INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANTS ON PROPERTIES OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS CONTAINING POLYANILINE

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (17n18) ◽  
pp. 2461-2467 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAŁGORZATA BOCIŃSKA ◽  
HENRYK WYCIŚLIK ◽  
MARCIN OSUCHOWSKI ◽  
JANUSZ PŁOCHARSKI
Keyword(s):  
Yield Stress ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Flow Curves ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Dynamic Yield ◽  
Rate Of Sedimentation ◽  
Er Fluids

Sedimentation which is a natural process in most of ER fluids can be reduced by addition of surfactants that influence also other properties of the fluids. To study both the ER effect and the rate of sedimentation was the aim of the investigations. The ER fluids comprised powdered polyaniline and silicone oil to which surfactants of different polarity were added. The rate of sedimentation was measured by a sedimentation balance. The flow curves were recorded under electric field up to 2.5 kV/mm. Current density was also measured as a function of shear rate. It was found that the activity of a surfactant depends strongly on its polarity. The lipophylic surfactants stabilized the suspension very well but about 30% decrease of the dynamic yield stress was observed. The current density was reduced as well by almost one order of magnitude. The hydrophylic surfactants hardly stabilized the suspension but increase of yield stress was observed that was not followed by increase of current density. The role of different types of non-ionic surfactants was discussed.

Experimental Study of the Yield Stress of Electrorheological Suspensions under AC Field: Comparison with a Theoretical Model

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (14n16) ◽  
pp. 1775-1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Boissy ◽  
C.W. Wu ◽  
Y. Fahmy ◽  
H. Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ac Field ◽  
Er Fluids ◽  
Electrorheological Suspensions ◽  
Ac Fields

Recently a model describing the interaction between the particles of an electrorheological suspension and the resulting properties (yield stress, current density) has been proposed by Wu and Conrad. This model takes into account both the conductivity and the permittivity of each constituent of the suspension and predicts the behavior under DC and AC fields. The goal of the present work is to compare the predictions of this model with data available in the literature and with additional experiments using DC and AC fields at frequencies up to 2000 Hz. The ER fluids used in our experiments are suspensions of different ceramics particles ( Al 2 O 3, ZrO 2, TiO 2, CaTiO 3, BaTiO 3) in silicone oil. These particles cover a wide range of permittivity and conductivity, which allows us to study the ER effect with varying values of the conductivity and/or permittivity mismatch between the particles and the liquid. The model is in reasonable accord with experiment.

scholarly journals Effects of Silicone Oil Viscosity and Carbonyl Iron Particle Weight Fraction and Size on Yield Stress for Magnetorheological Grease Based on a New Preparation Technique

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kejie Wang ◽  
Xiaomin Dong ◽  
Junli Li ◽  
Kaiyuan Shi ◽  
Keju Li
Keyword(s):  
Yield Stress ◽  
Carbonyl Iron ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Iron Particle ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Dynamic Yield Stress ◽  
Carbonyl Iron Particle ◽  
Dynamic Yield

This paper investigated the effects of silicone oil viscosity (SOV) and carbonyl iron particle (CIP) weight fraction and size on dynamic yield stress for magnetorheological (MR) grease. The MR grease samples were prepared using orthogonal array L9 on the basis of a new preparation technology. The shear rheological tests were undertaken using a rotational shear rheometer and yield stress was obtained based on the Bingham fluid model. It was found that CIP fractions ranging from 65 wt% to 75 wt% and SOV varying from 50 m2·s−1 to 1000 m2·s−1 significantly affect the magnetic field-dependent yield stress of MR grease, but the CIPs with sizes of 3.2–3.9 μm hardly had any influence based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, the yield stress of MR grease mainly depended on the CIP fraction and SOV by comparing their percent contribution (PC). It was further confirmed that there were positive effects of CIP fraction and SOV on yield stress through response surface analysis (RSA). The results showed a high dynamic yield stress. It indicated that MR grease is an intelligent material candidate which can be applied to many different areas requiring high field-induced rheological capabilities without flow for suspension. Moreover, based upon the multivariate regression equation, a constitutive model was developed to express the function of the yield stress as the SOV and fraction of CIPs under the application of magnetic fields.

LANTHANUM TITANATE NANOPARTICLES ER FLUIDS WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 1250079 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE WANG ◽  
RONG SHEN ◽  
SHIQIANG WEI ◽  
KUNQUAN LU
Keyword(s):  
Yield Stress ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Lanthanum Titanate ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Static Yield ◽  
Er Fluids ◽  
Er Fluid ◽  
Static Yield Stress

A new type of electrorheological (ER) fluid consisting of lanthanum titanate (LTO) nanoparticles is developed. The ER fluids were prepared by suspending LTO powder in silicone oil and the particles were fabricated by wet chemical method. This ER fluid shows excellent ER properties: The static yield stress reaches over 150 kPa under 5 kV/mm with linear dependence on the applied DC electric field, and the current density is below 10 μA/cm2. In order to investigate the affect factor on the ER behavior, the LTO powder were heated under different temperatures. The ER performances of two particles treated under different temperatures were compared and the composition changes for those particles were analyzed with TG-FTIR technique. It was found that the static yield stress of the suspensions fell from over 150 kPa to about 40 kPa and the current densities decreased prominently as the rise of the heating temperature. TG-FTIR analysis indicated that polar groups remained in the particles such as alkyl group, hydroxyl group and carbonyl group etc., contribute to the ER effect significantly. The experimental results are helpful to understand the mechanism of the high ER effect and to synthesize better ER materials.

ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL EFFECT OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS DISPERSED IN LIQUID CRYSTALLINE MATRIX

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (07n09) ◽  
pp. 1135-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
MONIKA CISZEWSKA ◽  
JANUSZ PLOCHARSKI
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Crystalline Polymer ◽  
Electrorheological Fluids ◽  
Flow Curves ◽  
Homogeneous Solutions ◽  
Electrorheological Effect ◽  
Active Liquid ◽  
Er Fluids ◽  
Crystalline Matrix

Hybrid electrorheological fluids comprising powdered conjugated polymers dispersed in solutions of a liquid crystalline polymer were prepared and studied. FeCl 3 doped poly(p-phenylene) and pyrolised polyacrylonitrile were chosen as the dispersed phase and poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) dissolved in xylene was used as the active liquid matrix. All the component materials were extensively characterized by various methods. Flow curves of the hybrid ER fluids were recorded under electric field and compared with analogous curves obtained for dispersions of the powders in silicone oil and with homogeneous solutions of the LC polymer in xylene. A very significant enhancement of the ER effect in the studied hybrid fluids was observed.

Static yield stress of ER fluids and the role of electric current

1997 ◽  
Vol 40-41 ◽  
pp. 699-704
Author(s):  
T. Sakai ◽  
K. Kobayashi ◽  
M. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Static Yield ◽  
Er Fluids ◽  
Static Yield Stress

Yield Stress of Emulsions and Suspensions as Measured in Steady Shearing and in Oscillations

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 44790-1-44790-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Masalova ◽  
A.Ya. Malkin ◽  
R. Foudazi
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Flow Curves ◽  
Dynamic Yield Stress ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Meaningful Material ◽  
Dynamic Yield ◽  
Steady Shearing ◽  
Concentrated Emulsions

Abstract The yield stresses of five samples (two highly concentrated emulsions, two Kaolin dispersions and mayonnaise) were determined in two ways. In one case, steady shear experiments were performed over a range of incrementally decreasing shear rates. The resulting flow curves, plotted as shear stress against shear rate, clearly showed the existence of a yield stress for each sample, the Herschel-Bulkley model being fitted to obtain values. In the second case, oscillatory amplitude sweeps were performed at three frequencies, and the “dynamic yield stress” was defined as the stress at which deviation from linearity occurred; this procedure has often been used to determine the yield stress of emulsions. It was found that the dynamic yield stress is frequency dependent, and cannot therefore be thought of as physically meaningful material property. At no frequency did the dynamic yield stress correlate with the yield stress obtained from the flow curves.

scholarly journals Graphene Oxide and Its Inorganic Composites: Fabrication and Electrorheological Response

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong ◽  
Kim ◽  
Choi
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Flow Curves ◽  
Dielectric Characteristics ◽  
Oscillation Analysis ◽  
Inorganic Composites ◽  
Steady Shear Flow ◽  
Dynamic Yield ◽  
Er Fluids

Composite particles associated with graphene oxide (GO) and inorganic materials provide the synergistic properties of an appropriate electrical conductivity of GO with the good dielectric characteristics of inorganic materials, making them attractive candidates for electrorheological (ER) materials. This review paper focuses on the fabrication mechanisms of GO/inorganic composites and their ER response when suspended in a non-conducting medium, including steady shear flow curves, dynamic yield stress, On-Off tests, and dynamic oscillation analysis. Furthermore, the morphologies of these composites, dielectric properties, and sedimentation of the ER fluids are covered.

Analytical electron microscopy of grain boundaries in Al-Cu metallizations

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1684-1685
Author(s):  
J. R. Michael ◽  
A. D. Romig ◽  
D. R. Frear
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Failure Mode ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Thermal History ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cu Metallization ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Interconnect Lines

Al with additions of Cu is commonly used as the conductor metallizations for integrated circuits, the Cu being added since it improves resistance to electromigration failure. As linewidths decrease to submicrometer dimensions, the current density carried by the interconnect increases dramatically and the probability of electromigration failure increases. To increase the robustness of the interconnect lines to this failure mode, an understanding of the mechanism by which Cu improves resistance to electromigration is needed. A number of theories have been proposed to account for role of Cu on electromigration behavior and many of the theories are dependent of the elemental Cu distribution in the interconnect line. However, there is an incomplete understanding of the distribution of Cu within the Al interconnect as a function of thermal history. In order to understand the role of Cu in reducing electromigration failures better, it is important to characterize the Cu distribution within the microstructure of the Al-Cu metallization.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

The Diagnosis of Lupus Anticoagulants by the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time - The Central Role of Phosphatidyl Serine

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (02) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Kelsey ◽  
K J Stevenson ◽  
L Poller
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Phosphatidyl Serine ◽  
Test System ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Constant Composition ◽  
Lupus Anticoagulants ◽  
Different Types

SummaryLiposomes of pure phospholipids were used in a modified APTT test system and the role of phosphatidyl serine (PS) in determining the sensitivity of the test system to the presence of lupus anticoagulants was assessed. Six consecutive patients with lupus anticoagulants and seven haemophiliacs with anticoagulants directed at specific coagulation factors, were studied. Increasing the concentration of phospholipid in the test system markedly reduced the sensitivity to lupus anticoagulants but had marginal effect on the specific factor inhibitors. The same effect was achieved when the content of PS alone was increased in a vehicle liposome of constant composition.The results suggest that the lupus anticoagulants can best be detected by a screening method using an APTT test with a reagent of low PS content. The use of a reagent rich in PS will largely abolish the lupus anticoagulant’s effect on the APTT. An approach using the two different types of reagent may facilitate differentiation of lupus inhibitors from other types of anticoagulant.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document