapeutics by experts in diverse fields of microbiology, biochemistry, clinical research, genetic, and computational engineering.

scholarly journals Profiling and antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria isolated from commercial aMasi samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Yovani Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
South African ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Resistant Genes

aMasi is traditionally fermented milk that constitutes part of the South African heritage and is regarded as a supplementary staple food. Its inclusion into the South African Food Based Dietary Guidelines has led to the encouraged consumption of this product. Given the fact that aMasi is a rich source of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such bacteria are of economic importance to the food, feed and pharmaceutical industries. The main concern regarding food safety is ability to acquire and disseminate antibiotic-resistant genes. Although LAB bility of resistance genes to human and animal opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria which could make treatment of bacterial infections more complex to treat in the future. Numerous reports globally, have documented antibiotic resistance among LAB isolated from commercial dairy and pharmaceutical products over the last decade. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if LAB isolated from commercial aMasi samples harbour antibiotic-resistant genes. To achieve this aim, the total bacterial population and LAB population of 10 aMasi samples were surveyed using culture-dependent techniques and the proportional prevalence of LAB to the total bacterial population were determined by using a 100% stacked-column. In all 10 samples, LAB was the predominating population ranging from 87.44% to 99.77%. A total of 30 LAB isolates were characterised after isolation and sequencing of 16S rDNA of these isolates showed that LAB were Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides and Leuconostoc mesenteroides with two isolates being identified as Lactococcus lactis CP028160.1. The relationship between the growth of LAB and selected physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, water activity (aw), moisture content, fat content and estimation of reducing sugars (lactose)) were determined using principal component analysis (PCA) and classification and regression tree (CART) to illustrate the likelihood of LAB present in aMasi samples based on LAB count and pH. From the PCA results, approximately 75.25% of variances in the data were retained by the first three principal components (PCs). The first principal component (PC1) had accounted for the highest total variance of 33.16%. PC1 increased with an increase in lactic acid % and aw, whilst it negatively correlated with LAB count, moisture % and lactose (mg/25ml lactose·H2O). The results showed an increase in LAB count with an increase in moisture % and lactose (mg/25ml lactose·H2O) whilst, LAB count had decreased with an increase in lactic acid % and aw. Moreover, pH and fat % had no effect on PC1, high LAB counts were observed for samples 6 and 7 whist low LAB counts were observed for samples 9 and 10. On the other hand, PC2 had accounted for approximately 27.53% of the total variance. PC2 increased with an increase in fat % and lactose (mg/25ml lactose·H2O), whilst it negatively correlated with LAB count and pH. It was observed that the growth of LAB had increased with an increase in pH, whilst it decreased with an increase in fat % and lactose (mg/25ml lactose·H2O). Moreover, lactic acid %, aw and moisture % had no effect on PC2. High LAB counts were observed for samples 7 and 8 and low LAB counts were observed for samples 2 and 4. Nine out of the 30 LAB isolates were selected due to these isolates having a different GenBank Accession number and were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method against a total of 11 antibiotics. Most of the LAB isolates exhibited multiple resistance towards some of the most commonly used antibiotics as well as last-resort antibiotics. All the isolates showed high levels of resistance towards vancomycin, colistin sulphate, fosfomycin and pipemidic acid except for Lactococcus lactis CP028160.1 which was susceptible to vancomycin. All isolates were susceptible to tetracycline and erythromycin whilst eight out of nine isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol with seven out of nine isolates being susceptible to ampicillin. Furthermore, the isolates had displayed intermediate resistance mainly towards kanamycin and streptomycin. The present study showed that multiple antibiotic resistance is prevalent in different species of starter culture strains, which may pose a food safety concern. LAB that exhibit phenotypic resistance to antibiotics should also be evaluated on a molecular level to monitor their resistance. The presence of such a variety of expressed AR genes in probiotic isolates is a worrying trend. The impact of the interactions of these bacteria with pathogenic strains and their transfer of these AR genes is yet to be assessed. Furthermore, antibiotic sensitivity is an important criterion in the safety assessment for the evaluation of food-grade and potential food-grade LAB.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance ofCampylobacterRecovered from Faeces and Carcasses of Healthy Livestock

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akosua B. Karikari ◽  
Kwasi Obiri-Danso ◽  
Enoch H. Frimpong ◽  
Karen A. Krogfelt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Major Significance ◽  
Faecal Samples

Campylobacteris of major significance in food safety and human and veterinary medicine. This study highlighted resistance situation in the area of veterinary public health in Ghana. Using selective mCCDA agar, isolates were confirmed phenotypically on API CAMPY and genotypically by multiplex PCR ofIpxAgene. The susceptibility profile of species to common and relevant antibiotics was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Cattle, sheep, goat, and pig faecal samples analysed, respectively, yielded 13.2% (16/121), 18.6% (22/102), 18.5% (25/135), and 28.7% (29/101)Campylobacterspecies while 34.5% (38/110), 35.9% (42/117), 23.9% (32/134), and 36.3% (37/102) were, respectively, recovered from the carcasses. Species identified in faeces wereC. jejuni35.8% (33/92),C. jejunisubsp.doylei4.3% (4/92),C. coli47.8% (44/92), andC. lari12.0% (11/92). Species discovered in carcasses wereC. jejuni83.9% (125/149),C. jejunisubsp.doylei2.0% (3/149),C. coli6.0% (9/149), andC. lari8.1% (12/149). Resistance ranged from 92 to 97% to theβ-lactams, 7 to 69% to the quinolones, 0 to 44% to the aminoglycosides, 97 to 100% to erythromycin, 48 to 94% to tetracycline, 45 to 88% to chloramphenicol, and 42 to 86% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as 0% resistance was observed against imipenem.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Detection of Antibiotic and Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3499
Author(s):  
Siying Wu ◽  
John P. Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Safety Hazards ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Strain Detection

