Influence of red light on the expression of genes on stomatal formation in maize seedlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-303
Author(s):  
Tie Dong Liu ◽  
Xi Wen Zhang ◽  
Yong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Red light significantly affects the expression of plant photoreceptor genes and influences stomatal development through crosstalk of the constitutive photomorphogenic 1–cryptochrome–phytochrome signaling pathway. When blue light was replaced with red light, the expression levels of ZmCry1, ZmPhyB1, ZmEPF2, and ZmEPFL9 were enhanced, whereas that of ZmCOP1 was restricted. Moreover, the expression levels of ZmSPCH and ZmMUTE were also enhanced, but they were generally lower than those under white light. Consequently, stomatal formation, which was determined by net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and transpiration rate, was inhibited through decreased stomatal index and stomatal density. We conclude that red light positively regulates EPFL9 in the intercellular signaling but reduces the positive regulation of blue light on COP1 and epidermal patterning factor 2 in the intracellular and intercellular signaling; therefore, though red light promotes the gene’s function on stomatal development of seedling maize, blue light maybe dominant to red light in seedling stage.

scholarly journals Light Quality Affects Water Use of Sweet Basil by Changing Its Stomatal Development

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Sungeun Lim ◽  
Jongyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Stomatal Responses

Different light qualities affect plant growth and physiological responses, including stomatal openings. However, most researchers have focused on stomatal responses to red and blue light only, and the direct measurement of evapotranspiration has not been examined. Therefore, we quantified the evapotranspiration of sweet basil under various red (R), green (G), and blue (B) combinations using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and investigated its stomatal responses. Seedlings were subjected to five different spectral treatments for two weeks at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 200 µmol m−2 s−1. The ratios of the RGB light intensities were as follows: R 100% (R100), R:G = 75:25 (R75G25), R:B = 75:25 (R75B25), R:G:B = 60:20:20 (R60G20B20), and R:G:B = 31:42:27 (R31G42B27). During the experiment, the evapotranspiration of the plants was measured using load cells. Although there were no significant differences in growth parameters among the treatments, the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were higher in plants grown under blue LEDs (R75B25, R60G20B20, and R31G42B27) than in the R100 treatment. The amount of water used was different among the treatments (663.5, 726.5, 728.7, 778.0, and 782.1 mL for the R100, R75G25, R60G20B20, R75B25, and R31G42B27 treatments, respectively). The stomatal density was correlated with the blue light intensity (p = 0.0024) and with the combined intensity of green and blue light (p = 0.0029); therefore, green light was considered to promote the stomatal development of plants together with blue light. Overall, different light qualities affected the water use of plants by regulating stomatal conductance, including changes in stomatal density.

The transcription factor ZmNAC49 reduces stomatal density and improves drought tolerance in maize

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Xiang ◽  
Xiujuan Sun ◽  
Xiangli Bian ◽  
Tianhui Wei ◽  
Tong Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Growth Development

Abstract Drought stress severely limits the growth, development, and productivity of crops, and therefore understanding the mechanisms by which plants respond to drought is crucial. In this study, we cloned a maize NAC transcription factor, ZmNAC49, and identified its function in response to drought stress. We found that ZmNAC49 is localized in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity. ZmNAC49 expression is rapidly and strongly induced by drought stress, and overexpression enhances stress tolerance in maize. Overexpression also significant decreases the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and stomatal density in maize. Detailed study showed that ZmNAC49 overexpression affects the expression of genes related to stomatal development, namely ZmTMM, ZmSDD1, ZmMUTE, and ZmFAMA. In addition, we found that ZmNAC49 can directly bind to the promoter of ZmMUTE and suppress its expression. Taken together, our results show that the transcription factor ZmNAC49 represses ZmMUTE expression, reduces stomatal density, and thereby enhances drought tolerance in maize.

scholarly journals Stomatal opening and growth in tomato seedlings treated with different proportions of red and blue light

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junwei Yang ◽  
Tingting Liang ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Tonghua Pan ◽  
Zhirong Zou
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Chloroplast Ultrastructure ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Tomato Seedlings

Stomatal opening/closure plays a key role in balancing a plant’s need to conserve water, while still allowing for the exchange of photosynthetic and respiratory gasses with the atmosphere. Stomatal opening/closure can be induced by differences in light quality but a detailed knowledge of the role of light in stomatal regulation in tomato is limited. In this study, we evaluated red and blue light-dependent stomatal opening processes in tomato seedlings and explored the mechanisms involved using different light-quality treatments. After 10 h of darkness, tomato seedlings were subjected to the following five treatments: monochromatic red light (R), 33% blue (2R1B), 50% blue (1R1B), 67% blue (1R2B), and monochromatic blue light (B) at 200 μmol m−2s−1light intensity. The highest stomatal conductance recorded were for 1R1B. Stomatal aperture under 1R1B showed a 92.8% increase after 15 min and a 28.6% increase after 30 min compared with under R alone. Meanwhile, the study shows that the expressions of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in the leaf were regulated by different proportions of blue light. The results show that the expressions of HA1 and HA4 increased under 1R1B and 1R2B after 15 min of exposure compared with under R alone. Under 1R1B, our results also show net photosynthesis increased compared with R and B after longer treatments, which may be related to chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf dry weight increased compared with under 1R2B or B alone, but there were no differences under the R and 2R1B light treatments.

