Cyclophytic effects on wood structure in Pinus radiata D. Don. I. Densitometry and grain angle

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Dodd ◽  
Nancy K. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Latewood Density

Wood structural characteristics were compared in 11-year-old Pinusradiata trees from hedge- and tree-form donors (H and T) to examine the effects of apical ageing (cyclophysis) on wood formation. Although the differences were small, T plants tended to produce wood with narrower growth rings and lower density in the first two rings. T plants showed a greater contrast between density at the end of one growth ring and the beginning of the next. The lower mean growth ring density in T plants was mainly due to a lower earlywood density with little difference in latewood density or latewood percentage. Although differences in density from early- to late-wood were greater in T plants, there was no difference between H and T plants in within-ring density variation. This was due to greater fluctuations in density across growth rings of H plants, perhaps because these plants were less buffered against the environment. Differences in wood structure between H and T plants were not the same for all clones, as shown by significant interactions in the analyses of variance. These different responses may have resulted from differences in the effectiveness of hedging in slowing apical maturation, or from differences in rates of maturation.

MICROFIBRIL ANGLES IN THE ROOT WOOD OF PINUS RADIATA AND PINUS NIGRA

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junji Matsumura ◽  
Brian G. Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Angle Change ◽  
Wood Tracheid

Microfibril angles of the S2 layer and tracheid lengths were measured in the root wood of Pinus nigra, and the root and stem wood of Pinus radiata. Within 10 mm (the first 2–3 growth rings) from the root centre, microfibril angles were large in the wood of both species, ranging from 25° to 40°. Beyond 10 mm (the fourth growth ring and beyond) from the root centre, microfibril angles were small. This pattern of microfibril angle change in root wood differs from those normally found in stems where angles are large until the 10–15th rings. Root wood tracheid length also showed a different pattern in radial direction from that normally observed in stem wood. Tracheids of Pinus radiata root wood were long in the first ring, decreasing to the third ring and then increased to the seventh ring. Beyond the seventh ring tracheid length was stable at around 3 to 3.5 mm. It was noted that microfibril angles were not influenced by tracheid length in root wood.

An analysis of an outbreak of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera, Siricidae), in Pinus radiata

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Plantation Management ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Ring Analysis

AbstractThe development of an outbreak of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F., in a 30-year-old population of Pinus radiata in Tasmania was traced by growth ring analysis of killed trees. The outbreak probably developed from small foci; it reached its peak when the trees were 18–19 years old and then declined rapidly. Attack per tree was directly related to the density of emergents from trees killed in the previous season and the intensity of oviposition drilling was modified by the rainfall during the emergence season; the frequency of treble oviposition drills was directly related to summer rainfall. Survival of insects within trees declined with the years; this was related to the greater vigour and resistance of the surviving trees, but was apparently modified by spring rainfall. Resinosis and polyphenols associated with growth rings in stems living in 1964 indicated an increase in the proportion of trees resisting attack during the outbreak. The growth patterns of attacked and unattacked trees, and the obvious susceptibility of the weaker understorey trees, are discussed and due attention to site quality and plantation management are recommended to reduce Sirex attack in future.

Morphological Features of Tracheid Tips Associated With Compression Wood Formation in Larix Leptolepis Gord.

IAWA Journal ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Yoshizawa ◽  
Shuichi Matsumoto ◽  
Toshinaga Idei
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Larix Leptolepis ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Wood Development ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Ring Compression ◽  
Angular Displacements

Variation in the morphological features of tracheid tips was observed within and among sterns of larch (Larix leptolepis Gord.) with several different angular displacements from the vertical. The formation of compression wood increased with an increasing angle of stern deviation. Decrease in tracheid length occurred with thc development of compression wood within a growth ring. Compression wood also was accompanied by an increase in the occurrence of abnormal tips. Flattened and Lshaped tips of tracheids increased in number with the development of compression wood and the number of smoothly tapered tips decreased, indicating that the intrusive growth between adjacent cells does not proceed smoothIy in compression wood. It is considered that the spatial readjustment of developing cells is restricted in compression wood, and results from the great increase in the rate of cell division. A negative correlation between tracheid length and morphological abnormalities of tracheid tips was found within growth rings, apparently associated with the severity of compression wood development.

Variation in wood structure of white fir along an elevational transect

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Dodd ◽  
Ariel B. Power
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Spiral Grain Angle ◽  
Elevational Transect

Several wood structural characteristics were measured in 15-year-old Abiesconcolor (white fir) from four populations along an elevational transect in the central Sierra Nevada region. The trees had been growing in a plantation near Placerville, California. Growth rings were narrower at breast height, latewood percentage tended to be greater, and tracheids were shorter in trees from higher elevation populations. Proportion of family variance components was greater than population for specific gravity and spiral grain angle. The characteristics that showed greatest population components of variation would be largely determined by durations and rates of shoot and radial growth. Presumably, length of the growing season would exert stronger selection pressure on these variables than on other characteristics of wood structure.

scholarly journals Growth ring analysis of Euxylophora paraensis through x-ray microdensitometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Santos de Andrade ◽  
Silvana dos Santos Carvalho Garcia ◽  
Ana Luisa Kerti Mangabeira Albernaz ◽  
Mario Tomazello Fillho ◽  
Victor Hugo Pereira Moutinho
Keyword(s):  
Classical Method ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Intense Exploitation ◽  
Ring Analysis ◽  
Old Trees

