Microbial Flavonoid Metabolism: A Cardiometabolic Disease Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 433-454
Author(s):  
Lucas J. Osborn ◽  
Jan Claesen ◽  
J. Mark Brown
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disorders ◽  
Flavonoid Intake

Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is a leading cause of death worldwide and encompasses the inflammatory metabolic disorders of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant metabolites that are abundantly present in fruits and vegetables and have biologically relevant protective effects in a number of cardiometabolic disorders. Several epidemiological studies underscored a negative association between dietary flavonoid consumption and the propensity to develop CMD. Recent studies elucidated the contribution of the gut microbiota in metabolizing dietary intake as it relates to CMD. Importantly, the biological efficacy of flavonoids in humans and animal models alike is linked to the gut microbial community. Herein, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of leveraging flavonoid intake as a potential strategy to prevent and treat CMD in a gut microbe–dependent manner, with special emphasis on flavonoid-derived microbial metabolites.

scholarly journals Intestinal absorption of epoxy-β-carotenes by humans

1999 ◽  
Vol 339 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun B. BARUA
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Induction Of Differentiation ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Reduced Risk

An increased intake of fruits and vegetables has been shown to be associated with reduced risk of cancer. In epidemiological studies, supplements of β-carotene, which is abundant in fruits and vegetables, were not found to be beneficial in reducing the incidence of lung cancer in high-risk groups. Epoxycarotenoids are abundant in nature. 5,6-Epoxy-β-carotene was much more active than β-carotene in the induction of differentiation of NB4 cells [Duitsman, Becker, Barua and Olson (1996) FASEB J. 10, A732]. Epoxycarotenes may, therefore, have protective effects against cancer. In order to do this, however, epoxycarotenoids must be absorbed by the human body. There is no evidence that epoxycarotenoids, despite their abundance in dietary fruits and vegetables, are absorbed by humans. In this paper, it is demonstrated that orally administered dietary or synthetic epoxy-β-carotenes are absorbed by humans, as indicated by their appearance in the circulating blood.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns and risk of asthma: results from three countries in European Community Respiratory Health Survey-II

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 1354-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hooper ◽  
Joachim Heinrich ◽  
Ernst Omenaas ◽  
Stefanie Sausenthaler ◽  
Vanessa Garcia-Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Score ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Bronchial Responsiveness ◽  
The Uk

Dietary patterns offer an alternative to the analysis of individual foods or nutrients in nutritional epidemiological studies. The aim of the present study was to identify dietary patterns common to different European countries and examine their associations with asthma. In five study centres (two in Germany, two in the UK and one in Norway), 1174 adults aged 29–55 years completed a FFQ and respiratory symptoms questionnaire. A meta-analytic approach was used to identify the dietary patterns and analyse them in relation to current asthma, asthma symptoms and bronchial responsiveness (BHR). Two patterns emerged, generally correlating with the same foods at different centres: one associated with intake of meats and potatoes; the other with fish, fruits and vegetables. There was no evidence that the fish, fruits and vegetables pattern was associated with asthma (OR 1·11 (95 % CI 0·93, 1·33)), symptom score (ratio of means 1·07 (0·98, 1·17)) or BHR (regression coefficient − 0·01 ( − 0·12, 0·10)), though these CI appeared to rule out large protective effects of consuming these foods. There was no overall evidence that the meat and potato pattern was associated with asthma (OR 1·02 (0·79, 1·31)), symptom score (ratio of means 1·07 (0·84, 1·36)) or BHR (regression coefficient − 0·08 ( − 0·27, 0·10)), but there was heterogeneity between centres in the association with symptom score: a negative association at the two German centres; a positive association at the others. Heterogeneity in a multi-centre observational study of diet could suggest alternative explanations for apparent effects of diet, such as uncontrolled confounding.

scholarly journals Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4025
Author(s):  
Linda Nezbedova ◽  
Tony McGhie ◽  
Mark Christensen ◽  
Julian Heyes ◽  
Noha Ahmed Nasef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Epidemiological studies have strongly linked a diet high in fruits to a lower incidence of cancer. Furthermore, extensive research shows that secondary plant metabolites known as phytochemicals, which are commonly found in fruits, have onco-preventive and chemo-protective effects. Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide that is available all year round and is a rich source of phytochemicals. In this review, we summarize the association of apple consumption with cancer incidence based on findings from epidemiological and cohort studies. We further provide a comprehensive review of the main phytochemical patterns observed in apples and their bioavailability after consumption. Finally, we report on the latest findings from in vitro and in vivo studies highlighting some of the key molecular mechanisms targeted by apple phytochemicals in relation to inhibiting multiple ‘hallmarks of cancer’ that are important in the progression of cancer.

