Effect of milk protein content in Toddler formula on later BMI and obesity risk: protocol of the multicentre randomised controlled Toddler Milk Intervention (ToMI) trial

IntroductionReduction of milk protein content in infant formula provided during the first year of life has been shown to reduce early weight gain and obesity later in life. While rapid weight gain during the first 2 years of life is one of the strongest early predictors of obesity, the role of animal protein intake beyond the first year of life is unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the role of milk protein during the second year of life in healthy children on weight gain and obesity risk in preschool age.Methods and analysisThis randomised, double-blinded study enrolled 1618 children aged 11.5–13.5 months in Spain and Germany into two groups receiving isocaloric toddler milk with differing protein content during the second year of life. The experimental formula contains 1.5 g/100 kcal and the control formula 6.15 g/100 kcal protein and otherwise equal formula composition, except for modified fat content to achieve equal energy density. The primary endpoint is body mass index (BMI)-for-age z-score at the age of 24 months adjusted for BMI at 12 months of age. The children are followed until 6 years of age.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the ethical committees of the LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany (Nr. 555-15) and at Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain (Ref. CEIm IISPV 013/2016). We aim at publishing results in peer-reviewed journals and sharing of results with study participants.Trial registration numberNCT02907502.

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Variation in the Protein Composition of Human Milk during Extended Lactation: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10081124 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1124 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sergio Verd ◽

Gemma Ginovart ◽

Javier Calvo ◽

Jaume Ponce-Taylor ◽

Antoni Gaya

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Protein Content ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Developed Countries ◽

First Year ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

The aim of this review is to evaluate changes in protein parameters in the second year postpartum. There is considerable agreement among authors about the declining trend of human milk protein concentrations, but most research on protein content in breast milk focuses on the first year of life and comes from developed countries. Whereas this is the case for exclusive breastfeeding or for breastfeeding into the first year of life, the opposite applies to weaning or extended breastfeeding. This review is predominantly based on observational epidemiological evidence and on comparative research linking breast milk composition with cutting down on breastfeeding. Studies dating back several decades have shown an increase in the proportion of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and serum albumin during weaning. According to the limited data available, it seems likely that the regulation of milk protein composition during involution can be ascribed to alterations in tight junctions. In studies on humans and other mammalian species, offspring suckle more from mothers that produce more dilute milk and the increase in milk protein concentration is positively correlated to a decrease in suckling frequency during weaning. High milk protein contents were first reported in nonindustrial communities where breastfeeding is sustained the longest, but recent papers from urbanized communities have taken credit for rediscovering the increase in protein content of human milk that becomes evident with prolonged breastfeeding. This review presents an overview of the changes in breast milk protein parameters in the second year postpartum to enable milk banks’ practitioners to make informed nutritional decisions on preterm infants.

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Anti-mastitis SNV identification of NFκB1 in Chinese Holstein cows and the possible anti-inflammation role of NFκB1/p105 in bovine MECs

Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica ◽

10.1093/abbs/gmaa118 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (11) ◽

pp. 1191-1201

Author(s):

Ling Chen ◽

Rongfu Tian ◽

Huilin Zhang ◽

Xiaolin Liu

Keyword(s):

Somatic Cell ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Protein Content ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Chinese Holstein ◽

Milk Protein Content ◽

Chinese Holstein Cows ◽

Anti Inflammation

Abstract NFκB1/p105 is the critical member of the NFκB family which can suppress inflammation, ageing, and cancer when p50/p50 homodimer is formed. Currently, the research about the role of NFκB1/p105 during cow mastitis is limited. Here, we analyzed the correlation of six single-nucleotide variants of the NFκB1 gene with somatic cell count, milk yield, milk fat content, and milk protein content in 547 Chinese Holstein cows, and explored the mRNA expression profiles of the NFκB family and ubiquitin ligases (βTrCP1, βTrCP2, KPC1, KPC2) in LPS-induced bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) by transcriptome-Seq. The association analysis showed that cows with SNV2-TT and SNV6-CC in the NFκB1 gene had significantly higher milk protein content (P < 0.05), while cows with SNV5-TT in the NFκB1 gene had significantly lower somatic cell score (SCS), but CC genotype at SNV5 locus was not detected in our Holstein cows. The transcriptome-Seq results demonstrated the mRNA expression of NFκB1 was increased and peaked at 4 h post-induction, while the mRNA expressions of both KPC1 and BCL3 that promote the anti-inflammation function of NFκB1/p105 were decreased in LPS-induced bovine MECs. TNFAIP3, an inhibitor of both degradation and processing of p105 precursor, was markedly increased by more than 3 folds. Furthermore, bta-miR-125b which targets at the 3ʹUTR of TNFAIP3 was reduced by 50%. These results indicated that SNV5-TT of the NFκB1 gene with lower SCS may be an anti-mastitis genotype that could cope with infection more efficiently in Chinese Holstein cows. In addition, the anti-inflammation role of NFκB1/p105 seemed to be inhibited in LPS-induced-bovine MECs because the formation of the p50/p50 homodimer was arrested. This study provides a new perspective to understand the inflammatory mechanism in dairy mastitis.

