Root dynamics in sprouting tanoak forests of southwestern Oregon

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1855-1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Ahrens ◽  
Michael Newton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Lithocarpus Densiflorus ◽  
Shoot Dynamics ◽  
Proportional Increase

Root and shoot biomass were measured across an 8 year chronosequence in mature and regenerating stands of tanoak ( Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.), following cutting and burning in mature tanoak forests. Tanoak stump sprouts rapidly replaced leaf biomass but did not maintain preexisting root systems. Rather, root biomass declined for several years, with the largest proportional decline in extra-fine roots. Four years after harvest, live root biomasses in diameter classes 0.25–2.00 and 0.25–5.00 mm were 25% and 30% of values in mature tanoak forests, respectively. The proportion of dead roots was strongly correlated with maximum summer soil temperature. Root/shoot ratios recovered to preharvest values by age 3–4 years, at which time the live biomass of fine roots and leaf biomass was approximately 30%–40% of values in mature forest. From age 4 to 8 years, stable root/shoot ratios were associated with a three- to four-fold reduction in growth rate of leaf biomass and a proportional increase in growth of fine roots. These findings support the general theory of a functional root–shoot balance in tanoak and suggest a possible role for soil temperature in postharvest root dynamics. Improved understanding of postdisturbance root and shoot dynamics in tanoak will help identify competitive interactions and priorities for vegetation management decisions in establishment of conifers following harvest of mixed conifer–hardwood forests of southwestern Oregon and northern California.

scholarly journals (324) Irrigation Effects on Fine Root Dynamics in Peach (Prunus persica)

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1038D-1038
Author(s):  
Christina Wells ◽  
Desmond Layne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Fine Root Dynamics ◽  
Tree Phenology ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Root Life Span

We are using a minirhizotron camera system to observe fine root dynamics beneath irrigated and nonirrigated peach trees. Our long term goals are: 1) to relate the timing of fine root production to tree phenology, soil water content, and soil temperature; and 2) to determine how fine root architecture and demography differ between trees with and without supplemental irrigation. In early 2002, minirhizotrons were constructed and installed beneath each of 72 open-center, 4-year-old `Redglobe' peach trees at the Musser Fruit Research Farm near Clemson University. Beginning in May 2002, videotaped images from each minirhizotron were collected at 2-week intervals; notes on tree phenology were also recorded biweekly. Videotapes were digitized in the lab, and information on root length, diameter, appearance and longevity was extracted from the images. Soil temperature and volumetric water content were measured in the orchard throughout the growing season. In the 2 years following minirhizotron installation, irrigated trees allocated a significantly greater percentage of their fine root length to the upper soil layers and exhibited less root branching than nonirrigated trees. Fine roots produced by irrigated trees lived significantly longer: irrigated trees had a median root life span of 165 days, while nonirrigated trees had a median root life span of only 115 days (P< 0.001; proportional hazards regression). Fine roots from irrigated trees remained in the physiologically active “white” state for an average of 10 days longer than roots from nonirrigated trees (P< 0.001). Data from 2002–03 indicate that the trees produce new root flushes at least three times during the year, with a significant flush occurring immediately after harvest.

Influence of Pruning and Irrigation on Root Longevity of `Concord' Vines

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 511a-511
Author(s):  
L.H. Comas ◽  
D.M. Eissenstat ◽  
A.N. Lakso ◽  
R. Dunst
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Root Longevity ◽  
Root Lifespan ◽  
Median Lifespan

Improved cultural practices in grape require a better understanding of root growth and physiology. Seasonal root dynamics were examined in mature `Concord' vines with balanced or minimal-pruning, and with or without supplemental irrigation in Fredonia, N.Y. Fine roots were continuously produced during the growing season starting in mid-June around time of bloom. Roots began to die in September at verasion. Minimal-pruned vines produced more roots than balanced-pruned vines, with the minimal-pruned/unirrigated vines producing the most roots. Irrigation and pruning delayed fine root production at the beginning of the growing season. Peak fine root flush was 16 June to 21 July 1997 for the minimal-pruned/unirrigated treatment, while peak flush was 7 July to 2 Sept. 1997 for balanced-pruned/irrigated treatment. In minimal-pruned vines, many roots were observed down to depths of 120 cm. In contrast, balanced-pruned vines had very few fine roots deeper than 40 cm. From initial observations, median lifespan of fine roots was 5 to 9.5 weeks, depending on treatment and depth in soil. Fine roots lived longer in the top 15-cm than in the 16- to 30-cm layer of soil in all treatments. Both minimal pruning and irrigation increased root lifespan. Fine roots had the shortest lifespan in the balanced-pruned/unirrigated treatment and the longest lifespan in the minimal-pruned/irrigated treatment.

scholarly journals Response of Soil Temperature, Moisture, and Spring Maize (Zea mays L.) Root/Shoot Growth to Different Mulching Materials in Semi-Arid Areas of Northwest China

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Haidong Lu ◽  
Zhenqing Xia ◽  
Yafang Fu ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Jiquan Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spring Maize