Review: Health Effects of Cocoa Flavonoids

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Lamuela-Raventós ◽  
A. I. Romero-Pérez ◽  
C. Andrés-Lacueva ◽  
A. Tornero
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Ldl Oxidation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cocoa Products ◽  
Flavonoid Intake ◽  
Phenolic Substances

Flavonoids are phenolic substances widely found in fruits and vegetables. Many epidemiological studies associate the ingestion of flavonoids with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. These effects are due to the physiological activity of flavonoids in the reduction of oxidative stress, inhibiting low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation and platelet aggregation, acting as vasodilators in blood vessels, inhibiting the adherence of monocytes to the vascular endothelium, promoting fibrinolysis, acting as immunomodulators and anti-inflammatory agents and as inhibitors in the different phases of tumour process. Cocoa is an important source of polyphenols, which comprise 12-18% of its total weight on dry basis; the major phenolic compounds are epicatechin, proanthocyanidins and cate-chin. The levels of flavonoids contained are higher than the ones founds in apples, onions or wine, foods known for their high amount of phenolic compounds. Cocoa and cocoa products are important sources of flavonoids in our diet. In the Dutch population chocolate contributes up to 20% of the total flavonoid intake in adults, and in children the percentage is even higher. The bioavailability of these compounds depends on other food constituents, and their interaction with the food matrix. This article reviews current evidence on the health effects of cocoa flavonoids in our diet. The compiled data supports the premise that the consumption of cocoa flavonoids is beneficial to human health.

scholarly journals Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of CHD: results from prospective cohort studies of Chinese adults in Shanghai

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danxia Yu ◽  
Xianglan Zhang ◽  
Yu-Tang Gao ◽  
Honglan Li ◽  
Gong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Coronary Events

The protective effects of fruits and vegetables against CHD have been suggested by many epidemiological studies among Western populations. However, prospective data are lacking for Asian populations. In the present study, we examined the associations of fruit and vegetable intake with CHD incidence among 67 211 women (aged 40–70 years) and 55 474 men (aged 40–74 years) living in Shanghai, China. Food intake was assessed using validated FFQ through in-person interviews. Coronary events (non-fatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD) were identified by biennial home visits and further confirmed by medical record review. During a mean follow-up period of 9·8 and 5·4 years, 148 events in women and 217 events in men were documented and verified. After adjustment for potential confounders, women in the highest quartile of total fruit and vegetable intake (median 814 g/d) had a hazard ratio (HR) of 0·62 (95 % CI 0·38, 1·02) for CHD (Pfor trend = 0·04) compared with those in the lowest quartile (median 274 g/d). This association was primarily driven by fruits (HR for the highestv.the lowest intake in women: 0·62, 95 % CI 0·37, 1·03). The strength of the association was attenuated after further controlling for history of diabetes or hypertension. For men, no significant association was found for fruit and vegetable intake when analysed either in combination or individually. The present findings suggest that a high consumption of fruits may reduce CHD risk in Chinese women.

scholarly journals Influence of Bioactive Nutrients on the Atherosclerotic Process: A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Casas ◽  
Ramon Estruch ◽  
Emilio Sacanella
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Atherosclerotic Process ◽  
Prevention Of Atherosclerosis ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

The protective effects of a dietary intervention as a useful tool in the prevention of atherosclerosis disease has gained greater attention in recent years. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated the importance of diet in reducing expensive treatments or possible undesirable side effects. The main aim of this review is to examine the effects of specific nutrients on the development and progression of atherosclerosis in patients with cardiovascular disease. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardioprotective effect of different nutrients. In this sense, results have shown stabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques or downregulation of biomarkers related to inflammation through nutrients such as Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, hydroxytyrosol of extra virgin olive oil, lycopen, phytosterols of plants, or flavonols of fruits and vegetables, among others. The accumulated evidence on the anti-inflammatory effects related to these nutrients is summarized in the present review.

scholarly journals Micronutrients and cancer

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Oxidative Dna Damage ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Protective Effects