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Association of Protein Intake during the Second Year of Life with Weight Gain-Related Outcomes in Childhood: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 583

Author(s):

Natalia Ferré ◽

Verónica Luque ◽

Ricardo Closa-Monasterolo ◽

Marta Zaragoza-Jordana ◽

Mariona Gispert-Llauradó ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Body Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Cochrane Central Register ◽

Obesity Risk ◽

Adiposity Rebound ◽

Second Year Of Life ◽

Second Year

There is accumulating evidence that early protein intake is related with weight gain in childhood. However, the evidence is mostly limited to the first year of life, whereas the high-weight-gain-velocity period extends up to about 2 years of age. We aimed to investigate whether protein intake during the second year of life is associated with higher weight gain and obesity risk later in childhood. We conducted a systematic review with searches in both PubMed®/MEDLINE® and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Ten studies that assessed a total of 46,170 children were identified. We found moderate-quality evidence of an association of protein intake during the second year of life with fat mass at 2 years and at 7 years. Effects on other outcomes such as body mass index (BMI), obesity risk, or adiposity rebound onset were inconclusive due to both heterogeneity and low evidence. We conclude that higher protein intakes during the second year of life are likely to increase fatness in childhood, but there is limited evidence regarding the association with other outcomes such as body mass index or change in adiposity rebound onset. Further well-designed and adequately powered clinical trials are needed since this issue has considerable public health relevance.

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Changes in the Level of Immunoglobulins in the Danzig Quintuplets in Their First Year of Life

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae ◽

10.1017/s1120962300024641 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 22 (S1) ◽

pp. 175-177

Author(s):

J. Bowszyc ◽

Janina Bowszyc

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Normal Values ◽

Severe Pneumonia ◽

Full Term ◽

Radial Diffusion ◽

First Year ◽

Healthy Infants ◽

Second Year Of Life ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

The level of immunoglobulins G, A, and M, were determined in the Danzig quintuplets using the method of single radial diffusion in the 5th, 6th, and 16th month of life. The IgG, IgM, and IgA level increased more slowly than in full-term healthy infants, but in the second year of life the level of IgG and IgM in the quintuplets corresponded already to normal values. The highest of IgG and IgM levels at the age of 16 months were found in the child with the lowest birth weight and in the children with most severe pneumonia in their first year of life.

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USE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SCREENING OF THE LATENT FORMS OF COW’S MILK PROTEIN ALLERGY IN CHILDREN WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES

PEDIATRIA Journal named after G N SPERANSKY ◽

10.24110/0031-403x-2021-100-1-179-189 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 179-189

Author(s):

I.G. Gordeeva ◽

◽

S.G. Makarova ◽

V.V. Chernikov ◽

A.N. Surkov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Questionnaire Survey ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Comparison Group ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

