Impact of Stand and Landscape Management on Forest Pest Damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Marini ◽  
Matthew P. Ayres ◽  
Hervé Jactel
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Wide Range

One promising approach to mitigate the negative impacts of insect pests in forests is to adapt forestry practices to create ecosystems that are more resistant and resilient to biotic disturbances. At the stand scale, local stand management practices often cause idiosyncratic effects on forest pests depending on the environmental context and the focal pest species. However, increasing tree diversity appears to be a general strategy for reducing pest damage across several forest types. At the landscape scale, increasing forest heterogeneity (e.g., intermixing different forest types and/or age classes) represents a promising frontier for improving forest resistance and resilience and for avoiding large-scale outbreaks. In addition to their greater resilience, heterogeneous forest landscapes frequently support a wide range of ecosystem functions and services. A challenge will be to develop cooperation and coordination among multiple actors at spatial scales that transcend historical practices in forest management. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 67 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Tidal Disruption Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvi Gezari
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Line Emission ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Tidal Disruption ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range

The concept of stars being tidally ripped apart and consumed by a massive black hole (MBH) lurking in the center of a galaxy first captivated theorists in the late 1970s. The observational evidence for these rare but illuminating phenomena for probing otherwise dormant MBHs first emerged in archival searches of the soft X-ray ROSAT All-Sky Survey in the 1990s, but has recently accelerated with the increasing survey power in the optical time domain, with tidal disruption events (TDEs) now regarded as a class of optical nuclear transients with distinct spectroscopic features. Multiwavelength observations of TDEs have revealed panchromatic emission, probing a wide range of scales, from the innermost regions of the accretion flow to the surrounding circumnuclear medium. I review the current census of 56 TDEs reported in the literature, and their observed properties can be summarized as follows: ▪ The optical light curves follow a power-law decline from peak that scales with the inferred central black hole mass as expected for the fallback rate of the stellar debris, but the rise time does not. ▪ The UV-optical and soft X-ray thermal emission come from different spatial scales, and their intensity ratio has a large dynamic range and is highly variable, providing important clues as to what is powering the two components. ▪ They can be grouped into three spectral classes, and those with Bowen fluorescence line emission show a preference for a hotter and more compact line-emitting region, whereas those with only Heii emission lines are the rarest class. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Basis of Navigation Across Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody A. Freas ◽  
Ken Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Additional Component ◽  
Oscillatory Systems ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Cycling Behavior

Animals navigate a wide range of distances, from a few millimeters to globe-spanning journeys of thousands of kilometers. Despite this array of navigational challenges, similar principles underlie these behaviors across species. Here, we focus on the navigational strategies and supporting mechanisms in four well-known systems: the large-scale migratory behaviors of sea turtles and lepidopterans as well as navigation on a smaller scale by rats and solitarily foraging ants. In lepidopterans, rats, and ants we also discuss the current understanding of the neural architecture which supports navigation. The orientation and navigational behaviors of these animals are defined in terms of behavioral error-reduction strategies reliant on multiple goal-directed servomechanisms. We conclude by proposing to incorporate an additional component into this system: the observation that servomechanisms operate on oscillatory systems of cycling behavior. These oscillators and servomechanisms comprise the basis for directed orientation and navigational behaviors. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Engineering Advances in Spray Drying for Pharmaceuticals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Baumann ◽  
Molly S. Adam ◽  
Joel D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Dry Powders ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Spray drying is a versatile technology that has been applied widely in the chemical, food, and, most recently, pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on engineering advances and the most significant applications of spray drying for pharmaceuticals. An in-depth view of the process and its use is provided for amorphous solid dispersions, a major, growing drug-delivery approach. Enhanced understanding of the relationship of spray-drying process parameters to final product quality attributes has made robust product development possible to address a wide range of pharmaceutical problem statements. Formulation and process optimization have leveraged the knowledge gained as the technology has matured, enabling improved process development from early feasibility screening through commercial applications. Spray drying's use for approved small-molecule oral products is highlighted, as are emerging applications specific to delivery of biologics and non-oral delivery of dry powders. Based on the changing landscape of the industry, significant future opportunities exist for pharmaceutical spray drying. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 12 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Chemical Stability of Proteins in Foods: Oxidation and the Maillard Reaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesha M. Poojary ◽  
Marianne N. Lund
Keyword(s):  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Oxidation

Protein is a major nutrient present in foods along with carbohydrates and lipids. Food proteins undergo a wide range of modifications during food production, processing, and storage. In this review, we discuss two major reactions, oxidation and the Maillard reaction, involved in chemical modifications of food proteins. Protein oxidation in foods is initiated by metal-, enzyme-, or light-induced processes. Food protein oxidation results in the loss of thiol groups and the formation of protein carbonyls and specific oxidation products of cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and methionine residues, such as disulfides, dityrosine, kynurenine, m-tyrosine, and methionine sulfoxide. The Maillard reaction involves the reaction of nucleophilic amino acid residues with reducing sugars, which yields numerous heterogeneous compounds such as α-dicarbonyls, furans, Strecker aldehydes, advanced glycation end-products, and melanoidins. Both protein oxidation and the Maillard reaction result in the loss of essential amino acids but may positively or negatively impact food structure and flavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Freshwater Scarcity

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Gleick ◽  
Heather Cooley
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Violent Conflicts