Adaptive highly efficient mulching technologies for use on dryland agricultural ecosystems are crucial to improving crop productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE) under climate change. Little information is available on the effect of using different types of mulch on soil water thermal conditions, or on root/shoot trait, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), yield, and WUE of spring maize. Hence, in this study, white transparent plastic film (WF), black plastic film (BF), and maize straw (MS) was used, and the results were compared with a non-mulched control (CK). The results showed that the mean soil temperature throughout the whole growth period of maize at the 5–15 cm depth under WF and BF was higher than under MS and CK, but under BF, it was 0.6 °C lower than WF. Compared with CK, the average soil water storage (0–200 cm) over the whole growth period of maize was significantly increased under WF, BF, and MS. WF and BF increased the soil water and temperature during the early growth stages of maize and significantly increased root/shoot biomass, root volume, LAI, LAD, and yield compared with MS. Higher soil temperatures under WF obviously reduced the duration of maize reproductive growth and accelerated root and leaf senescence, leading to small root/shoot biomass accumulation post-tasseling and to losses in yield compared with BF

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Living and Dead Fine Roots of Forest Biomes Across the Northern Hemisphere

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 953
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Brunner ◽  
Zong ◽  
Li
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Opposite Pattern

Research Highlights: A detailed picture of the seasonality in fine root biomass (FRB), necromass (FRN), and the biomass/necromass ratio (FRBN) throughout the whole year is crucial to uncover profound effects of long-term environmental changes on fine root dynamics. Materials and Methods: We used meta-analysis to characterize the variability of FRB, FRN and FRBN, and determined their relations with climatic (monthly versus annual), edaphic and geomorphic factors for tropical, temperate and boreal forest biomes across the Northern Hemisphere. Results: Boreal forests exhibited the highest FRB and FRN, while tropical forests yielded the lowest FRN, and thus the greatest FRBN. FRB and FRN significantly decreased with sampling depth, but increased with soil organic carbon content and elevation, while an opposite pattern was found for FRBN. Temperature and precipitation at different time scales (monthly versus annual) and latitude had varying influences on fine roots. High FRB and FRN were observed during dry season for tropical forests, but in the late growing season for temperate forests. The three forest biomes exhibited the high root activity (measured as FRBN) in June or July. Conclusions: It is crucial to realize the universal and specific responses of fine roots to multiple environmental factors when attempting to incorporate these parameters into fine root monthly dynamic models in forest ecosystems. The biome-specific fluctuation of fine roots contributes to identify the influence factors on fine root seasonal patterns throughout the whole year. Our analysis is expected to improve the understanding of the key role of fine roots at monthly level in modeling and predicting carbon budget of various forest biomes under future climate change.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Inoculum Density and Temperature on the Incidence of Cucumber Black Root Rot

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniaki Shishido ◽  
Hiroyuki Murakami ◽  
Daiki Kanda ◽  
Shin-ichi Fuji ◽  
Takeshi Toda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Black Root Rot ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Soil Inoculum ◽  
Phomopsis Sclerotioides ◽  
Soil Disinfection

The effects of the density of Phomopsis sclerotioides in soil and other environmental factors on black root rot of cucumber were investigated. Cucumber plants were grown in soil containing P. sclerotioides at 1, 10, 100, and 1000 CFU/g. Wilt incidence from 3 to 7 weeks after transplanting was strongly correlated with P. sclerotioides density in soil (P < 0.05). Root rot of squash rootstock occurred in soil with very low inoculum densities (0.1 CFU/g), and was strongly related to P. sclerotioides density (Y = −0.3x + 1.2, R2 = 0.743, P < 0.05) at 8 weeks after transplanting. Cucumber plants showed wilt symptoms in soil containing 1 CFU/g. Wilt symptoms in cucumber plants occurred 4 to 7 days earlier in soil at 22°C than in soil at 27 or 17°C. Root rot development could be predicted from the density of P. sclerotioides in soil and soil temperature. However, further studies on the effects of other environmental factors are required to test the linear model in commercial fields. This information is essential for determining the threshold pathogen density at which most control techniques, particularly those other than soil disinfection, will be effective.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and molecular variability of maize (Zea mays L.) Induced with X-ray

