Disguised Carbon Tariff: Concept and Its Governance

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 1450017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mou WANG ◽  
Wen ZHANG ◽  
Junyan LIU
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Cooperation Model ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Common ◽  
Carbon Tariff

Carbon tariff is a trade issue that is of great concern among the international community. The South and the North have big disputes on this issue because of the trade interests attached to it. Developing countries oppose to almost any policies and measures concerning carbon tariff. Hence, some countries seek alternative approaches to achieve similar effects of carbon tariff through more covert technical approaches, such as setting up production standards, carbon labeling, etc. This paper summarizes these covert approaches as "disguised carbon tariff", and defines them as policies and measures that can achieve similar effects as carbon tariff. These disguised carbon tariffs, although not levied at borders, impose the same restrictions on export products and services from developing countries. Disguised carbon tariff has diverse forms, existing in different regions, and has evolved into different new kinds. The governance of disguised carbon tariff requires reinforcing the leading position of the UNFCCC on the issue of carbon emission governance. Relevant international discussions on carbon emission issues should give high priority and respect to the principles in the UNFCCC, especially the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle. Responsibilities and obligations between the developed and developing countries on tackling climate change should be treated differently. And an international cooperation model that is based on mutual trust between the South and the North should be established to achieve good environmental and climate governance.

New record of the endemic jewel beetle Pygicera scripta krahmeri (Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Nacionini) from a coastal forest of Hualpén, Biobío Region, Chile

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4731 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-300
Author(s):  
RODRIGO M. BARAHONA-SEGOVIA ◽  
LAURA PAÑINAO-MONSÁLVEZ
Keyword(s):  
New Record ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Coastal Forest ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Endemic Genus ◽  
The North ◽  
Valdivian Forest ◽  
The Common

Pygicera Kerremans, 1903 is an endemic genus of jewel beetle of Chile distributed in the central Chile hotspot, which is distributed from the Atacama Desert in the north to the Valdivian Forest in the south (Myers et al., 2000). Currently, Pygicera is composed of one species and two subspecies: Pygicera scripta scripta Laporte & Gory, 1837 and the Valdivian rainforest subspecies Pygicera scripta krahmeri Moore 1981 (Figs 2–6). The first subspecies is distributed from Limarí in the Coquimbo Region to Curicó in the Maule Region, both in the coast as well as Andean foothills. This is considered the common subspecies (Moore, 1981; Moore & Vidal, 2015). The southern subspecies is distributed from Victoria in the Araucanía Region to La Unión in Los Ríos Region (Moore, 1981; Moore & Vidal, 2015) and is the rarest and less abundant subspecies. The larvae of both subspecies have been recorded in the “maitén” (Maytenus boaria) Molina, from which they have been reared (Moore, 1981, 1987; Moore & Vidal, 2015). 

scholarly journals Carbon Tariff vs. Emission Cap of North–South Countries in Response to Manufacturer’s Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1443
Author(s):  
Rui Dai ◽  
Jianxiong Zhang ◽  
Guowei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Differentiated Products ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
The South ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
The North ◽  
Stage Game ◽  
Pareto Improving ◽  
Carbon Tariff

Economy prosperity has concurrently caused severe emission damages worldwide, which calls for strong abatement efforts from both nations and manufacturers. In this paper, we establish a two-stage game to investigate the policy selections of a foreign developed country (North) and a domestic developing country (South), and the response of a Southern manufacturer. The welfare-maximizing governments in the two countries participate in an announcement game of environmental policies where the South decides on whether or not to enforce an emission cap and the North chooses either a carbon tariff or no policy, after which the profit-seeking manufacturer reacts to make production strategies and distribute differentiated products to the two countries. Our analysis shows that under an emission cap, the manufacturer shrinks product quantities in both markets, cuts emissions, and suffers profit losses. A carbon tariff has similar impacts on the manufacturer except for unaffected domestic sales. In addition, equilibrium policy selections for the two governments depend on the degree of emission damage in the South: A moderate level of damage generates an equilibrium in the scenario of the unilateral tariff policy where the Northern welfare peaks and the Southern well-being is not the worst; a severe damage leads to a prisoner’s dilemma, since the two governments would arrive at an equilibrium in the bilateral-policy scenario, but it is dominated by a no-policy scheme. What is more, we find that a negotiation between the two governments is able to help them out of the dilemma and achieve a Pareto-improving outcome.

