scholarly journals What Can We Learn About QCD and Collider Physics from $\mathcal {N}=4$ Super Yang–Mills?

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes M. Henn
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Collider Physics ◽  
Geometrical Structures ◽  
Feynman Integrals ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Feynman Graphs ◽  
Lhc Physics

Tremendous ongoing theory efforts are dedicated to developing new methods for quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations. Qualitative rather than incremental advances are needed to fully exploit data that are still to be collected at the LHC. The maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, 𝒩=4 super Yang–Mills (sYM), shares with QCD the gluon sector, which contains the most complicated Feynman graphs but also has many special properties and is believed to be solvable exactly. It is natural to ask what we can learn from advances in 𝒩=4 sYM for addressing difficult problems in QCD. With this in mind, I review several remarkable developments and highlights of recent results in 𝒩=4 sYM. This includes all-order results for certain scattering amplitudes, novel symmetries, surprising geometrical structures of loop integrands, novel tools for the calculation of Feynman integrals, and bootstrap methods. While several insights and tools have already been carried over to QCD and have contributed to state-of-the-art calculations for LHC physics, I argue that there is a host of further fascinating ideas waiting to be explored. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Methods for Robot Behavior Adaptation for Cognitive Neurorehabilitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa Kubota ◽  
Laurel D. Riek
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Behavioral Adaptation ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Robot Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Treatments ◽  
Physical Abilities

An estimated 11% of adults report experiencing some form of cognitive decline, which may be associated with conditions such as stroke or dementia and can impact their memory, cognition, behavior, and physical abilities. While there are no known pharmacological treatments for many of these conditions, behavioral treatments such as cognitive training can prolong the independence of people with cognitive impairments. These treatments teach metacognitive strategies to compensate for memory difficulties in their everyday lives. Personalizing these treatments to suit the preferences and goals of an individual is critical to improving their engagement and sustainment, as well as maximizing the treatment's effectiveness. Robots have great potential to facilitate these training regimens and support people with cognitive impairments, their caregivers, and clinicians. This article examines how robots can adapt their behavior to be personalized to an individual in the context of cognitive neurorehabilitation. We provide an overview of existing robots being used to support neurorehabilitation and identify key principles for working in this space. We then examine state-of-the-art technical approaches for enabling longitudinal behavioral adaptation. To conclude, we discuss our recent work on enabling social robots to automatically adapt their behavior and explore open challenges for longitudinal behavior adaptation. This work will help guide the robotics community as it continues to provide more engaging, effective, and personalized interactions between people and robots. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 5 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Nanomechanics of Blood Clot and Thrombus Formation

2022 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco M. Domingues ◽  
Filomena A. Carvalho ◽  
Nuno C. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Fibrin Clot ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Fibrin Network ◽  
Protein Cell

Mechanical properties have been extensively studied in pure elastic or viscous materials; however, most biomaterials possess both physical properties in a viscoelastic component. How the biomechanics of a fibrin clot is related to its composition and the microenvironment where it is formed is not yet fully understood. This review gives an outline of the building mechanisms for blood clot mechanical properties and how they relate to clot function. The formation of a blood clot in health conditions or the formation of a dangerous thrombus go beyond the mere polymerization of fibrinogen into a fibrin network. The complex composition and localization of in vivo fibrin clots demonstrate the interplay between fibrin and/or fibrinogen and blood cells. Studying these protein–cell interactions and clot mechanical properties may represent new methods for the evaluation of cardiovascular diseases (the leading cause of death worldwide), creating new possibilities for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Crystal Structure Prediction Methods for Organic Molecules: State of the Art

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Bowskill ◽  
Isaac J. Sugden ◽  
Stefanos Konstantinopoulos ◽  
Claire S. Adjiman ◽  
Constantinos C. Pantelides
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Crystal Structure Prediction ◽  
Stage Of Development

The prediction of the crystal structures that a given organic molecule is likely to form is an important theoretical problem of significant interest for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, among others. As evidenced by a series of six blind tests organized over the past 2 decades, methodologies for crystal structure prediction (CSP) have witnessed substantial progress and have now reached a stage of development where they can begin to be applied to systems of practical significance. This article reviews the state of the art in general-purpose methodologies for CSP, placing them within a common framework that highlights both their similarities and their differences. The review discusses specific areas that constitute the main focus of current research efforts toward improving the reliability and widening applicability of these methodologies, and offers some perspectives for the evolution of this technology over the next decade. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 12 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Increasingly Intelligent Micromachines

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Yun Huang ◽  
Hongri Gu ◽  
Bradley J. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
The Past ◽  
Water Cleaning ◽  
Information Media ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Intelligent micromachines, with dimensions ranging from a few millimeters down to hundreds of nanometers, are miniature systems capable of performing specific tasks autonomously at small scales. Enhancing the intelligence of micromachines to tackle the uncertainty and variability in complex microenvironments has applications in minimally invasive medicine, bioengineering, water cleaning, analytical chemistry, and more. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the construction of intelligent micromachines, evolving from simple micromachines to soft, compound, reconfigurable, encodable, multifunctional, and integrated micromachines, as well as from individual to multiagent, multiscale, hierarchical, self-organizing, and swarm micromachines. The field leverages two important trends in robotics research—the miniaturization and intelligentization of machines—but a compelling combination of these two features has yet to be realized. The core technologies required to make such tiny machines intelligent include information media, transduction, processing, exchange, and energy supply, but embedding all of these functions into a system at the micro- or nanoscale is challenging. This article offers a comprehensive introduction to the state-of-the-art technologies used to create intelligence for micromachines and provides insight into the construction of next-generation intelligent micromachines that can adapt to diverse scenarios for use in emerging fields. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 5 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Vascularized Microfluidics and Their Untapped Potential for Discovery in Diseases of the Microvasculature

