Effect of propagule size on the in vitro production of polygalacturonase and cellulase by Rhizoctonia solani

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1713-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lisker ◽  
J. Katan ◽  
Y. Henis
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Propagule Size ◽  
Bean Hypocotyl

The physiological behavior of large (250–500 microns (μ)) infective and small (50–150 μ) non-infective mycelial fragments (propagules) of Rhizoctonia solani was compared. Liquid Czapek's medium containing sodium polypectate (NaPP) as the sole carbon source was inoculated with equal amounts (on a dry weight basis) of each kind of propagule. At NaPP concentrations of 0.005%–0.25% large propagules produced more polygalacturonase (PG) after a shorter period of incubation than small ones, whereas no differences in PG activity were observed at 1% NaPP. Differences in PG activity between large and small propagules were also observed in a medium consisting of 1:50 dilution of potato extract, but not in richer media such as potato dextrose broth and bean hypocotyl medium. These differences did not depend on pH of the medium or dry weight of the mycelium. Germination percentage of the large propagules and length of their emerging hyphae were greater than those of the small ones in media containing 0.005%–0.25% NaPP. Extracellular cellulase activity in Czapek's medium containing 0.25% carboxymethyl cellulose was also higher and appeared earlier in large propagules as compared with small ones. Viscometric and colorimetric methods for detecting PG and cellulase activities produced similar results. It is suggested that the capacity of the large propagules to produce hydrolytic enzymes at low nutrient levels may be important for their parasitic activity.

Associated microflora of medicinal ferns: biotechnological potentials and possible applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 4927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhi Srivastava ◽  
Paul A. K.
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Plant associated microorganisms that colonize the upper and internal tissues of roots, stems, leaves and flowers of healthy plants without causing any visible harmful or negative effect on their host. Diversity of microbes have been extensively studied in a wide variety of vascular plants and shown to promote plant establishment, growth and development and impart resistance against pathogenic infections. Ferns and their associated microbes have also attracted the attention of the scientific communities as sources of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. The ferns and fern alleles, which are well adapted to diverse environmental conditions, produce various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, triterpenoid compounds, variety of amino acids and fatty acids along with some unique metabolites as adaptive features and are traditionally used for human health and medicine. In this review attention has been focused to prepare a comprehensive account of ethnomedicinal properties of some common ferns and fern alleles. Association of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere of these medicinally important ferns and their interaction with the host plant has been emphasized keeping in view their possible biotechnological potentials and applications. The processes of host-microbe interaction leading to establishment and colonization of endophytes are less-well characterized in comparison to rhizospheric and phyllospheric microflora. However, the endophytes are possessing same characteristics as rhizospheric and phyllospheric to stimulate the in vivo synthesis as well as in vitro production of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities such as plant growth promotion by production of phytohormones, siderophores, fixation of nitrogen, and phosphate solubilization. Synthesis of pharmaceutically important products such as anticancer compounds, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antiviral substances and hydrolytic enzymes could be some of the promising areas of research and commercial exploitation.

scholarly journals Amelioration of Salt Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine Max. L) by Plant-Growth Promoting Endophytic Bacteria Produce 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylase Deaminase

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumella Simarmata ◽  
Ngadiman Ngadiman ◽  
Saifur Rohman ◽  
Partomuan Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Soybean Seedlings

     Salinity is a major abiotic stress that can induce ethylene synthesis beyond the normal limits as plants response to stress and hence reduces crop productivity. The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase deaminase (ACCD)-producing bacteria can reduce excessive ethylene synthesis by taking ACC (ethylene precursor) as a nitrogen source. This study showed the possibility of using endophytic bacteria in order to reduce the undesirable effects of salinity. Strain Pseudomonas putida PIR3C and Roultella terrigena PCM8 exhibited promising performance for promoting the growth of plant under salinity stress conditions. The results showed that bacterial inoculation was effective even in the presence of higher salinity levels. Strain P. putida PIR3C was the most efficient strain compared to the other strains and significantly increased shoot length, root length, dry weight, germination percentage, and reduced stem diameter. The role of ACCD in reducing ethylene production under salinity stress conditions was also studied by measuring the evolution of ethylene in vitro by soybean seeds treated with some ACCD bacterial strain. The maximum ethylene lowering capacity was observed in R. terrigena PCM8, the strain reduced ethylene production from 622.81 nmol.g-1(control) to 352.78 nmol.g-1 (43% reduction). The production of α-ketobutyrate, chlorophyll content and germination percentage from P. putida PIR3C was higher than other strains. The results suggested that strain P. putida PIR3C and R. terrigena PCM8 can be employed for salinity tolerance in soybean seedlings and may have better prospects for an amelioration of stress condition.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS MEDIA AND NUTRIENT SOURCES ON ALTERNARIA SOLANI CAUSE EARLY BLIGHT DISEASE IN TOMATO