Adverse dietary factors account for approximately 30% of all cancers. Overconsumption of energy is undoubtedly one of the major risk factors, but dietary composition is also very important. In particular, a low consumption of fruits and vegetables appears to double the risk of carcinomas of the lung and alimentary tract. Epidemiological studies suggest that high plasma levels of Se, carotenoids and ascorbic acid are protective against cancer. However, intervention studies with antioxidant nutrients have given mixed results, and it has not been established that the benefits of a high intake of fruits and vegetables are invariably related to the prevention of oxidative DNA damage. Folic acid supplementation appears to protect against colo-rectal neoplasia, probably by preventing mutations associated with the repair of uracil mis-incorporation. However, there are indications from animal studies that exposure to high levels of folic acid at certain stages of development may lead to epigenetic effects that are, as yet, poorly understood. There seems little doubt that micronutrients contribute to the protective effects of plant foods against cancers of the lung and alimentary tract, but it has not been established that these benefits can be achieved using supplements.

scholarly journals The bioavailability of non-nutrient plant factors: dietary flavonoids and phyto-oestrogens

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Habitual Diet ◽  
Flavonoid Intake ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Dietary Flavonoids

The bioavailability in human subjects of non-nutrient plant factors, including dietary flavonoids and phyto-oestrogens, is of great importance relative to their reported health protective effects. These effects include protection against heart disease, and also in the case of the phyto-oestrogens, hormone-dependent cancers. Epidemiological studies have shown flavonoid intake (mostly quercetin) to be inversely associated with mortality from CHD. Quercetin is a potent antioxidantin vitro, and protection against the oxidative damage to LDL implicated in atherogenesis has been suggested as a possible mechanism. Human subjects can absorb significant amounts of quercetin (particularly in the glucoside form) and it would appear to be sufficiently bioavailable to act as an antioxidantin vivo;however, following our recent study (J O'Reilly, TAB Sanders and H Wiseman, unpublished results), it is currently less clear whether quercetin really can act as an antioxidantin vivo. The isoflavone phyto-oestrogens genistein and daidzein are much less effective antioxidants than quercetinin vitro, however, they are well-absorbed by human subjects and appear to be sufficiently bioavailable to act as antioxidantsin vivo. In our recent study (O'Reillyet al.1998) lower plasma isoprostane concentrations and increased resistance of LDL to oxidation were observed following the high-isoflavone dietary phase compared with the low-isoflavone dietary phase. Considerable inter-individual variation in isoflavone metabolite excretion has been observed, in particular the production of equol (the gut bacterial metabolite of daidzein; a more potent antioxidant and more oestrogenic than daidzein), and this appears to be influenced by habitual diet. Further studies on the bioavailability of these non-nutrient plant factors and related influencing factors are clearly still required.

Impact of increasing fruit and vegetables and flavonoid intake on the human gut microbiota

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1788-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annett Klinder ◽  
Qing Shen ◽  
Susanne Heppel ◽  
Julie A. Lovegrove ◽  
Ian Rowland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Flavonoid Intake

Plant-derived dietary fibre and/or flavonoids may mediate the protective effects of fruits and vegetables (F&V) in lowering the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancers particularly through their interaction with the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of the cardiovascular protective effects of polyphenols

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (9) ◽  
pp. 1532-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina ◽  
Cyril Auger ◽  
Thierry Chataigneau ◽  
Nelly Étienne-Selloum ◽  
Huige Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
No Production ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Species Production ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

Epidemiological studies have reported a greater reduction in cardiovascular risk and metabolic disorders associated with diets rich in polyphenols. The antioxidant effects of polyphenols are attributed to the regulation of redox enzymes by reducing reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria, NADPH oxidases and uncoupled endothelial NO synthase in addition to also up-regulating multiple antioxidant enzymes. Although data supporting the effects of polyphenols in reducing oxidative stress are promising, several studies have suggested additional mechanisms in the health benefits of polyphenols. Polyphenols from red wine increase endothelial NO production leading to endothelium-dependent relaxation in conditions such as hypertension, stroke or the metabolic syndrome. Numerous molecules contained in fruits and vegetables can activate sirtuins to increase lifespan and silence metabolic and physiological disturbances associated with endothelial NO dysfunction. Although intracellular pathways involved in the endothelial effects of polyphenols are partially described, the molecular targets of these polyphenols are not completely elucidated. We review the novel aspects of polyphenols on several targets that could trigger the health benefits of polyphenols in conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disturbances.

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