scholarly journals Deaths from ‘diseases of despair’ in Britain: comparing suicide, alcohol-related and drug-related mortality for birth cohorts in Scotland, England and Wales, and selected cities

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-216220
Author(s):  
David Walsh ◽  
Gerry McCartney ◽  
Jon Minton ◽  
Jane Parkinson ◽  
Deborah Shipton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Male Suicide ◽  
Socioeconomic Drivers ◽  
Statistical Agencies ◽  
Related Mortality ◽  
Age Of Death ◽  
Overall Mortality

BackgroundThe contribution of increasing numbers of deaths from suicide, alcohol-related and drug-related causes to changes in overall mortality rates has been highlighted in various countries. In Scotland, particular vulnerable cohorts have been shown to be most at risk; however, it is unclear to what extent this applies elsewhere in Britain. The aim here was to compare mortality rates for different birth cohorts between Scotland and England and Wales (E&W), including key cities.MethodsMortality and population data (1981–2017) for Scotland, E&W and 10 cities were obtained from national statistical agencies. Ten-year birth cohorts and cohort-specific mortality rates (by age of death, sex, cause) were derived and compared between countries and cities.ResultsSimilarities were observed between countries and cities in terms of peak ages of death, and the cohorts with the highest death rates. However, cohort-specific rates were notably higher in Scotland, particularly for alcohol-related and drug-related deaths. Across countries and cities, those born in 1965–1974 and 1975–1984 had the highest drug-related mortality rates (peak age at death: 30–34 years); the 1965–1974 birth cohort also had the highest male suicide rate (peak age: 40–44 years). For alcohol-related causes, the highest rates were among earlier cohorts (1935–1944, 1945–1954, 1955–1964)—peak age 60–64 years.ConclusionsThe overall similarities suggest common underlying influences across Britain; however, their effects have been greatest in Scotland, confirming greater vulnerability among that population. In addressing the socioeconomic drivers of deaths from these causes, the cohorts identified here as being at greatest risk require particular attention.

Retrospective analysis of neonatal deaths secondary to infections in England and Wales, 2013–2015

2020 ◽  
pp. fetalneonatal-2020-319093
Author(s):  
Godwin Oligbu ◽  
Leila Ahmed ◽  
Laura Ferraras-Antolin ◽  
Shamez Ladhani
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Related Mortality

ObjectiveTo estimate the overall and infection-related neonatal mortality rate and the pathogens responsible using electronic death registrations.DesignRetrospective analysis of national electronic death registrations data.SettingEngland and Wales.PatientsNeonates aged <28 days.Main outcome measuresOverall and infection-related mortality rate per 1000 live births in term, preterm (28–36 weeks) and extremely preterm (<28 weeks) neonates; the contribution of infections and specific pathogens; comparison with mortality rates in 2003–2005.ResultsThe neonatal mortality rate during 2013–2015 (2.4/1000 live births; 5095 deaths) was 31% lower than in 2003–2005 (3.5/1000; 6700 deaths). Infection-related neonatal mortality rate in 2013–2015 (0.32/1000; n=669) was 20% lower compared with 2003–2015 (0.40/1000; n=768), respectively. Infections were responsible for 13.1% (669/5095) of neonatal deaths during 2013–2015 and 11.5% (768/6700) during 2003–2005. Of the infection-related deaths, 44.2% (296/669) were in term, 19.9% (133/669) preterm and 35.9% (240/669) extremely preterm neonates. Compared with term infants (0.15/1000 live births), infection-related mortality rate was 5.9-fold (95% CI 4.7 to 7.2) higher in preterm (0.90/1000) and 188-fold (95% CI 157 to 223) higher in extremely preterm infants (28.7/1000) during 2013–2015. A pathogen was recorded in 448 (67%) registrations: 400 (89.3%) were bacterial, 37 (8.3%) viral and 11 (2.4%) fungal. Group B streptococcus (GBS) was reported in 30.4% (49/161) of records that specified a bacterial infection and 7.3% (49/669) of infection-related deaths.ConclusionsOverall and infection-related neonatal mortality rates have declined, but the contribution of infection and of specific pathogens has not changed. Further preventive measures, including antenatal GBS vaccine may be required to prevent the single most common cause of infection-related deaths in neonates.