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (no 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rex ◽  
G. Rajasekar
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Nutrient Sources

Early blight of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) incited by Alternaria solani is highly destructive causing yield loss up to 78 per cent. The fungus was tested with different media along with the host extract and different nutrient sources for their growth and development in in vitro. Twelve different media were tested on the growth of A. solani, among them potato dextrose agar + host leaf extract recorded maximum radial mycelial growth of A. solani (89.57mm) and potato dextrose broth + leaf extract has maximum mycelial dry weight (613mg). Six carbon and nitrogen sources amended media were tested. Among carbon sources, glucose recorded maximum radial mycelial growth (74.65mm) and mycelia dry weight (709.17mg). Among the nitrogen sources, ammonium nitrate has the enhanced the radial mycelail growth (84.56 mm) and high mycelial dry weigh (654.27mg). This study will be helpful for further investigations on the physiology of the fungus and management of the disease.

scholarly journals Fribrinolytic activity and gas production by Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 and Fomes fomentarius - EUM1 in bagasse cane

2015 ◽  
pp. 4907-4916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulino Sánchez-Santillán ◽  
Marcos Meneses-Mayo ◽  
Luis Miranda-Romero ◽  
Eduardo Santellano-Estrada ◽  
Baldomero Alarcón-Zúñiga
Keyword(s):  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Crude Enzyme Extract ◽  
Commercial Enzyme ◽  
Fomes Fomentarius ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACT Objective. To characterize the fibrolytic enzymatic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 and Fomes fomentarius-EUM1 in sugarcane bagasse (BCA); to evaluation of the kinetics of in vitro production of BCA treated by solid fermentation (FS), crude enzyme extract (ECE) of P. ostreatus-IE8 and Fibrozyme®. Materials and methods. In fungi measured radial growth rate ( Vcr ) and biomass production in two culture media (with or without nitrogen source); activity of xylanases, cellulases and FS on BCA at 0, 7 and 15 d. The chemical analysis and kinetic analysis of in vitro gas production in 4 treatments (ECE adding enzymes obtained from the direct addition FS or FS ), witness (Fibrozyme®) and a control without addition and analyzed by a was completely randomized design. Results. Xylanases (7 d ) showed 6.32 and 5.50 UI g-1 initial substrate dry weight (SSi) for fungi P. ostreatus-IE8 and F. fomentarius-EUM1 , respectively ; P. ostreatus-IE8 scored higher activity of laccases (10.65 g -1 UI SSi) and F. fomentarius-EUM1 (1.90 UI g-1 SSi) cellulases. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 and commercial enzyme did not differences (p>0.05). In the chemical composition or the gas production kinetics. The 4 treatments evaluated decreased values of the variables measured in the kinetics of gas production compared to the control (p≤0.05). Conclusions. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 was similar to commercial enzyme degradation in vitro, so it is feasible to use pre-digest high fiber products.

scholarly journals Identification of in-vitro PEG Mediated Drought Tolerance Genotype in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shahriar Rahman Shovon ◽  
Md. Arifuzzaman ◽  
Most. Farzana Haque ◽  
Bhabendra Kumar Biswas ◽  
Most. Moriom Pervin
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Drought is a serious bottleneck in the production of rice globally. For this, an experiment was conducted in-vitro on six rice genotypes viz. BRRI Dhan-28, Begunbahar, Burikatari, Pashpai, Dular and Begunbichi to investigate the effect polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated artificial drought on morpho-physiological parameters such as germination percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, turgid weight, relative water content and proline accumulation. Here, different doses of PEG-6000 viz. 0gL-1, 15gL-1, 30gL-1, 45gL-1 and 60gL-1 were used with Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The results demonstrated that BRRI Dhan-28, Burikatari and Dular revealed greater performance at control conditions but at the highest degree of water stress conditions only Burikatari showed higher mean value for all parameters studied. Again, Begunbichi followed by BRRI Dhan-28 exhibited the lowest mean value for almost all traits except for proline accumulation. Here, water stress decreased the performance of morpho-physiological characters except proline accumulation in rice. The cluster analysis was performed and distributed into three groups where there was a significant variation among the clusters at different water stress conditions. Here, the genotype Burikatari is more diverse giving maximum Euclidian distances in drought treatments. It could be considered as a parent in the hybridization program against Begunbahar, Dular and Paspai. Therefore, considering the mean performances and cluster analysis, Burikatari exhibited greater performances against the highest degree of drought conditions. This genotype may bear drought-tolerant gene for which could be utilized for further development of drought-tolerant variety and gene transfer.

