Total and Soluble Nitrogen in Douglas Fir in Relation to Plant Nitrogen Status

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Van Den Driessche ◽  
J. E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Guanidino Compounds ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
N Compounds

Concentrations of total N, ninhydrin-positive compounds, and monosubstituted guanidino compounds were determined in current and 1-year-old foliage and twigs, and in roots of 3-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco.). These plants were grown in a trial where levels of N (0, 255, and 675 kg N/ha), and sources of N (nitrate, ammonium, and urea) had been applied factorially. N fertilizer treatment increased soluble N levels by as much as 19 times control values, whereas total N was increased at most 40%. Total N in 1-year-old foliage, current twigs, and roots, and guanidino compounds in 1-year-old twigs were consistently different for different N treatment levels. Sixty percent of the variance in plant size measurements could be explained by six N measurements, including total N, in multiple regression.In a second experiment, concentrations of arginine and proline, in addition to concentrations of ninhydrin-positive compounds, guanidino compounds, and total N, were determined in foliage of 3-year-old Douglas fir grown in growth chambers at 10 and 21 °C. Four provenances, to which three moisture-stress treatments were factorially applied, were represented at each temperature. Concentration of soluble N compounds was higher at 21 °C than at 10 °C, but not concentration of total N. Moisture stress increased concentration of soluble N compounds, in particular proline, and there were some differences between provenances in concentrations of soluble N compounds and total N.

Seasonal variations in a Douglas fir stand in total and soluble nitrogen in inner bark and root and in total and mineralizable nitrogen in soil

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche ◽  
J. E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Root Sampling ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Proline Concentration ◽  
Arginine Concentration ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Monthly sampling of stem inner bark, roots, litter, humus, and mineral soil was carried out in six 0.1-ha plots in a 47-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand for 1 year. Pairs of plots had received urea fertilization at the rates of 0, 224, and 448 kg nitrogen (N)/ha 4 years previously. Inner bark and roots were chemically analysed to determine concentrations of total N, soluble N, ninhydrin-positive compounds, monosubstituted guanidino amino compounds, arginine, and proline. Concentration of total N was determined in litter, humus, and mineral soil samples, and concentration of mineralizable N was also determined in humus and mineral soil.All sets of data showed an effect of season, but analysis of root soluble N, root guanidino compounds, root arginine, and litter total N were the most satisfactory for distinguishing differences in N level due to fertilizer treatments. For this purpose root sampling was best done in June and July, and litter sampling between January and May. Soluble N concentration was higher in inner bark than in roots, but arginine concentration was higher in roots than in inner bark. Root arginine concentration was high in winter and decreased to a low level in October before starting to accumulate again, suggesting it behaves as a N storage compound. Litter total N showed a decrease in concentration in July and August, followed by a recovery.

scholarly journals Recycled Paper as a Growth Substrate for Container Spirea Production

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1253-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulette B. Craig ◽  
Janet C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaching Fraction ◽  
Water Holding

Spiraea japonica L. f. `Froebelii' were grown in 3.8-L containers filled with substrates consisting of recycled paper (RP) and pine bark at rates of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% (by volume) RP. Fertilizer treatments included 100% of the recommended rate of N as controlled release (CRF) or liquid fertilizer (LF) or both. The same amounts of N (as NO3--N and NH4+-N), P and K were supplied with each fertilizer treatment. Plants were irrigated in Fall 1996 based on substrate water-holding capacity and to achieve a 25% to 50% leaching fraction. In Spring 1997 regardless of substrate water holding capacity, plants were irrigated weekly initially, then twice weekly later in the study when plants were larger. Fertilizer treatment did not affect plant size, but plant diameter and shoot and root dry weight decreased as substrate RP concentration increased in Fall 1996. All plant size parameters measured decreased as substrate RP concentration increased regardless of fertilizer treatment in Spring 1997. In Fall 1996, shoot and root N concentration increased as CRF decreased (and LF increased), but substrate RP concentration did not affect shoot or root N concentration. In Spring 1997, shoot and root N concentration generally decreased as substrate RP concentration increased with 50% CRF, 50% LF, or 100% LF. Leachate NO3--N, NH4+-N and total N generally increased as CRF decreased but decreased as substrate RP concentration increased in both years. Substrate volume and percentage of air space decreased, but bulk density increased, as RP concentration increased. Although N leaching decreased as substrate RP concentration increased in both years, reasonable plant growth occurred only in those substrates containing ≤50% RP.

