Physical and Biological Conditions in Heavily Fertilized Water

1934 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Large Production ◽  
Experimental Pond

The physical and biological conditions in an experimental pond with concrete walls containing 33 cubic metres of water, initially fertilized with approximately 450 kg. (1000 lb.) of cow manure, were studied intermittently during four years. There was a large production of plankton, but it was subject to marked and sudden fluctuations, and the number of species found was not large. The fertilization caused extreme variations in the light conditions, oxygen content and pH value of the water.

scholarly journals Photodegradation of fluoroquinolones in aqueous solution under light conditions relevant to surface waters, toxicity assessment of photoproduct mixtures.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarka Klementova ◽  
Martina Poncarová ◽  
Helena Langhansová ◽  
Jaroslava Lieskovská ◽  
David Kahoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Photochemical Degradation ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Neutral Ph

Abstract Photochemical degradation of fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin in aqueous solution under light conditions relevant to surface waters at neutral and alkaline pH was found to proceed readily with half-lives between 0.9 and 2.7 min. The products of photochemical degradation identified by HPLC-MS included defluorinated, hydroxylated, and decarboxylated structures as well as structures with opened cyclic structures. For all of the studied substances, the reaction pathways were influenced significantly by the pH of the reaction system, with more products formed at alkaline pH than at neutral pH: the ratios of products in neutral and alkaline pH were 16/26, 9/19, 15/23 for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin, respectively. The structures of photoproducts and pathways of photochemical degradation are proposed. The antibacterial activities of photoproduct mixtures tested on E. coli and S. epidermidis were significantly higher in comparison to parental antibiotics in the case of both ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin with p-values less than 0.0001 in most cases. The effect of the photoproducts was shown to be dependent on the pH value of the original antibiotic solutions before photodegradation: for ciprofloxacin, antibacterial activity against E. coli was more notably pronounced with regard to neutral pH photoproducts, while a less significant, or in one case not significant, effect of pH was observed against S. epidermidis ; for norfloxacin, antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. epidermidis were especially high with regard to alkaline pH photoproducts

scholarly journals POTENTIAL BAGGASE AND MOLASSES WASTE SUGAR FACTORY FOR MIXED SUBSTRATES WITH COW MANURE IN FERMENTATION PROCESS METHANOGENIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Ludfia Windyasmara ◽  
Ambar Pertiwiningrum
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Statistic Analysis ◽  
Sugar Mill ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Mixed Substrates ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Methanogenic Fermentation ◽  
Mill Waste

This study aims to analyze the potential of the sugar mill waste, namely baggase and molasses as a mixture of cow manure as a substrate in a methanogenic fermentation. This study uses 4 treatment that is P0 as controls (100% cow manure), later in other treatment using a mixture of cow manure comparison: baggase: molasses, P1 (50:20:30), P2 (50:30:20) and P3 ( 50: 40; 10). Parameters measured were  nitrogen, carbon, ratio C / N and pH value. The analyze used in this research is statistic analysis. The results were obtained P3 which is a mixture of substrate (50:40:10) has an average value of the content of nitrogen, carbon, ratio C / N, and high pH value is compared to the other treatments. Ratio C / N at P3 of 24.47 closest Ratio C / N ideal for methanogenic fermentation which amounted to 25. The pH value of the treatment amounted to 7.05 billion P3 also meet the standards for process fermentation ranging from 6.6 to 7.6. 

scholarly journals ON SOME DIPTERA BRED FROM COW-MANURE

1901 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. O. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Made In ◽  
General Appearance

In the summer of 1889, while engaged in an investigation of the habits and life-history of the horn fly of cattle (Haematobia serrata), the writer at various times brought to Washington from different points in Virginia, large quantities of cow-manure collected in the field, and eventually succeeded in working out the complete life-history of the horn fly, as displayed in Insect Life, Vol. II., No.4, October, 1889. In this article the statement is made, in concluding, that the observations were greatly hindered and rendered difficult by the fact that fresh cow-dung is the nidus for a number of species of Diptera, some about the same size and general appearance as the horn fly, and that no less than twenty distinct species of flies had been reared from horse- and cow-dung, mainly the latter, and six species of parasitic insects as well.

scholarly journals Growth Enhancement, Uptake of N, P, K Nutrients and Production of Maize in an Entisol of Kalidawir, Tulungagung due to Application of Cow Manure Fertilizer and NPK Fertilizer

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
Al Azizu Saifulloh ◽  
Retno Suntari
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Corn Plants

Entisols are newly formed soil types and are commonly found in Indonesia, with a distribution of ±3 million ha distribution. Entisol Kalidawir has a slightly acidic pH value of 5.8 and contains very low total-nitrogen (N) and available-phosphorus (P) nutrients, calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) in the exchangeable base are also low and clay loam texture. Low soil nutrients and organic matter can have an impact on plant growth and production Maize is one of the most widely cultivated food crops in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to analyze various doses of the combination of cow manure and NPK fertilizer on N, P and potassium (K) uptake, growth and production of maize. The results showed that the application of 20 t ha-1 of cow manure and 400 kg ha-1 of NPK fertilizer at observations 27 and 54 days after planting increased growth in height and number of leaves of corn plants and increased nutrient uptake of N, P, and K, respectively. Also reached 1, 0.14, and 0.82 g plant-1 and 5.52, 0.83, and 5.11 g plant-1. In addition, it produces the highest corn production of 10.53 t ha-1.

scholarly journals Experimental research concerning the possibility of the cow manure conversion into biogas