scholarly journals In vitro screening of gamma irradiated rice variety MR263 for drought tolerance using polyethylene glycol

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S5) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
I. Tatar ◽  
A. Shamsiah ◽  
H.A. Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Gamma Irradiated ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 6000 ◽  
Land Space

Fluctuating weather conditions and climate change are affecting agricultural production worldwide including rice yield. Combined with the increasing population and decreasing land space for agricultural practices, biotechnological solutions are needed to improve the livelihood of farmers and the country’s food security. Rice seeds of cv. MR263 were irradiated with gamma rays at doses 300, 350, and 400 Gy to evaluate their response to ionizing radiation on their growth. The irradiated seeds were germinated on MS media, and the seedlings were grown in media with polyethylene glycol 6000. It was found that most of the germination percentage decreased gradually with increasing radiation dosage. Shoot lengths reduced with radiation dose, per treatment. The root length was highest at dose 350 Gy (9.5 cm) compared to the other irradiated treatments. Fresh and dry weights generally decreased with increasing dosage and water stress levels except for dose 350 Gy. The highest fresh (354 mg) and dry weight (56.7 mg) were observed in seedlings irradiated with a dose of 350 Gy treated with 0% PEG and 10% PEG respectively. The content of proline and carbohydrates increased as the radiation doses and PEG concentrations increased where the highest proline (11.8 µM/g) was observed in 350 Gy + 20% PEG. While the highest carbohydrate content (9.3 mg/g) was observed in 400 Gy+ 20% PEG. It was concluded that seedlings radiated with 350 Gy showed promising results indicating tolerance to drought stress, due to their improved morphological and biochemical traits.

In Vitro Investigation of Biopriming on Seed Quality Parameters in Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.)]

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok S Sajjan ◽  
Sujaya Waddinakatti ◽  
R B Jolli ◽  
Geetha D Goudar
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonad ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
In Vitro Investigation ◽  
Vigour Index

The in vitro investigation was conducted during the kharif 2017 in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Vijayapura. The experiment comprised of nine biopriming treatments along with control. The experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications. The seeds were subjected to in vitro studies and data was analysed statistically. The seed bioprimed with Rhizobium leguminosarum @ 20 per cent recorded higher seed germination percentage (90.50 %), shoot length (19.27 cm), root length (12.38 cm), seedling length (31.65 cm), seedling dry weight (373.0 mg), seedling vigour index I (2864), seedling vigour index II (33.75), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (1.010 OD value) and lower electrical conductivity (0.107 dS m-1) followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 per cent, Fluorescent pseudomonad sp. @ 20 per cent as compared to control.

scholarly journals Influence of Substrates in the Development of Bean and in Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani JG Kühn

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 707
Author(s):  
Sara Mayo-Prieto ◽  
Álvaro Rodríguez-González ◽  
Alicia Lorenzana ◽  
Santiago Gutiérrez ◽  
Pedro A. Casquero
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root System ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Economic Losses

The number of plants produced in horticultural substrates has increased over the last decade. These substrates are to have some physicochemical and phytosanitary characteristics that allow for optimal growth. Rhizoctonia solani JG Kühn is one of the root and hypocotyl diseases that frequently develops in seedbeds causing severe economic losses worldwide. The aim of this work was to evaluate the substrates and additives used in bean plantlets and the R. solani disease severity. The use of vermiculite or peat did not affect bean germination percentage, but peat promoted the development of the aerial part and vermiculite improved the growth of the root system. R. solani reduced bean germination percentage and bean growth in both peat and vermiculite. The presence of additives (bentonite and/or cornmeal) in the substrates (vermiculite or peat) reduced bean germination and development, favouring the severity of R. solani. However, the addition of cornmeal improves bean dry weight of the aerial part. So, whenever it is necessary to add additives to the substrates to improve the installation and development of a biocontrol agent, such as Trichoderma harzianum, the mix of peat and cornmeal would improve the development of both bean and biocontrol agent.