scholarly journals Influence of cohort effects on patterns of suicide in England and Wales, 1950–1999

2003 ◽  
Vol 182 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gunnell ◽  
Nicos Middleton ◽  
Elise Whitley ◽  
Daniel Dorling ◽  
Stephen Frankel
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Male Birth ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Female Birth ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Male Suicide ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Post War

BackgroundAge- and gender-specific suicide rates in England and Wales have changed considerably since 1950.AimsTo assess whether cohort effects underlie some of these changes.MethodGraphical displays to assess age–period–cohort effects on suicide for the period 1950–1999.ResultsSuccessive male birth cohorts born after 1940 carried with them, as they aged, a greater risk of suicide than their predecessors although this effect diminished for the 1975 and 1980 birth cohorts. There was less clear evidence of any increased risk of suicide in post-war female birth cohorts.ConclusionsSucceeding generations of males born in the post-war years have experienced increasing rates of suicide at all ages, an observation in keeping with patterns seen in other countries. If these trends continue into middle- and old-age they will lead to a great increase in overall male suicide rates.

scholarly journals Primary malignant brain tumor-related mortality in the Belgrade population

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-568
Author(s):  
Tatjana Pekmezovic ◽  
Mirjana Jarebinski ◽  
Darija Kisic ◽  
Milen Pavlovic ◽  
Marina Nikitovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Trend ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
World Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Related Mortality

Background. The aim of this investigation was the analysis of primary malignant brain tumors (PMBT)-related mortality in the Belgrade population during the period 1983?2000. Methods. Mortality data (based on death records) for the period observed, as well as population data, were obtained from the unpublished material of the Municipal Institute of Statistics, Belgrade. The data analysis was adjusted to specific and standardized mortality rates and linear trend, using the world population as a standard. Regression coefficient was determined by Fisher?s test. Results. During the period 1983?2000, in the Belgrade population standardized mortality rates from PMBT were 6.29/100 000 (95%CI-confidence interval 5.33?7.24) for males, 4.50/100 000 (95%CI 3.84?5.17) for females, and 5.91/100 000 (95%CI 5.20?6.63) for total population. The age-specific mortality rates increased with age up to the age group 65?74, with the highest value of 21.21/100 000 (95%CI 16.03?26.39), and decreased in persons of 75 and more years of age. Conclusion. Mortality rates from PMBT in Belgrade had slightly increasing tendency in male (5.725+0.0592x, p=0.545), and decreasing tendency in female population (y=4.703-0.0213x, p=0.756), while statistically significant increasing mortality rate was registered only in the age group 65?74 (y=435+1.7707x, p=0.0001).

scholarly journals Contribution of Breast Cancer to Overall Mortality for US Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 24S-31S ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Gangnon ◽  
Natasha K. Stout ◽  
Oguzhan Alagoz ◽  
John M. Hampton ◽  
Brian L. Sprague ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Breast Cancer Mortality ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Overall Mortality

Objective. Breast cancer simulation models must take changing mortality rates into account to evaluate the potential impact of cancer control interventions. We estimated mortality rates due to breast cancer and all other causes combined to determine their impact on overall mortality by year, age, and birth cohort. Methods. Based on mortality rates from publicly available datasets, an age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the proportion of deaths due to breast cancer for US women aged 0 to 119 years, with birth years 1900 to 2000. Breast cancer mortality was calculated as all-cause mortality multiplied by the proportion of deaths due to breast cancer; other-cause mortality was the difference between all-cause and breast cancer mortality. Results. Breast cancer and other-cause mortality rates were higher for older ages and birth cohorts. The percent of deaths due to breast cancer increased across birth cohorts from 1900 to 1940 then decreased. Among 50-year-old women, in the 1920 birth cohort, 52 (9.9%) of 100,000 deaths (95% CI, 9.8% to 10.1%) were attributed to breast cancer whereas 476 of 100,000 were due to other causes; in the 1960 birth cohort, 22 (8.5%) of 100,000 deaths (95% CI, 8.3% to 8.7%) were attributed to breast cancer with 242 of 100,000 deaths due to other causes. The percentage of all deaths due to breast cancer was highest (4.1% to 12.9%) for women in their 40s and 50s for all birth cohorts. Conclusions. This study offers evidence that advances in breast cancer screening and treatment have reduced breast cancer mortality for women across the age spectrum, and provides estimates of age-, year- and birth cohort-specific competing mortality rates for simulation models. Other-cause mortality estimates are important in these models because most women die from causes other than breast cancer.