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Myers ◽  
Wilbur A. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
New Era ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Microvascular Diseases

Microengineering advances have enabled the development of perfusable, endothelialized models of the microvasculature that recapitulate the unique biological and biophysical conditions of the microcirculation in vivo. Indeed, at that size scale (<100 μm)—where blood no longer behaves as a simple continuum fluid; blood cells approximate the size of the vessels themselves; and complex interactions among blood cells, plasma molecules, and the endothelium constantly ensue—vascularized microfluidics are ideal tools to investigate these microvascular phenomena. Moreover, perfusable, endothelialized microfluidics offer unique opportunities for investigating microvascular diseases by enabling systematic dissection of both the blood and vascular components of the pathophysiology at hand. We review ( a) the state of the art in microvascular devices and ( b) the myriad of microvascular diseases and pressing challenges. The engineering community has unique opportunities to innovate with new microvascular devices and to partner with biomedical researchers to usher in a new era of understanding and discovery of microvascular diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 23 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Endogenous Retroviruses Drive Resistance and Promotion of Exogenous Retroviral Homologs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott S. Chiu ◽  
Sue VandeWoude
Keyword(s):  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Insight Into

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) serve as markers of ancient viral infections and provide invaluable insight into host and viral evolution. ERVs have been exapted to assist in performing basic biological functions, including placentation, immune modulation, and oncogenesis. A subset of ERVs share high nucleotide similarity to circulating horizontally transmitted exogenous retrovirus (XRV) progenitors. In these cases, ERV–XRV interactions have been documented and include ( a) recombination to result in ERV–XRV chimeras, ( b) ERV induction of immune self-tolerance to XRV antigens, ( c) ERV antigen interference with XRV receptor binding, and ( d) interactions resulting in both enhancement and restriction of XRV infections. Whereas the mechanisms governing recombination and immune self-tolerance have been partially determined, enhancement and restriction of XRV infection are virus specific and only partially understood. This review summarizes interactions between six unique ERV–XRV pairs, highlighting important ERV biological functions and potential evolutionary histories in vertebrate hosts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

New Trends in Asymptotic Approaches: Summation and Interpolation Methods

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor V. Andrianov ◽  
Jan Awrejcewicz
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Solid Mechanics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Asymptotic Methods ◽  
Perturbation Series ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Local Character

In this review article, we present in some detail new trends in application of asymptotic techniques to mechanical problems. First we consider the various methods which allows for the possibility of extending the perturbation series application space and hence omiting their local character. While applying the asymptotic methods very often the following situation appears: an existence of the asymptotics ε → 0 implies an existence of the asymptotics ε → ∞ (or, in a more general sense, ε → a and ε → b). Therefore, an idea of constructing a single solution valid for a whole interval of parameter ε changes is very attractive. In other words, we discuss a problem of asymptotically equivalent function constructions possessing for ε → a and ε → b a known asymptotic behavior. The defined problems are very important from the point of view of both theoretical and applied sciences. In this work, we review the state-of-the-art, by presenting the existing methods and by pointing out their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the fields of their applications. In addition, some new methods are also proposed. The methods are demonstrated on a wide variety of static and dynamic solid mechanics problems and some others involving fluid mechanics. This review article contains 340 references.

Advancing Socioeconomic Rights Through Interdisciplinary Factfinding: Opportunities and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Knuckey ◽  
Joshua D. Fisher ◽  
Amanda M. Klasing ◽  
Tess Russo ◽  
Margaret L. Satterthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Socioeconomic Rights ◽  
Human Rights Movement

The human rights movement is increasingly using interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, mixed-methods, and quantitative factfinding. There has been too little analysis of these shifts. This article examines some of the opportunities and challenges of these methods, focusing on the investigation of socioeconomic human rights. By potentially expanding the amount and types of evidence available, factfinding's accuracy and persuasiveness can be strengthened, bolstering rights claims. However, such methods can also present significant challenges and may pose risks in individual cases and to the human rights movement generally. Interdisciplinary methods can be costly in human, financial, and technical resources; are sometimes challenging to implement; may divert limited resources from other work; can reify inequalities; may produce “expertise” that disempowers rightsholders; and could raise investigation standards to an infeasible or counterproductive level. This article includes lessons learned and questions to guide researchers and human rights advocates considering mixed-methods human rights factfinding. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Volume 17 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Conversation and Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Speech Communities

Conversation analysis is a method for the systematic study of interaction in terms of a sequential turn-taking system. Research in conversation analysis has traditionally focused on speakers of English, and it is still unclear to what extent the system observed in that research applies to conversation more generally around the world. However, as this method is now being applied to conversation in a broader range of languages, it is increasingly possible to address questions about the nature of interactional diversity across different speech communities. The approach of pragmatic typology first applies sequential analysis to conversation from different speech communities and then compares interactional patterns in ways analogous to how traditional linguistic typology compares morphosyntax. This article discusses contemporary literature in pragmatic typology, including single-language studies and multilanguage comparisons reflecting both qualitative and quantitative methods. This research finds that microanalysis of face-to-face interaction can identify both universal trends and culture-specific interactional tendencies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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