Antibiotic and multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella poses a significant threat to public health due to its ability to colonize animals (cold and warm-blooded) and contaminate freshwater supplies. Monitoring antibiotic resistant Salmonella is traditionally costly, involving the application of phenotypic and genotypic tests over several days. However, with the introduction of cheaper semi-automated devices in the last decade, strain detection and identification times have significantly fallen. This, in turn, has led to efficiently regulated food production systems and further reductions in food safety hazards. This review highlights current and emerging technologies used in the detection of antibiotic resistant and MDR Salmonella.

scholarly journals Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli in Sarawak Rivers and Aquaculture Farms, Northwest of Borneo

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 776
Author(s):  
Samuel Lihan ◽  
Sai Y. Lee ◽  
Seng C. Toh ◽  
Sui S. Leong
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Plasmid Copy Number ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Plasmid Copy ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli

Background: The emergence of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli in water resources could pose a serious threat to public health. The study aims to investigate the dispersion of plasmid-mediated antibiotic-resistant E. coli from six rivers in Sarawak and two aquaculture farms in Borneo. Methods: A total of 74 water samples were collected for the determination of their bacteria colony count. An IMViC test identified 31 E. coli isolates and tested their susceptibility against twelve clinically important antibiotics. The extraction of plasmid DNA was done using alkali lysis SDS procedures. Characteristics, including plasmid copy number, molecular weight size, resistance rate and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR), were assessed. Results: Our findings revealed that bacterial counts in rivers and aquaculture farms ranged from log 2.00 to 3.68 CFU/mL and log 1.70 to 5.48 cfu/mL, respectively. Resistance to piperacillin (100%) was observed in all E. coli; resistance to amoxicillin (100%) and ampicillin (100%) was observed in E. coli found in aquaculture farms; resistance to streptomycin (93%) was observed in E. coli found in rivers. All E. coli were resistant to ≥2 antibiotics and formed 26 MAR profiles, ranging from an index of 0.17 to 0.83, indicating that there are high risks of contamination. Some (48.4%) of the E. coli were detected with plasmids (1.2 to >10 kb), whereas 51.6% of the E. coli did not harbor any plasmids. The plasmid copy numbers reported were one plasmid (n = 7), two plasmids (n = 4), ≥ two plasmids (4). E. coli isolated from the Muara Tuang River showed the highest-molecular-weight plasmids. A statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant correlation (r = 0.21, p = 0.253) between the number of plasmids and the MAR index of the tested isolates. Conclusion: The distribution of MAR in E. coli from rivers is higher compared to the aquaculture environment. Our study suggests that MAR in isolates could be chromosome-mediated. Our results suggest that riverbed sediments could serve as reservoirs for MAR bacteria, including pathogens, under different climatic conditions, and their analysis could provide information for public health concerns.

scholarly journals RedLabRA; a Spanish Network of Microbiology Laboratories for the Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistant Microorganisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Javier E. Cañada-García ◽  
María Pérez-Vázquez ◽  
Jesús Oteo-Iglesias ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Retrospective Data ◽  
Genomic Information ◽  
National Plan ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Available Information

There is an urgent need to control the clinical and public health impact that antibiotic resistance (AR) causes worldwide. Any measure for its control must be based on an up-to-date and comprehensive knowledge of the situation. However, it is difficult to determine the current dimension of AR because a large part of the available information is based on heterogeneous, insufficiently unified and retrospective data. The integration of genomic information in the surveillance of AR is another important factor for improvement. The Spanish Network of Laboratories for the Surveillance of Resistant Microorganisms (RedLabRA) is a structured network of interconnected microbiology laboratories developed within the Spanish National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance. Its main objective is to support the diagnosis of resistance to antibiotics, integrating molecular characterization in the surveillance.

scholarly journals Modeling and Simulation of Source Separation in Sanitation Systems for Reducing Emissions of Antimicrobial Resistances

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3342
Author(s):  
Jörg Londong ◽  
Marcus Barth ◽  
Heinrich Söbke
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Source Separation ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten threats to public health worldwide. In addition to public health, AMR also poses a major threat to food security and economic development. Current sanitation systems contribute to the emergence and spread of AMR and lack effective AMR mitigation measures. This study assesses source separation of blackwater as a mitigation measure against AMR. A source-separation-modified combined sanitation system with separate collection of blackwater and graywater is conceptually described. Measures taken at the source, such as the separate collection and discharge of material flows, were not considered so far on a load balance basis, i.e., they have not yet been evaluated for their effectiveness. The sanitation system described is compared with a combined system and a separate system regarding AMR emissions by means of simulation. AMR is represented in the simulation model by one proxy parameter each for antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. Coli), and antibiotic resistance genes (blaTEM). The simulation results suggest that the source-separation-based sanitation system reduces emissions of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes into the aquatic environment by more than six logarithm steps compared to combined systems. Sulfamethoxazole emissions can be reduced by 75.5% by keeping blackwater separate from graywater and treating it sufficiently. In summary, sanitation systems incorporating source separation are, to date, among the most effective means of preventing the emission of AMR into the aquatic environment.

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