scholarly journals phyB and HY5 are Involved in the Blue Light-Mediated Alleviation of Dormancy of Arabidopsis Seeds Possibly via the Modulation of Expression of Genes Related to Light, GA, and ABA

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena Stawska ◽  
Krystyna Oracz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Aba Metabolism ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Blue Wavelength

Light is one of the most important environmental factors regulating seed germination. It is known that light inhibits seed germination of some monocotyledonous species and that it is mostly related to the blue wavelength of the spectrum received by cryptochromes (cry). Research has also found that the red light (R) stimulates germination of dicotyledonous seeds and that this reaction involves mainly phytochromes (phy). Surprisingly, up to date, the role and the mechanism of action of blue light (BL) in seed biology of dicot plants is still very poorly understood and some questions are unexplained, e.g., whether BL plays a role in regulation of dicot seeds dormancy and/or germination? If, so what particular elements of light signaling pathway are involved in modulation of this(ese) process(es)? Also, is the BL action in regulation of dicot seeds dormancy and/or germination maybe due to changes of expression of genes related to metabolism and/or signaling of two phytohormones controlling seed-related events, such as gibberellins (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA)? To answer these intriguing questions, the combination of biological, transcriptomic, and genetic approaches was performed in this particular study. The germination tests show that freshly harvested wild type (WT) Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 seeds are dormant and do not germinate in darkness (at 25 °C), while nondormant (after-ripened) seeds germinate well in these conditions. It is also proven that dormancy of seeds of this species is released in the presence of white and/or BL (λ = 447 nm) when placed at 25 °C. Presented here, novel results emphasize the role of BL in dormancy alleviation of dicot seeds, indicating that this wavelength of light spectrum received by phyB induces this process and that the sensitivity to this stimulus depends on the depth of seed dormancy. In addition, it is demonstrated that various elements of phy-mediated pathway can be used in response to the signal induced by BL in germinating dormant seeds of Arabidopsis. The quantitative real time PCR analysis supported by results of germination tests of WT, T-DNA insertion mutants (i.e., hy5, hfr1, and laf1) and overexpression transformants of Arabidopsis seeds (i.e., 35S:OE:HY5, 35S:OE:HYH, 35S:OE:HFR1, and 35S:OE:LAF1) revealed that the HY5 gene coding transcription factor is most probably responsible for the control of expression of genes involved in GA/ABA metabolism and/or signaling pathways during BL-dependent dormancy alleviation of Arabidopsis seeds, while biological functions of HYH and HFR1 are associated with regulation of germination. The model of BL action in regulation of dormancy alleviation and germination potential of Arabidopsis seeds is proposed.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and metabolomic analyses reveal regulatory networks and key genes controlling maize stomatal development in response to blue light

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiedong Liu ◽  
Xiwen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Development Network ◽  
Signal Network

Abstract Background: Blue light is helpful in the formation of maize stomata, but the signal network is still unclear. We replaced red light with blue light in an experiment, and provided a complementary regulatory network for the stomatal development of maize by using transcriptome and metabolomic analyses. Results: The blue light led to 1296 differentially expressed genes and 419 different metabolites. Transcriptome comparisons and correlation signaling network analysis detected and identified 55 and 6 key genes, respectively, which regulate the responses of stomata to the substituted blue light in environmental adaption and signaling transduction pathways. Two genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism participate in stomatal development as identified by transcriptome and metabolomic analyses. Conclusions: Blue light remarkably changed the network signal transduction and metabolites, and the new genes played important role in the formation of maize stomatal development network.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Regulatory Networks Controlling Maize Stomatal Development in Response to Blue Light

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5393
Author(s):  
Tiedong Liu ◽  
Xiwen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Mapk Cascade ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Metabolomics Analysis ◽  
Signal Network

(1) Background: Blue light is important for the formation of maize stomata, but the signal network remains unclear. (2) Methods: We replaced red light with blue light in an experiment and provided a complementary regulatory network for the stomatal development of maize by using transcriptome and metabolomics analysis. (3) Results: Exposure to blue light led to 1296 differentially expressed genes and 419 differential metabolites. Transcriptome comparisons and correlation signaling network analysis detected 55 genes, and identified 6 genes that work in the regulation of the HY5 module and MAPK cascade, that interact with PTI1, COI1, MPK2, and MPK3, in response to the substitution of blue light in environmental adaptation and signaling transduction pathways. Metabolomics analysis showed that two genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism participate in stomatal development. Their signaling sites located on the PHI1 and MPK2 sites of the MAPK cascade respond to blue light signaling. (4) Conclusions: Blue light remarkably changed the transcriptional signal transduction and metabolism of metabolites, and eight obtained genes worked in the HY5 module and MAPK cascade.

scholarly journals HY5 is not integral to light mediated stomatal development in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Zoulias ◽  
Jordan Brown ◽  
James Rowe ◽  
Stuart A. Casson
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Light Shift ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Developmental Genes ◽  
Epidermal Surface ◽  
Light Signals