The dialect of Shahrud (Khalkhāl)

1959 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Yarshater
Keyword(s):  
Recent Article ◽  
Common Language ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
Preliminary Information ◽  
The Common

The object of this paper is to give preliminary information about Shāhrudi, one of the Iranian dialects spoken in Khalkhāl, the south-eastern province of Āzarbāijān lying between the Caspian province of Tālesh to the east, Ardabil to the north, Zanjān to the south, and Miyāna(j) to the west.Our information about the Iranian dialects of Āzarbāijān, where a form of Turkish is the common language, has until recently been very defective. The scanty material available was summed up by Professor W. B. Henning in a recent article. Since then, however, several studies of the current dialects of Āzarbāijān have been published.

Environmental Leadership in Developing Countries: Transnational Relations and Biodiversity Policy in Costa Rica and Bolivia. By Paul F. Steinberg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. 280p. $65.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-869
Author(s):  
Pamela Stricker
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global South ◽  
The South ◽  
Environmental Leadership ◽  
Transnational Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Biodiversity Policy

Much of the literature on environmental policymaking in the Global South focuses on the role of transnational linkages, wherein ideas regarding environmental management are transplanted by intergovernmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations in the North to governments in the South. The perception that environmental management concepts are primarily transferred in this way stems in part from the resonance that Ronald Inglehart's work on postmaterialist societies and environmental activism has had on the field, as well as a paucity of studies examining the dynamics of the domestic political players in the creation of natural resource management policies in the South. Paul Steinberg's work, Environmental Leadership in Developing Countries, addresses this particular puzzle and takes on the too-oft accepted notion that domestic policy entrepreneurs play a small supporting role at best in bringing about environmental policies in the Global South.

NORTH–SOUTH ASYMMETRY IN TARIFF BARGAINING: A BLESSING FOR THE URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Chen Fang ◽  
Shu-Fen Lin ◽  
Cheng-Te Lee
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
The South ◽  
Structural Unemployment ◽  
Import Tariff ◽  
The North ◽  
Urban Unemployment ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
South Asymmetry

In this study, North–South asymmetries are incorporated into a general equilibrium model to re-examine tariff bargaining. The asymmetric two-country model indicates that an import tariff charged by the North generates positive externalities that ameliorate structural unemployment in the South. The findings of this study yield two critical respects. First, the consideration of the urban unemployment in the South may reverse the consensus that a reciprocal tariff concession benefits both of the negotiators. Second and hence, this suggests that developing countries may bargain with opponents by manipulating second-best tariffs.

The school drop-out or rather “push out” problem in the South and in the North

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-75
Author(s):  
Birgit Brock-Utne ◽  
Torill Aagot Halvorsen ◽  
Mwajuma Vuzo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
The South ◽  
Ethnographic Interviews ◽  
The North ◽  
School Drop Out ◽  
Out Of School

Both in developing countries in the South and developed countries in the North a large portion of pupils from each cohort drop out or, maybe more correctly described, are pushed out of school each year. In the South, there is also a considerable portion of school-aged children who do not attend school at all. The article examines selected data collected from ethnographic interviews, during a Norwegian ongoing longitudinal project, and a survey in Tanzania, and other developing countries. We ask the questions: What are the reasons for this situation? Are the reasons the same in the South as in the North? In this article examples will be given from a country in the North, Norway and a country in the South, Tanzania. What do we know about the reasons for dropping out of school in these two countries? Who are the children dropping out? From which social class do they come? Are they from urban or rural areas? Were there more boys or more girls? What happens to the children after they drop out of school? How much is the school itself to blame for the situation? How relevant is what is learnt in school to the life children lead and their job prospects? What could have been done differently in order to retain children in school in the South, exemplified by Tanzania, and the North exemplified by Norway?