scholarly journals Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Adaptive Traits in Coastal Douglas Fir. III. Quantitative Trait Loci-by-Environment Interactions

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (3) ◽  
pp. 1489-1506
Author(s):  
Kathleen D Jermstad ◽  
Daniel L Bassoni ◽  
Keith S Jech ◽  
Gary A Ritchie ◽  
Nicholas C Wheeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Interval Mapping ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
Growth Cessation ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Growth Initiation

Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped in the woody perennial Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) for complex traits controlling the timing of growth initiation and growth cessation. QTL were estimated under controlled environmental conditions to identify QTL interactions with photoperiod, moisture stress, winter chilling, and spring temperatures. A three-generation mapping population of 460 cloned progeny was used for genetic mapping and phenotypic evaluations. An all-marker interval mapping method was used for scanning the genome for the presence of QTL and single-factor ANOVA was used for estimating QTL-by-environment interactions. A modest number of QTL were detected per trait, with individual QTL explaining up to 9.5% of the phenotypic variation. Two QTL-by-treatment interactions were found for growth initiation, whereas several QTL-by-treatment interactions were detected among growth cessation traits. This is the first report of QTL interactions with specific environmental signals in forest trees and will assist in the identification of candidate genes controlling these important adaptive traits in perennial plants.

Nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca. II. Diurnal changes of free amino acids, amides, and guanidino compounds in roots, buds, and leaves during the onset of dormancy of white spruce saplings

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Guanidino Compounds

In late August during the onset of dormancy in spruce, seasonal levels of soluble nitrogen, rich in arginine, were high. On a fresh weight basis, diurnal levels of total soluble nitrogen and most component amino acids in roots, buds, and leaves showed maxima, one at sunrise and another in the afternoon or near sunset.Arginine and glutamine in the different plant parts contributed 44 to 83% to the alcohol-soluble nitrogen. In buds and leaves, percentage of arginine remained high and decreased slightly at midday, whereas in roots a continual drop occurred. In all organs examined, changes in glutamine reflected the double maxima of total soluble nitrogen and were greatest in roots.On a fresh weight basis, most amino acids accumulated at sunrise and near sunset; however a few especially in leaves, increased at midday, e.g. glutamic and aspartic acid, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and serine.Comparison of levels of free guanidino compounds in different organs showed remarkable out-of-phase patterns. Levels of these compounds are known from 14C-arginine studies to be closely related to the metabolism of arginine.

Time of Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer to Maize at Samaru, Nigeria

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
One Year

SUMMARYMaize was grown for three years at three levels of nitrogen, 56, 112 and 224 kg. N ha.−1, involving altogether nine different timing and splitting treatments. Measurements were made of grain yield, plant nitrogen status and total-N-uptake, and, in one year, movement of nitrate-N in control plot soils. Where only 56 kg. N ha.−1was applied, its time of application made very little difference to yield; at higher rates of nitrogen an unsplit application as late as seven weeks was very inefficient, but only at the highest rate did a split application give any appreciable yield increase over an unsplit application to the seed bed. Consideration of the soil nitrate-N data and the long-term pattern of rainfall distribution leads to the conclusion that leaching is unlikely to be a serious problem in the nitrogen nutrition of early-planted maize.

THE NITROGEN METABOLISM OF PICEA GLAUCA (MOENCH) VOSS AND PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB. AS INFLUENCED BY MINERAL NUTRITION

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan ◽  
F. C. Steward
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Guanidino Compounds ◽  
Low Potassium

White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were grown in sand cultures by Swan (who reported on their growth in 1960) and they were irrigated with full nutrient solution high in sodium, or solutions deficient in each of several nutrients. Responses characteristic of the following six treatments were studied: full nutrient but with low sodium; nitrate or ammonium as the sole source of nitrogen; low nitrogen; low phosphorus; and low potassium. When shoot elongation had ceased, extracts of seedling parts (leaves, stems with buds, and roots) were examined by paper-chromatographic methods for free nitrogenous compounds.In leaves, the relative proportions of nitrogenous compounds in spruce and pine differed from those in the stems and roots. Nutrient deficiency and the form of nitrogen available affected both the total amount and relative composition of the soluble nitrogen. Under better mineral nutrient conditions, arginine accumulated while amide (glutamine) remained low. The accumulation of a number of compounds resulting from nutritional deficiency, for example glutamine, with low potassium, indicated that blocks occurred in metabolic pathways. Ammonium nitrogen was shown to foster arginine and amides (especially in spruce) and to lead to a large increase of free guanidino compounds which hitherto have passed unnoticed. By contrast, in leaves nourished by nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen, guanidino compounds were less prominent. Under the conditions of reduced growth and protein synthesis brought about by specified nutrient deficiencies, many unidentified compounds, which were not known intermediates of the ornithine or urea cycle, appeared.The present study dealt with observations made at one season of the year (late summer) and does not preclude the occurrence of somewhat different responses which might have been observed at other times of the year.