scholarly journals Antagonistic Activity of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Fungi Isolated From Sea Purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum) Against Pythium Damping off of Cucumber

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 2158-2167
Author(s):  
Thamodini G. Karunasinghe ◽  
S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura ◽  
Rethinasamy Velazhahan ◽  
Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Sesuvium Portulacastrum ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Rhizosphere Fungi

This study was conducted to investigate the antagonistic activity of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi isolated from a medicinal plant, Sesuvium portulacastrum, against Pythium aphanidermatum, the cause of damping off of cucumber. A total of 40 endophytic and 19 rhizosphere fungi were isolated from S. portulacastrum. Three endophytic isolates and two rhizosphere isolates gave >50% suppression of P. aphanidermatum in the in vitro dual-culture tests. Scanning electron microscopic studies at the inhibition zone showed hyphae wall damage and abnormal mycelial growth of the genus Pythium. Molecular analysis identified the antagonistic endophytes as Aspergillus insulicola (isolate A435), A. insulicola (A419), and Aspergillus melleus (A412) and the rhizosphere antagonists as Aspergillus terreus (A213) and Aspergillus luchuensis (A116). Except for A116, the culture filtrates of the other antagonists significantly increased the electrolyte leakage from Pythium mycelia, whereas ethyl acetate extracts of A435, A412, and A213 showed significant growth suppression. All five antagonists were able to produce varying amounts of cellulase and β-glucanase enzymes. However, A435, A412, and A213 showed significantly higher cellulase activity, whereas A435 and A116 showed the highest β-glucanase activity. Controlled glasshouse growth experiments showed that isolates A435 and A116 resulted in up to 70% control of damping off, whereas isolates A412 and A213 showed 30 to 40% damping-off control. The antagonists A435, A116, and A213 also contributed to increased cucumber shoot length as well as shoot and root dry mass. The synergetic effects of metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes could be the reason for the variation between isolates in the antagonistic activity and cucumber growth promotion. This study reports for the first time A. insulicola, A. melleus, and A. luchuensis as potential biocontrol agents against P. aphanidermatum-induced damping off of cucumber.

scholarly journals In vitro screening for drought tolerance of some chickpea varieties in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
UK Salma ◽  
F Khatun ◽  
MJH Bhuiyan ◽  
S Yasmin ◽  
TH Khan
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
In Vitro Screening ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Drought Stress Condition ◽  
Different Levels

The aim of the present study was to study physiological response of seven chickpea varieties viz. Binachola-2, Binachola-3, Binachola-4, Binachola-5, Binachola-6, Binachola-7 and Binachola-8 at different levels of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG).  Five different concentrations (0, 20, 35, 50, 60 g/L) of PEG 6000 was added in MS medium to create five different levels of drought stress for  in vitro screening of drought tolerant chick pea varieties. Data were recorded on germination percentage, fresh weight, shoot length, root length, dry weight, turgid weight, relative water content (RWC) and proline content. The seven chickpea varieties differed significantly for different parameters in response to the drought stress. Binachola-2 and Binachola-7 showed the best performance for all the parameters studied. At the highest dose of PEG (60 g/l), in the most water deficient condition, fresh weight was recorded 0.59 g and 0.84 g, Shoot lengths of 2.10 cm and 3.75 cm, root lengths of 1.15 cm and 1.00 cm, turgid weight of 0.960 g and 0.970 g, dry weight of 0.13 g and 0.21 g, relative water contents (RWC) of 85.71% and 83.33% were recorded in Binachola-2 and Binachola-7, respectively. Increased proline content was recorded with the increasing level of PEG concentration. Proline content 0.533g/100g FW and 0.598g/100g FW were observed in Binachola-2 and Binachola-7, respectively under the influence of PEG at 60 g/l. Data recorded for Binachola-3, Binachola-4, Binachola-5, Binachola-6 and Binachola-8 for the studied parameters revealed that they showed susceptible response against higher drought stress level gen­erated by PEG. The data of this experiment revealed that, the accumulation of proline was significantly greater under drought stress. Thus, it is evident that Binachola-2 and Binachola-7 performed better against drought stress condition. These results of physiological and biochemical parameters may be utilized as a selection indicator for breeding program and used as a baseline for improvement of chickpea varieties in Bangladesh.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 110-118, 2016

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