scholarly journals XI. An Account of Observations, made by Lord Webb Seymour and Professor Playfair, upon some Geological Appearances in Glen Tilt, and the adjacent Country

1815 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Webb Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Peat Moss ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Principal Branch ◽  
Adjacent Country ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Character ◽  
North Eastern Part

1. The river Tilt is a principal branch of the Tay, which rises on the borders of Aberdeenshire, and runs towards the south-west, through the north-eastern part of the county of Perth. A portion of the valley along its course, for about ten miles above Blair of Atholl, is called Glen Tilt.The adjacent country presents the common character of the Highlands. It is mountainous and rugged, and the surface, except in the lower parts of the valleys, is chiefly covered with heath. Peat-moss frequently occurs.

Van basisarts tot public health: verschillende wegen om naar Rome te reizen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. CRIEL ◽  
J. DE LEPELEIRE
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
The North ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Individual

From medical doctor to public health: different ways to travel to Rome Public health aims at health promotion through an organized societal effort. The Alma Ata declaration laid the broad conceptual foundation for public health and primary care in developing countries (the South) and industrialized countries (the North). Family medicine evolved to a professional practice where a community focus is also important. The introduction of the ‘personal medical record’ and the design of primary care areas in Flanders are anchor points for the development of public health in our country. In developing countries and more specifically in Africa, a structured population approach to health care is since long more evident, amongst others through the development of health districts. The evolution of the post-war period that the authors experienced and describe, makes it clear that public health must be a combination of care for the population and the individual: an ‘and-and’ story, in situations where contexts may strongly differ but where basic objectives remain similar. Thereby, the North can learn from the district experiences in the South, and the South from the power of primary care and general practice in the North.

The Integration of Developing Countries Into International Financial Markets: Remarks from the Perspective of an Economic Ethics

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Emunds
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Authentic Development ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Portfolio Investments

Abstract:In this paper the co-responsibility of the North for the development of the South, the chance of an authentic development and Rawls’s maximin rule are indicated as the ethical perspectives from which the financial integration of developing countries will be evaluated. It follows a brief economic analysis of possible problems of high inflows of portfolio investments for developing countries. They become more vulnerable to financial and monetary crises and their domestic banking systems are weakened by a higher risk of devaluation. This will lead to an outline of the goals for reshaping the financial integration: among others limitation of capital inflows, strengthening of the domestic banking system and further development of the country’s particular economic style. Finally some regulations of external financial relations and the proposal of a cooperative monetary arrangement between the South and the North are discussed as possible measures to improve this integration.

scholarly journals IV.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: on some Anglesey Dykes. II.

1887 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 546-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Harker
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Common Type ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Probable Source ◽  
South West Coast ◽  
The Common

In the northern half of Anglesey occur several intrusions of dark hornblendic rocks, some specimens of which were placed by Henslow in the collection made by him for the Woodwardian Museum. These rocks present a type unusual in Britain, and show some peculiarities which are of considerable interest.A few years ago Professor Bonney found on the south-west coast of the island some boulders of a rock which he described under the name of Hornblende-picrite. It was subsequently pointed out by Professor Hughes that the probable source of these rocks was to be found in certain intrusive masses near Llanerchymedd, and indeed such boulders are scattered about rather abundantly in that neighbourhood and to the south-west. The rock in question seems, however, to be the common type of the larger eruptive masses in the north of Anglesey, and brief notes on slides cut from selected specimens taken in place may be found not unprofitable. The rocks were noticed and megascopically described in Henslow's Memoir.

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