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Odunayo Joseph Olawuyi ◽  
David Franklin Igata ◽  
Akinlolu Olalekan Akanmu ◽  
Abeeb Abiodun Azeez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Group Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Ten genotypes of maize collected from National Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB) were induced with X-ray for morphological and molecular assessment. The experimental design was complete randomized design with four replicates. Morphological and molecular statistical analyses of treated genotypes were conducted using SAS and Power Maker Packages, respectively while dendrogram was generated using Jaccards similarity coefficient using Unweighted Paired Group Method and Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA). The study revealed significant difference which is an indication of genetic variation of characters in treated maize. Genotype DTSR-Wco performed best in plant height (62.35 cm), leaf length (62.35 cm), number of leaves (3.15), leaf width (7.55 cm) and dry leaf biomass (0.24 g). X-ray at 90 Kv/mass, 95 Kv/mass and 100 Kv/mass decreased plant heights to 54.25cm, 53.87cm and 54.10cm respectively compared to Control. Heritability estimate was greater than 70% for all characters evaluated. Genotype TZM 1551 at 0 Kv/mass yielded the highest concentration of DNA at 2841.60 ng/ul and the highest genomic DNA concentration was obtained at 95 Kv/mass for TZM 132 with 1.91%. Primer BMC 1755 was most polymorphic with 58.77% in treated maize genotypes. The plant height was strongly correlated with leaf length (r=0.9), leaf width (r=0.76) and number of leaves (r=0.77). Principal component analysis showed close relationship between plant height (-0.03) and leaf length (0.05) compared with leaf width (-0.67) and number of leaves (0.69). Dry shoot biomass (0.05) was closely related to dry root biomass (-0.03) and dry leaf biomass (-0.04).

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variation in Fine Root Biomass, Productivity and Turnover in Shorea Robusta Along the Gradient of Tree Girth Size

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachita Pandey ◽  
Surendra Singh Bargali ◽  
Kiran Bargali
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Fine roots (≤ 2 mm of diameter) contribute diminutive fractions of the overall tree biomass but are highly zestful and functionally remarkable component for assessing forest carbon and nutrient budgets. This study assessed how tree girth influenced fine root biomass (FRB), production (FRP) and turnover rate (FRT) in sub tropical sal forest.Four sites (S1, S2, S3, S4) were established in the bhabhar region of Nainital district, Uttarakhand, India within an elevational range of 405m and 580m. On the basis of girth size, sal trees were categorized in five girth size classes. Fine roots were sampled seasonally to a depth of 60 cm and divided into 3 layers (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm).FRB was significantly affected by tree girth size (p< 0.05) while FRP and FRT showed insignificant effect. FRB was higher in lower girth classes (A-C) as compared to higher girth classes (D-E).Seasonal variation of FRB in all girth sizes showed a keen resemblance as the standing FRB reached pinnacle during rainy season and reached bottom-line in the winter season. Maximum FRB was reported for uppermost organo-mineralic soil depth (0-20 cm) at 1 m distance from tree bole and decreased with increasing soil depth and distance from tree bole while FRT showed a reverse trend. The present study will provide a holistic outlook on variations in FRB, FRP and FRT and the impact of edaphic characteristics and tree girth on fine root dynamics with respect to the studied forest stands.

scholarly journals Root Mass and Elemental Concentrations in an Irish Oak Woodland

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Francis Q. Brearley ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Fine Root Dynamics ◽  
Elemental Concentrations

Fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) are key for nutrient and carbon cycling in forests but less well studied for oak than other European trees. To better understand controls on root mass and nutrient concentrations in oak stands, a study was conducted at Glendalough in Ireland. Roots were removed from soils and measured for biomass, length and nutrient concentrations along with soil nutrients. Fine root mass was 360 gm-2 and comparable to other oak stands. Whilst root N concentrations were high, P concentrations were low and N, P, K, Mg, but not C or Ca were at greater concentrations in fine roots compared to coarse (2-5 mm) roots. The root Ca:Al ratio suggested Al toxicity although this was less marked in organic-rich soils. Neither root mass nor root nutrient concentrations showed particularly strong correlations with soil nutrients or pH. Whilst this data agrees well with other similar studies, improved analysis by separating live and dead roots will further advance our understanding of controls on forest fine root dynamics.

Photon flux density dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot growth of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
C Balance

Kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson&rsqb; vines were grown in four controlled photon flux densities (PFDs) from 250 to 1100 µmol m –2 s –1 for 130 d starting from pre-budbreak to measure relationships between shoot growth and carbon (C) demand and to assess the effect of PFD on these processes. Leaf area, stem length, photosynthesis and respiration rates were measured on the same leaves at regular intervals. From daily C acquisition and accumulation in biomass, the net C balance per cane was determined throughout the experiment. High-PFD-grown vines had 13% more leaf area, 250% more leaf biomass and 30% more stem biomass than low-PFD-grown vines. High-PFD-grown vines also partitioned relatively more biomass to photosynthetic tissue than to supporting stem tissue compared with low-PFD-grown vines. Rates of net photosynthesis were highest on vines grown at 800 µmol m –2 s –1 , but respiration rates were highest in high-PFD-grown vines. Vines grown at 1100 µmol m –2 s –1 had a net gain of 119 g sh –1 and 53 g sh – at 250 µmol m –2 s –1 , of which 46 and 58%, respectively, was used in shoot biomass growth. Net C balance was negative for 30 d after budbreak. Over 130 d, high-PFD-grown vines produced a total surplus of 64 g sh –1 , while low-PFD-grown vines produced 22 g sh –1 . Results demonstrate that irradiance has no effects on developmental processes but has marked effects on vegetative growth rates of kiwifruit vines. Underlining this, the C economy of these shoots is highly and quantitatively dependent on the PFD during growth.

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