Follow-up of an age-period-cohort analysis on alcohol-related mortality trends in Sweden 1970–2015 with predictions to 2025

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Måns Rosén ◽  
Bengt Haglund
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Alcohol Policies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Related Mortality

Background and aims: Several studies have indicated that birth cohorts are important in explaining trends in alcohol-related mortality. An earlier study from Sweden with data up to 2002 showed that birth cohorts that grew up under periods of more liberal alcohol policies had higher alcohol-related mortality than those cohorts growing up under more restrictive time periods. In spite of increasing alcohol consumption, predictions in 2002 also indicated lower alcohol-related mortality in the future. The aim of this study is to follow-up whether the effects of birth cohorts and the predictions made for Sweden still holds using data up to 2015. Method: The study comprised an age-period-cohort analysis and predictions based on population predictions from Statistics Sweden. The analysis was based on all alcohol-related deaths in the Swedish population between 1969 and 2015 for the cohorts born in the decades 1920 through 1990. Data were restricted to people 15–84 years of age. In total, the analysis covered 68,341 deaths and more than 284 million person-years. Results: Male and female cohorts born in the 1940s to 1950s exhibited the highest alcohol-related mortality, while those born in the 1970s continued to have the lowest alcohol-related mortality rates. The predicted mortality rates for males are still anticipated to decrease somewhat through 2025. Conclusions: The updated age-period-cohort analysis further supports the importance of focusing on restrictive alcohol policies targeting adolescents.

scholarly journals All-cause and cause-specific mortality in Scotland 1981–2011 by age, sex and deprivation: a population-based study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Brown ◽  
Mirjam Allik ◽  
Ruth Dundas ◽  
Alastair H Leyland
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Male Suicide ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
Deprived Areas

Abstract Background Average life expectancy has stopped increasing for many countries. This has been attributed to causes such as influenza, austerity policies and deaths of despair (drugs, alcohol and suicide). Less is known on the inequality of life expectancy over time using reliable, whole population, data. This work examines all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates in Scotland to assess the patterning of relative and absolute inequalities across three decades. Methods Using routinely collected Scottish mortality and population records we calculate directly age-standardized mortality rates by age group, sex and deprivation fifths for all-cause and cause-specific deaths around each census 1981–2011. Results All-cause mortality rates in the most deprived areas in 2011 (472 per 100 000 population) remained higher than in the least deprived in 1981 (422 per 100 000 population). For those aged 0–64, deaths from circulatory causes more than halved between 1981 and 2011 and cancer mortality decreased by a third (with greater relative declines in the least deprived areas). Over the same period, alcohol- and drug-related causes and male suicide increased (with greater absolute and relative increases in more deprived areas). There was also a significant increase in deaths from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease for those aged 75+. Conclusions Despite reductions in mortality, relative (but not absolute) inequalities widened between 1981 and 2011 for all-cause mortality and for several causes of death. Reducing relative inequalities in Scotland requires faster mortality declines in deprived areas while countering increases in mortality from causes such as drug- and alcohol-related harm and male suicide.

Patterns of earthquake-related mortality at a whole-country level: New Zealand, 1840–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Abeling ◽  
Nick Horspool ◽  
David Johnston ◽  
Dmytro Dizhur ◽  
Nick Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Ground Damage ◽  
Relief Efforts ◽  
Related Mortality ◽  
Age Of Death

Fatalities directly or indirectly attributed to New Zealand earthquakes in the time period 1840–2017 inclusive were identified and classified by context and cause of death. There have been at least 489 deaths primarily attributed to 21 New Zealand earthquakes with Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMIs) of VII or greater, and an additional 11 deaths resulting from secondary earthquake causes (e.g. relief efforts). Earthquake-related deaths were caused by building damage (431 deaths, 88%), ground damage (34 deaths, 7%), or other causes (24 deaths, 5%). Damage to at least 95 unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings resulted in 272 deaths, and damage to five reinforced concrete (RC) buildings resulted in 145 deaths. Daytime earthquakes were more deadly than nighttime earthquakes, and mortality rates showed a significant increase with MMI. Mortality rates were nearly evenly distributed between males and females, the median age of death was 38 years, and the elderly population (>80 years) had the highest mortality rate.