First Year ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

First Year Of Life

The role of food allergy (FA) in the development of clinical reactions to food in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is being studied and remains highly controversial. However, it is obvious that for personalized therapy of this category of patients, it is necessary to consider all possible forms of food hypersensitivity. Objective of the research: to develop a questionnaire to identify latent forms of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) in children with IBD and to evaluate the effectiveness of its use. Materials and methods: 376 children were questioned: 176 children with IBD in remission and/or with a low degree of disease activity (1st group); 100 with confirmed CMPA (2nd group); 100 without FA manifestations (3rd group). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Inc., USA) version 26.0. Data analysis included standard descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: using a structured questionnaire for collecting anamnesis, it was found that the frequency of allergic reactions to food in the family history of children with IBD and in the group of patients with CMPA did not differ significantly. The introduction of dairy products into complementary foods earlier than at the age of 6 months in IBD patients was noted statistically significantly more often than in children with CMPA and children in the comparison group; the most significant difference was noted in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). In the early history, among children with IBD 83 (47,1%) had skin rashes, 121 (68,7%) regurgitation, 138 (78,4%) colic, 68 (38,6%) constipation. %), blood in stool – 53 (30,1%), mucus (in significant amounts) in stool – 70 (39,7%), loose stool – 77 (43,7%), delayed weight gain was noted in 25 (14,2%) children. At the same time, regurgitation and colic in children with IBD in the first year of life were noted statistically significantly more often than in children with CMPA and children in the comparison group. The frequency of symptoms such as blood and mucus in the stool, diarrhea and delayed weight gain in the first year of life did not statistically significantly differ in children with IBD and in the group of children with CMPA, but was significantly more frequent than in group 3. The median of the indicator according to the results of the questionnaire survey in children with CD was 57 points [52; 62], with ulcerative colitis (UC) – 54 points [50; 57], with PA – 61 points [58; 64], in the 3rd group – 10 points [8; 14]. At a threshold value (cutoff point) of 55 points, the sensitivity and specificity of the method were 79% and 74%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve, corresponding to the relationship between the presence of a subclinical form of allergy and the scores of the questionnaire, was 0,819±0,022 with 95% CI: 0,776–0,862. The resulting model was statistically significant (p<0,001). Conclusion: the questionnaire survey of children with IBD using a questionnaire aimed at identifying latent forms of FA allowed to reveal history peculiarities of children with IBD. The obtained indicators of questionnaire sensitivity and specificity allowed to use it in clinical practice as an additional screening method for detecting latent forms of CMPA in IBD patients with subsequent correction of nutritional support.

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The use of biological fabaceae resources of the cretaceous south of Russia in breeding on the example of the species Melilotus albus medik

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20213902007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 02007

Author(s):

V.M. Kosolapov ◽

V.I. Cherniavskih ◽

E.V. Dumacheva ◽

L.M. Tseiko

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Fiber Content ◽

High Yield ◽

First Year ◽

Biological Traits ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Standard Level ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

The morpho-biological traits of the breeding sample POD 17/13, created on the basis of genetic material of wild populations of M. albus of the Cretaceous south of the Central Russian Upland, were evaluated in comparison with the well-known zoned variety “Obskoy gigant”. The purpose of breeding work is to obtain a combination in one genotype of high yield traits of feed mass and leaf coverage; high protein content and low fiber content while maintaining seed productivity at the standard level. Three sets of field experiment were carried out: in 2016, 2017 and 2018. The setting years were the first years of life for the biennial M. albus crop. Individuals of the POD 17/13 breeding sample tend to increase the length of the growing season: by an average of 3.7 days in the first year of life, and by 7.3 days in the second year. According to the seed yield, the breeding sample M. albus POD 17/13 is at the standard level. In terms of protein content, the POD 17/13 variety significantly exceeds the standard in the first year of life by 6.8…9.2%, in the second - by 15.1…19.2%. At the same time, its herbage is more tender, since the fiber content in the aboveground mass is lower than that of the standard – in the first year of life – by 2.1…7.1%, in the second year of life - 6.9…9.9%. Thus, the POD 17/13 variety sample, created on the basis of the source material of wild populations of M. albus, is promising for obtaining a new variety based on it.

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Abnormal Behavior in Non-Isolate-Reared Rhesus Monkeys

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1973.33.2.515 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 515-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

J. Erwin ◽

G. Mitchell ◽

Terry Maple

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Social Contact ◽

Abnormal Behavior ◽

First Year ◽

Social Situations ◽

The Third ◽

Expression Of Emotion ◽

Second Year Of Life ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

The research reported here documents the existence of self-directed aggression in non-isolate-reared rhesus monkeys. Ss for this series of studies were reared with their mothers for most of the first year of life, and each animal experienced constant social access to a like-sexed peer throughout its second year of life. Significant amounts of social contact were also provided during the third and fourth years. Ss were observed in social situations at approximately 1, 2, 2½, 3, and 4½ yr. of age, and some self-biting was observed at each age. Self-aggression occurred primarily in semi-stressful contexts which apparently did not allow appropriate outward-directed expression of emotion. The use of socially reared animals as models for the study of self-directed aggression is suggested as an alternative to the use of isolate-reared Ss.