AbstractLight is a crucial signal that regulates many aspects of plant physiology and growth including the development of stomata, the pores in the epidermal surface of the leaf. Light signals positively regulate stomatal development leading to changes in stomatal density and stomatal index (SI; the proportion of cells in the epidermis that are stomata). Both phytochrome and cryptochrome photoreceptors are required to regulate stomatal development in response to light. The transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) is a key regulator of light signalling, acting downstream of photoreceptors. We hypothesised that HY5 could regulate stomatal development in response to light signals due to the putative presence of HY5 binding sites in the promoter of the STOMAGEN (STOM) gene, which encodes a peptide regulator of stomatal development. Our analysis shows that HY5 does have the potential to regulate the STOM promoter in vitro and that HY5 is expressed in both the epidermis and mesophyll. However, analysis of hy5 and hy5 hyh double mutants (HYH; HY5-HOMOLOG), found that they had normal stomatal development under different light conditions and the expression of stomatal developmental genes was not perturbed following light shift experiments. Analysis of stable lines overexpressing HY5 also showed no change in stomatal development or the expression of stomatal developmental genes. We therefore conclude that whilst HY5 has the potential to regulate the expression of STOM, it does not have a major role in regulating stomatal development in response to light signals.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet-A Radiation Stimulates Growth of Indoor Cultivated Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1429-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soohyun Kang ◽  
Yating Zhang ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Jie Zou ◽  
Qichang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Ultraviolet A ◽  
Visible Radiation ◽  
Tomato Seedlings

Ultraviolet-A (UV-A) is the main component of UV radiation in nature. However, its role on plant growth, to a large extent, remains unknown. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Beijing Cherry Tomato’) seedlings were cultivated in an controlled environment in which UV-A radiation was provided by UV-A fluorescent lamps (λmax = 369 nm) with a fluence rate of 2.28 W·m−2. The photoperiod of UV-A radiation was 0, 4, 8, and 16 hours, which corresponds to control, UV-A4, UV-A8, and UV-A16 treatments, respectively. The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 220 μmol·m−2·s−1, which was provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a blue/red light ratio of 1:9, the photoperiod of PPFD was 16 hours. We showed that supplementing 8 and 16 hours of UV-A to visible radiation (400–700 nm) stimulated plant biomass production by 29% and 33%, respectively, compared with that of control. This resulted mainly from larger leaves (i.e., 22% and 31% in 8 and 16 hours UV-A, respectively), which facilitated light capture. Supplemental UV-A also enhanced photosynthetic capacity, as indicated by greater net photosynthesis rates in response to CO2 under saturating PPFD. Furthermore, the greatest stomatal conductance (gS) value was observed in UV-A16, followed by UV-A8, which correlated with the greater stomatal density in the corresponding treatments. Moreover, supplemental UV-A did not induce any stress, as the maximum quantum efficiency of photosynthetic system II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) remained ≈0.82 in all treatments. Similarly, chlorophyll content and leaf mass area (LMA) were also unaffected by UV-A radiation. Taken together, we conclude that supplementing reasonable levels of UV-A to visible radiation stimulates growth of indoor cultivated tomato seedlings.

scholarly journals Fusion of the SRDX Motif to OsPIL11 or OsPIL16 Causes Rice Constitutively Photomorphogenic Phenotypes In Darkness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaping Li ◽  
Fang Zhang ◽  
Chongke Zheng ◽  
Jinjun Zhou ◽  
Xiangxue Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Transcriptional Activators ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Pathway Enrichment ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Transgenic Lines

Abstract Dark-grown seedlings develop skotomorphogenically. Because of the development of rice direct seeding cultivation systems, there is an increasing need for clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying rice skotomorphogenic development. It has been reported that SRDX motif, LDLDLELRLGFA, was able to convert a transcriptional activator into a strong repressor. In the present study, to explore the functions of PILs in rice skotomorphogenesis, we generated OsPIL11-SRDX and OsPIL16-SRDX transgenic lines by fusing the SRDX transcriptional repressor motif to the C-terminal of two members of the phytochrome interacting factor-like (OsPIL) family in rice (OsPIL11 and OsPIL16). The OsPIL11-SRDX and OsPIL16-SRDX seedlings grown in darkness had constitutively photomorphogenic phenotypes with short coleoptiles and open leaf blades. The results of an RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the dark-grown OsPIL11-SRDX and OsPIL16-SRDX lines had gene expression patterns similar to those of wild-type seedlings grown under red light. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the expression levels of genes related to photosynthesis, photosynthesis–antenna proteins, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism were up-regulated in the dark-grown OsPIL11-SRDX and OsPIL16-SRDX lines, whereas the expression of genes related to the auxin pathway was down-regulated. In contrast, the expression levels of these photosynthesis-related genes were down-regulated in dark-grown transgenic seedlings overexpressing OsPIL11 or OsPIL16, which had exaggerated skotomorphogenesis. Considered together, our data indicate that OsPIL11 and OsPIL16 primarily function as transcriptional activators, at least in regards to promoting skotomorphogenesis and repressing the expression of photosynthesis-related genes.

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