ABSTRACT: Euxylophora paraensis Huber - Rutaceae, popularly known as yellow heart, is a species with a low-density population that has suffered intense exploitation in recent decades. This has led to its inclusion in the IBAMA list of endangered species. This study aimed to evaluate the existence of growth rings and their annuity in five trees of Euxylophora paraensis through the x-ray microdensitometry technique, as well as to compare them using the classical method. Application feasibility of this technique can be deepened through future, broader dendroecological studies, which may better elucidate the understanding of the species population dynamics and promote more sustainable uses. Wood disks were collected from the base of five 29-year-old trees from a planting site in the Curua-Una Experimental Station, located in Prainha, Pará State, Brazil. Samples were polished and sanded for the x-ray microdensitometric analysis. Values of minimum, average, and maximum density (0.581, 0.84, and 1.077gcm-3, respectively) were obtained. There was a significant difference in density between the studied trees. Growth rings boundaries, through densitometric pith-bark profile are demarcated by fibrous zones, with density variation between the early wood and late wood. This study concludes that the growth rings of the studied species are distinct and annual, validating the technique used.

Cyclophytic effects on wood structure in Pinusradiata D. Don. II. Tracheid morphology

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Ring Number ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Difference

The effects of apical ontogeny on xylem morphology in Pinusradiata were examined in grafted trees and in clonal pairs of trees grown from cuttings from hedge- and tree-form donors (H and T). At the time of sampling the grafted rootstocks were 21 years old, and trees from H and T plants were 11 years old from the date of planting rooted cuttings. In grafted trees tracheids were longer, and the rate of increase in tracheid length was greater above the graft. Since growth rings were narrower above the graft, the difference in rate of increase in tracheid length above and below the graft was greater when plotted against distance from pith than against growth ring number. In comparisons of H and T plants, T plants (expected to be at a later stage of apical ontogeny) produced fewer but longer and wider tracheids. Cell wall volumes per tracheid were greater in T plants, but because the tracheid diameters in H plants were smaller, wall volumes per unit tracheid volumes were consistently greater in H plants. The role of apical ontogeny in explaining patterns of anatomical variation within the stem is discussed. H and T plants of radiata pine were from the three mainland populations: Año Nuevo, Monterey, and Cambria. The Año Nuevo population produced the greatest numbers and the largest tracheids. The Monterey population had the shortest tracheids amongst H plants, but their tracheid lengths were equal to those of the Año Nuevo population in T plants.

Distribution of juvenile wood in two stems of Larixlaricina

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1041-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Yang ◽  
C. A. Benson ◽  
J. K. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Vertical Variation ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Ring Number ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Growth Ring Width

The distribution and vertical variation of juvenile wood was studied in an 81-year-old dominant tree and an 83-year-old suppressed tree of Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Two criteria, growth ring width and tracheid length, were used to demarcate the boundary of juvenile wood. The width of juvenile wood, expressed in centimetres and the number of growth rings, decreased noticeably from the base to the top of the tree. The volume of juvenile wood decreased in a similar pattern. These decreasing trends had a strong negative correlation with the year of formation of cambial initials at a given tree level. The length of these cambial initials decreased with increasing age of formation of the cambial initials. In the juvenile wood zone, there was a positive linear regression between the growth ring number (age) and the tracheid length. The slopes of these regression lines at various tree levels increased as the age of the year of formation of the cambial initials increased. At a given tree level, the length of tracheids increased from the pith to a more uniform length near the bark. However, the number of years needed to attain a more uniform tracheid length decreased from the base to the top of the tree. These relationships suggest that the formation of juvenile wood is related to the year of formation of the cambial initials. Consequently, the juvenile wood is conical in shape, tapering towards the tree top.

Comparison of mechanical properties of thermally modified wood at growth ring and cell wall level by means of instrumented indentation tests

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Stanzl-Tschegg ◽  
Wilfried Beikircher ◽  
Dieter Loidl
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Instrumented Indentation ◽  
Indentation Tests

Abstract Thermal modification is a well established method to improve the dimensional stability and the durability for outdoor use of wood. Unfortunately, these improvements are usually accompanied with a deterioration of mechanical performance (e.g., reduced strength or higher brittleness). In contrast, our investigations of the hardness properties in the longitudinal direction of beech wood revealed a significant improvement with thermal modification. Furthermore, we applied instrumented indentation tests on different hierarchical levels of wood structure (growth ring and cell wall level) to gain closer insights on the mechanisms of thermal treatment of wood on mechanical properties. This approach provides a variety of mechanical data (e.g., elastic parameters, hardness parameters, and viscoelastic properties) from one single experiment. Investigations on the influence of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of beech revealed similar trends on the growth ring as well as the on the cell wall level of the wood structure.

scholarly journals Jahrringe als Indikatoren für extreme Standortsbedingungen im Gebirge: Schnee, Lawinen und Permafrost | Growth rings as indicators of extreme site conditions in the mountains: snow, avalanches and permafrost

2004 ◽  
Vol 155 (6) ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bebi ◽  
Alejandro Casteller ◽  
Andrea Corinna Mayer ◽  
Veronika Stöckli
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Ring Analysis

Snow, avalanches, and permafrost are extreme site conditions for plants. Reactions and adaptations to such extreme conditions can be reconstructed with growth ring analysis and linked with corresponding climate and disturbance data. On the basis of five case studies in and around the long-term research site Stillberg, near Davos, we discuss both the potential and the limits of dendroecology to understand the effect of such extreme site conditions. Despite some uncertainties in reliably assigning plant reactions, growth ring analysis is a valuable addition to better understand the effects of extreme site conditions on the survival and growth of plants. This can lead to improved management strategies associated with natural hazards, especially in the case of avalanches.

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