A Comparative Study of the Costs of Fixed Input in the Urbanization of Chinese Cities at Prefecture Level and Above
The incomplete corresponding relationship between the input and output of urbanization makes it extremely complex to estimate the urbanization cost. As the estimation has to be based on the costs of urban development, big estimate errors could probably result from different demographic characteristics among cities. The author, by eliminating the factor of demographic characteristics, proposes a three-step estimation method of the costs of fixed input in the urbanization of population: (1) estimating the per capita capital stock of the city; (2) simulating and measuring the corresponding relationship between per capita capital stock and the factor of demographic characteristics of the city; (3) estimating per capita capital stock of the standard population excluding the factor of demographic characteristics of the city, namely the costs of fixed input in urbanization. Meanwhile, the author makes an estimation and comparison of the costs of fixed input in the urbanization of Chinese cities at prefecture level and above in 2010. The result shows that (1) the costs of fixed input in urbanization significantly decrease with the expansion of population; (2) the costs of fixed input in the urbanization of national and provincial capitals are significantly lower than those of other cities; (3) the costs of fixed input in the urbanization of central cities are significantly lower than those of eastern cities.