scholarly journals Mortality Associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Northeastern Italy, 2008–2020: A Multiple Cause of Death Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7249
Author(s):  
Alessandro Marcon ◽  
Elena Schievano ◽  
Ugo Fedeli
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

Mortality from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is increasing in most European countries, but there are no data for Italy. We analysed the registry data from a region in northeastern Italy to assess the trends in IPF-related mortality during 2008–2019, to compare results of underlying vs. multiple cause of death analyses, and to describe the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020. We identified IPF (ICD-10 code J84.1) among the causes of death registered in 557,932 certificates in the Veneto region. We assessed time trends in annual age-standardized mortality rates by gender and age (40–74, 75–84, and ≥85 years). IPF was the underlying cause of 1310 deaths in the 2251 certificates mentioning IPF. For all age groups combined, the age-standardized mortality rate from IPF identified as the underlying cause of death was close to the European median (males and females: 3.1 and 1.3 per 100,000/year, respectively). During 2008–2019, mortality rates increased in men aged ≥85 years (annual percent change of 6.5%, 95% CI: 2.0, 11.2%), but not among women or for the younger age groups. A 72% excess of IPF-related deaths was registered in March–April 2020 (mortality ratio 1.72, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.24). IPF mortality was increasing among older men in northeastern Italy. The burden of IPF was heavier than assessed by routine statistics, since less than two out of three IPF-related deaths were directly attributed to this condition. COVID-19 was accompanied by a remarkable increase in IPF-related mortality.

scholarly journals Cardiac complications during the active phase of COVID-19: review of the current evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Said Ramadan ◽  
◽  
Lorenzo Bertolino ◽  
Tommaso Marrazzo ◽  
Maria Teresa Florio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cardiac Complications ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Improving Patient Care ◽  
Overall Mortality

AbstractGrowing reports since the beginning of the pandemic and till date describe increased rates of cardiac complications (CC) in the active phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CC commonly observed include myocarditis/myocardial injury, arrhythmias and heart failure, with an incidence reaching about a quarter of hospitalized patients in some reports. The increased incidence of CC raise questions about the possible heightened susceptibility of patients with cardiac disease to develop severe COVID-19, and whether the virus itself is involved in the pathogenesis of CC. The wide array of CC seems to stem from multiple mechanisms, including the ability of the virus to directly enter cardiomyocytes, and to indirectly damage the heart through systemic hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states, endothelial injury of the coronary arteries and hypoxemia. The induced CC seem to dramatically impact the prognosis of COVID-19, with some studies suggesting over 50% mortality rates with myocardial damage, up from ~ 5% overall mortality of COVID-19 alone. Thus, it is particularly important to investigate the relation between COVID-19 and heart disease, given the major effect on morbidity and mortality, aiming at early detection and improving patient care and outcomes. In this article, we review the growing body of published data on the topic to provide the reader with a comprehensive and robust description of the available evidence and its implication for clinical practice.

scholarly journals How Does Administrative Data Compare with Census Data for the Measurement of Internal Migration? The Case of Northern Ireland, 2001–2011

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Foley ◽  
Tony Champion ◽  
Ian Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Intercensal Period ◽  
Statistical Agencies

AbstractThe paper compares and contrasts internal migration measured by healthcard-based administrative data with census figures. This is useful because the collection of population data, its processing, and its dissemination by statistical agencies is becoming more reliant on administrative data. Statistical agencies already use healthcard data to make migration estimates and are increasingly confident about local population estimates from administrative sources. This analysis goes further than this work as it assesses how far healthcard data can produce reliable data products of the kind to which academics are accustomed. It does this by examining migration events versus transitions over a full intercensal period; population flows into and out of small areas; and the extent to which it produces microdata on migration equivalent to that in the census. It is shown that for most demographic groups and places healthcard data is an adequate substitute for census-based migration counts, the exceptions being for student households and younger people. However, census-like information is still needed to provide covariates for analysis and this will still be required whatever the future of the traditional census.

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