2022 ◽  
Vol 960 (1) ◽  
pp. 012016
Author(s):  
I A Halmaciu ◽  
I Ionel ◽  
I Vetres
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Laboratory Installation ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Favourable Environment ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Cow manure has been used since ancient times as an organic fertilizer in agriculture. Being rich in micronutrients, especially zinc, it is suitable to be used for all types of crops. The increase in the number of inhabitants generated the need for a larger amount of food and associated ever growing need of energy supply. Thus, an increase in the number of farms and cultivated agricultural areas was necessary, as well ever-growing secure energy sources. The strict laws on waste management, on reduction of greenhouse gases emission and in general addressing the decrease of the manmade pollution are some of the reasons that have led to the developing and application of alternative energy solutions. This paper aims to shed light on another much more beneficial feature of cow dung through its modern use, by production of biogas through anaerobic digestion. The experimental work is performed on an ultra-modern laboratory installation, capable to generate in 6 separate digesters of the biogas, according todivers receipts. In order to create a favourable environment for the growth of bacteria, the digestate was kept at a temperature of 37° C, thus creating mesophilic conditions. Throughout the experiment the pH value was monitored and recorded, as well the amount of generated methane.

The role of mucilage in the germination of Leptocereus scopulophilus (Cactaceae) seeds from Pan de Matanzas, Cuba

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duniel Barrios ◽  
Joel Flores ◽  
Luis R. González-Torres ◽  
Alejandro Palmarola
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Environmental Context ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Minimal Time ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Seed Mucilage

Studies of seed mucilage in a number of species suggest that it has multiple ecological roles dependent on species and their environmental context. We evaluate whether mucilage facilitates seed germination for Leptocereus scopulophilus Areces, as well as whether light conditions influence the effect of the mucilage. Three combined treatments of light conditions: (1) shade (10% of sunlight), (2) semi-shade (30% of sunlight), and (3) full light exposure (100% of sunlight), and two seed types (with mucilage and washed) were used. Germinability was affected by light conditions but no effect of mucilage was found; higher germination occurred in shade than in semi-shade conditions. There was no germination in full light conditions. Germination rate (T50) was not affected by light conditions or by the mucilage, or the interaction of both factors. Minimal time to germination (Tmin) was affected by mucilage; seeds with mucilage germinated 2 days later than washed seeds. Thus, facilitation for imbibition of water does not occur in L. scopulophilus seeds. Perhaps the presence of mucilage in seeds of this species serves other purposes such as seed adhesion to soil or to deter predators.

Corrosion Behavior and Mechanism of Oil Casing Steel in CO2 Salt Solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 1035 ◽  
pp. 534-538
Author(s):  
Xiao Jun Fang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Zhi Gang Yang ◽  
Yong Qiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Metal Surface ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Metal Corrosion ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Static Conditions

The influence of temperature, flow rate, PH value, and oxygen content on the corrosion law in the carbon dioxide salt solution of J55 oil casing was investigated by the corrosion weight loss method. The results showed that with the increase of temperature, the corrosion rate of J55 steel first increased and then decreased and the corrosion rate reached the maximum at 100°C. The corrosion rate was closely related to the formation of corrosion products. The increase of the flow rate speeded up the transfer rate of the corrosive medium to the metal surface and hindered the formation of FeCO3 on the metal surface. The corrosion rate was significantly higher than the corrosion rate under static conditions, and as the flow rate increased, the corrosion rate of J55 steel increased accordingly. The increase of the pH value gradually reduced the concentration of hydrogen ions, and cathodic reaction of hydrogen ion depolarization during metal corrosion process was inhibited, and the tendency to form an oxidizing protective film on the surface of carbon steel increased, thereby reducing the corrosion rate of metals. With the increase of oxygen content, there were both hydrogen evolution reaction of CO2 and oxygen absorption reaction caused by O2 in the cathode process. The corrosion rate of J55 steel gradually increased, and at the same oxygen content, the higher the carbon dioxide content, the greater the corrosion rate is.

Use of Algae as a Bio-indicator to Determine Water Quality (A Case Study)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 235-243
Author(s):  
Shampa Deb ◽  
Ajay S. Kalamdhad
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Litter Deposition ◽  
Value Of Water

The water and algal samples were collected from selected three sampling stations of IITG campus of Assam. A total of 29 numbers of algal species along with 28 numbers of macrophytes species were recorded from three sampling stations throughout the study period.The pH value of water shows alkaline in nature with optimum temperature. The results of the present study revealed that the water quality was affected by thedecomposition of organic matter, inputs of campus waste, litter deposition, etc.Bacillariophyceae was represented by highest number of species fol lowed by Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae. Among the algal species Spirogyra, Surirella lanceolate and Euglena were abundantly present in the study area.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Water Quality in Middle and Lower Yangtze River of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 03015
Author(s):  
Yanbin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Scientific Database

The water resource is the basic natural resource and one of the controlling factors of the ecological environment. However, for China with extensive economic growth and high population pressure, deterioration of water quality has been a very serious problem. This research will focus on five main provinces along the Yangtze River, one of the richest and most economically developed areas in China. The data of lakes in five provinces is mainly from China Lake Scientific Database and the study chooses and analyzes four elements of the lake: nitrogen content, phosphorus content, dissolved oxygen content and pH value. These four elements represent water quality or reflect the source of pollution. By R studio, both the ANOVA test and regression equation are used to indicate four elements’ relationship among each other in the whole five provinces and each province’s water quality and use condition. Jiangsu’s average dissolved oxygen content is the highest among the five provinces and is supposed to have the highest water quality because of the strong self-purification ability of water. However, since it also owns the most developed industry seen from data of the number of industrial enterprise and industrial wastewater, lakes in Jiangsu have the highest average nitrogen and phosphorus content. Anhui has low dissolved oxygen content which can harm the production in the fishery. The pH value of lakes in Jiangxi is much lower than that of lakes in other provinces. Jiangxi province suffers from acid rain all year- round, which causes the acidification of groundwater and surface lakes.

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