The availability and use of fresh water are critical for human health and for economic and ecosystem stability. But the growing mismatch between human demands and natural freshwater availability is contributing to water scarcity, affecting industrial and agricultural production and a wide range of social, economic, and political problems, including poverty, deterioration of ecosystem health, and violent conflicts. Understanding and addressing different forms of water scarcity are vital for moving toward more sustainable management and use of fresh water. We provide here a review of concepts and definitions of water scarcity, metrics and indicators used to evaluate scarcity together with strategies for addressing and reducing the adverse consequences of water scarcity, including the development of alternative sources of water, improvements in water-use efficiency, and changes in systems of water management and planning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 46 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Neural Network Potentials: A Concise Overview of Methods

2022 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Kocer ◽  
Tsz Wai Ko ◽  
Jörg Behler
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Concise Overview ◽  
Wide Range

In the past two decades, machine learning potentials (MLPs) have reached a level of maturity that now enables applications to large-scale atomistic simulations of a wide range of systems in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Different machine learning algorithms have been used with great success in the construction of these MLPs. In this review, we discuss an important group of MLPs relying on artificial neural networks to establish a mapping from the atomic structure to the potential energy. In spite of this common feature, there are important conceptual differences among MLPs, which concern the dimensionality of the systems, the inclusion of long-range electrostatic interactions, global phenomena like nonlocal charge transfer, and the type of descriptor used to represent the atomic structure, which can be either predefined or learnable. A concise overview is given along with a discussion of the open challenges in the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Score-Driven Time Series Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Circular Data ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Time Series Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Correlation ◽  
Switching Regimes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Application Volume

The construction of score-driven filters for nonlinear time series models is described, and they are shown to apply over a wide range of disciplines. Their theoretical and practical advantages over other methods are highlighted. Topics covered include robust time series modeling, conditional heteroscedasticity, count data, dynamic correlation and association, censoring, circular data, and switching regimes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, Volume 9 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Enzymology of Ocean Global Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hutchins ◽  
Sergio A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Conflicting Evidence

A small subset of marine microbial enzymes and surface transporters have a disproportionately important influence on the cycling of carbon and nutrients in the global ocean. As a result, they largely determine marine biological productivity and have been the focus of considerable research attention from microbial oceanographers. Like all biological catalysts, the activity of these keystone biomolecules is subject to control by temperature and pH, leaving the crucial ecosystem functions they support potentially vulnerable to anthropogenic environmental change. We summarize and discuss both consensus and conflicting evidence on the effects of sea surface warming and ocean acidification for five of these critical enzymes [carbonic anhydrase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, and ammonia monooxygenase] and one important transporter (proteorhodopsin). Finally, we forecast how the responses of these few but essential biocatalysts to ongoing global change processes may ultimately help to shape the microbial communities and biogeochemical cycles of the future greenhouse ocean. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Marine Science, Volume 14 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Conservation Value, Management and Restoration of Europe’S Semi‑Natural Open Landscapes

Hacquetia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Carboni ◽  
Jürgen Dengler ◽  
Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras ◽  
Stephen Venn ◽  
Péter Török
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Dry Grassland ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Most semi-natural open habitats in Europe have been traditionally maintained by anthropogenic activities, such as grazing or mowing, preventing the establishment of woody vegetation. These habitats harbour a remarkably rich biodiversity in terms of both plant and animal species, but are also highly threatened, mainly by agricultural intensification and land abandonment. With this Editorial we introduce a Special Issue initiated by the European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) at the Open Landscapes Conference (Hildesheim, 2013) and the 11th European Dry Grassland Meeting (Kulikovo Pole, 2014). We aim to give a short introduction to the current conservation status, significance and research of semi-natural open habitats in Europe and present the collected articles of the Special Issue. These papers cover a wide range of different semi-natural open habitats, including wood-pastures, heathlands, steppes, semi-dry and dry grasslands across the Palearctic region and address issues related to the assessment methods, threats, management and restoration of these habitats. We conclude that, in order to ensure their conservation and to monitor the changes in open habitats, integrative approaches are needed that take into account not only vegetation records, but also multiple animal taxa, abiotic factors, management practices, ecosystem services and modelling simulations for anticipating possible future scenarios. We also recommend that decision-makers should support actions to conserve open habitats in Europe by addressing such major challenges as the encroachment of woody vegetation. We are convinced that the present Special Issue will contribute to a better understanding of ecosystem functions and support the biodiversity conservation and management of semi-natural open habitats.

Dynamics of Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms and Comorbidities

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Heijman ◽  
Dominik Linz ◽  
Ulrich Schotten
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Atrial Remodeling ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Wide Range

Atrial fibrillation (AF) contributes to morbidity and mortality of millions of individuals. Its molecular, cellular, neurohumoral, and hemodynamic pathophysiological mechanisms are complex, and there is increasing awareness that a wide range of comorbidities can contribute to AF-promoting atrial remodeling. Moreover, recent research has highlighted that AF risk is not constant and that the temporal variation in concomitant conditions contributes to the complexity of AF dynamics. In this review, we provide an overview of fundamental AF mechanisms related to established and emerging comorbidities or risk factors and their role in the AF-promoting effects. We focus on the accumulating evidence for the relevance of temporally dynamic changes in these risk factors and the consequence for AF initiation and maintenance. Finally, we highlight the important implications for future research and clinical practice resulting from the dynamic interaction between AF risk factors and mechanisms. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 83 is February 10, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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