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Rearing Infant Rhesus Together

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853973x00274 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 47 (1-2) ◽

pp. 48-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

A.S. Chamove

Keyword(s):

Social Play ◽

First Year ◽

Antecedent Conditions ◽

Second Year Of Life ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Increasing Function ◽

Infant Rhesus

AbstractTo analyze the antecedent conditions of the together-together syndrome, 6 subjects were reared in pairs, 6 in pairs separated on alternate weeks, 6 in pairs which changed in composition weekly, 6 in a group of 6, and 6 in individual cages. When tested in groups of 6 during the first year of life and with infants, juveniles, and adults during the second year of life, it was found that (a) self-play and social play increased and self-cling and aggression decreased as an increasing function of the number of rearing partners; (b) social cling was greatest in subjects reared constantly with the same animals, and was independent of the amount of play exhibited by a group.

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An inevitable crisis? From first to second year in counsellor training

Journal of Psychological Therapies ◽

10.33212/jpt.v5n1.2020.74 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 74-89

Author(s):

Hugh Crago

Keyword(s):

Right Hemisphere ◽

Training Programme ◽

First Year ◽

Training Experience ◽

Counsellor Training ◽

Student Dropout ◽

Second Year ◽

Neurological Research ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

And Control

In a seminal 1973 paper, Robert Clark described the very different “cultures” of the first and second year students in a four year clinical psychology PhD programme. The author applies Clark’s template to his own experiences as trainee or trainer in five different counsellor education programmes, one in the US and four in Australia. Each of the programmes, to varying degrees, demonstrates key features of the pattern identified by Clark, where the first year is “therapeutic” and other-oriented, the second is “professional” and self-focused. The author concludes that all the surveyed programmes exhibited some level of “second year crisis”, in which a significant number of students felt abandoned, dissatisfied, or rebellious. The author extends and refines Clark’s developmental analogy (first year = childhood; second year = adolescence) to reflect recent neurological research, in particular, the shift from a right hemisphere-dominant first year of life, prioritising affiliative needs, to a left hemisphere-dominant second year, prioritising autonomy and control. This shift is paralleled later by a more gradual move from a protective, supportive childhood to necessary, but sometimes conflictual, individuation in adolescence. The first two years of a counsellor training programme broadly echo this process, a process exacerbated by the second year internship/placement, in which students must “leave home” and adjust to unfamiliar, potentially less nurturing, authority figures. Finally, the author suggests introducing more rigorous “academic holding” into the first year, and greater attention to “therapeutic holding” of dissident students in the second, hopefully decreasing student dropout, and achieving a better balanced training experience.

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Association between perinatal factors, genetic susceptibility to obesity and age at adiposity rebound in children of the EDEN mother–child cohort

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/s41366-021-00847-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aminata Hallimat Cissé ◽

Sandrine Lioret ◽

Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain ◽

Anne Forhan ◽

Ken K. Ong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Genetic Susceptibility ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Obesity Risk ◽

Perinatal Factors ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Adiposity Rebound ◽

Kinetics Of

Abstract Background Early adiposity rebound (AR) has been associated with increased risk of overweight or obesity in adulthood. However, little is known about early predictors of age at AR. We aimed to study the role of perinatal factors and genetic susceptibility to obesity in the kinetics of AR. Methods Body mass index (BMI) curves were modelled by using mixed-effects cubic models, and age at AR was estimated for 1415 children of the EDEN mother–child cohort study. A combined obesity risk-allele score was calculated from genotypes for 27 variants identified by genome-wide association studies of adult BMI. Perinatal factors of interest were maternal age at delivery, parental education, parental BMI, gestational weight gain, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and newborn characteristics (sex, prematurity, and birth weight). We used a hierarchical level approach with multivariable linear regression model to investigate the association between these factors, obesity risk-allele score, and age at AR. Results A higher genetic susceptibility to obesity score was associated with an earlier age at AR. At the most distal level of the hierarchical model, maternal and paternal educational levels were positively associated with age at AR. Children born to parents with higher BMI were more likely to exhibit earlier age at AR. In addition, higher gestational weight gain was related to earlier age at AR. For children born small for gestational age, the average age at AR was 88 [±39] days lower than for children born appropriate for gestational age and 91 [±56] days lower than for children born large for gestational age. Conclusion The timing of AR seems to be an early childhood manifestation of the genetic susceptibility to adult obesity. We further identified low birth weight and gestational weight gain as novel predictors of early AR, highlighting the role of the intrauterine environment in the kinetics of adiposity.

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