Douglas-fir soil C and N properties a decade after termination of urea fertilization

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2225-2236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S Homann ◽  
Bruce A Caldwell ◽  
H N Chappell ◽  
Phillip Sollins ◽  
Chris W Swanston
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Heavy Fractions ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Chemical and microbial soil properties were assessed in paired unfertilized and urea fertilized (>89 g N·m–2) plots in 13 second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands distributed throughout western Washington and Oregon. A decade following the termination of fertilization, fertilized plots averaged 28% higher total N in the O layer than unfertilized plots, 24% higher total N in surface (0–5 cm) mineral soil, and up to four times the amount of extractable ammonium and nitrate. Decreased pH (0.2 pH units) caused by fertilization may have been due to nitrification or enhanced cation uptake. In some soil layers, fertilization decreased cellulase activity and soil respiration but increased wood decomposition. There was no effect of fertilization on concentrations of light and heavy fractions, labile carbohydrates, and phosphatase and xylanase activities. No increase in soil organic C was detected, although variability precluded observing an increase of less than ~15%. Lack of a regionwide fertilization influence on soil organic C contrasts with several site-specific forest and agricultural studies that have shown C increases resulting from fertilization. Overall, the results indicate a substantial residual influence on soil N a decade after urea fertilization but much more limited influence on soil C processes and pools.

Effect of habitat and substrate quality on Douglas fir litter decomposition in western Oregon

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1632-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fogel ◽  
Kermit Cromack Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Substrate Quality ◽  
Woody Litter ◽  
Plant Moisture

Linear regression models were developed for Douglas fir needle, female cone, branch, and bark decomposition in seven stands representing four mature vegetation types in western Oregon. Rate constants (k) for annual weight loss of needles ranged from 0.22 to 0.31 year−1, from 0.047 to 0.083 year−1 for cones, from 0.059 to 0.089 year−1 for branches, and from 0.005 to 0.040 year−1 for bark. The decomposition constant (k) of needles had a negative linear correlation (P < 0.01) with maximum plant moisture stress and temperature growth index of the seven stands. In comparing substrate quality of needle and woody litter components, k was more closely correlated with lignin content than with C:N ratio.

Influence of fertilizer treatment on apple fruit composition and physiology. II. Influence on respiration rate and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and titratable acidity

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Letham
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Tissue Contents ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The respiration rates and tissue contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and titratable acidity were determined for apple fruit from trees receiving differential fertilizer treatments U, N, P, NP, and NPK (U, no fertilizer; N, 2 lb ammonium sulphate; P, 4 1b superphosphate; and K, 1 Ib potassium sulphate, per tree per year). The results obtained (expressed on a dry weight basis) are summarized as follows: Respiration rate: N > NP = NPK = U > P. Total nitrogen content: NPK > NP = N > U = P. Ethanol-insoluble nitrogen content: NPK = NP = N > U = P. Ethanol-soluble nitrogen content: NPK > NP = N > U = P. Phosphorus content : P > NP = NPK > U > N. Titratable acidity content: NPK > N > NP = U > P. The incidence of internal breakdown in stored fruit from these treatments has positively correlated with respiration rate per cell and negatively correlated with phosphorus content. Phosphorus content was negatively correlated with cell volume and respiration rate. Mechanisms by which phosphorus content might regulate the incidence of internal breakdown are discussed.

The digestion of food by the grazing sheep. IV. The effect of mastication on the release of soluble plant nitrogen

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 855 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Pasture Plants

The rate of release of soluble nitrogenous constituents from plant cells during the ingestion of green pasture plants has been studied. Boluses were collected either from sheep with oesophageal fistulae or from the rumen in sheep fitted with large rumen cannulae. Sheep grazing on pastures of different heights ingested food at widely varying rates. This was indicated by the rate of formation of boluses, which during 10-min collection periods ranged from 10.5 to 62.5 g/min. The rates at which bolus nitrogen reached the rumen ranged from 45 to 300 mg/min; of this, 20–45% (mean 26) was extractable with cold water. Approximately 50% of the extractable soluble nitrogen was protein nitrogen.

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