scholarly journals Fat in flames: influence of cytokines and pattern recognition receptors on adipocyte lipolysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (3) ◽  
pp. E205-E213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Grant ◽  
Jacqueline M. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Homeostatic Process ◽  
Adipose Tissue Remodeling

Adipose tissue has the largest capacity to store energy in the body and provides energy through the release of free fatty acids during times of energy need. Different types of immune cells are recruited to adipose tissue under various physiological conditions, indicating that these cells contribute to the regulation of adipose tissue. One major pathway influenced by a number of immune cells is the release of free fatty acids through lipolysis during both physiological (e.g., cold stress) and pathophysiological processes (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes). Adipose tissue expansion during obesity leads to immune cell infiltration and adipose tissue remodeling, a homeostatic process that promotes inflammation in adipose tissue. The release of proinflammatory cytokines stimulates lipolysis and causes insulin resistance, leading to adipose tissue dysfunction and systemic disruptions of metabolism. This review focuses on the interactions of cytokines and other inflammatory molecules that regulate adipose tissue lipolysis during physiological and pathophysiological states.

scholarly journals Adipose stem cells in obesity: challenges and opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunhye Shin ◽  
Asma S. El-Sabbagh ◽  
Brandon E. Lukas ◽  
Skylar J. Tanneberger ◽  
Yuwei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adipose Stem Cells ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Adipose Tissue Remodeling

Abstract Adipose tissue, the storage of excessive energy in the body, secretes various proteins called adipokines, which connect the body’s nutritional status to the regulation of energy balance. Obesity triggers alterations of quantity and quality of various types of cells that reside in adipose tissue, including adipose stem cells (ASCs; referred to as adipose-derived stem/stromal cells in vitro). These alterations in the functionalities and properties of ASCs impair adipose tissue remodeling and adipose tissue function, which induces low-grade systemic inflammation, progressive insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders. In contrast, the ability of ASCs to recruit new adipocytes when faced with caloric excess leads to healthy adipose tissue expansion, associated with lower amounts of inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the identity of ASCs and their roles in adipose tissue development, homeostasis, expansion, and thermogenesis, and how these roles go awry in obesity. A better understanding of the biology of ASCs and their adipogenesis may lead to novel therapeutic targets for obesity and metabolic disease.

scholarly journals Dietary Fatty Acids at the Crossroad between Obesity and Colorectal Cancer: Fine Regulators of Adipose Tissue Homeostasis and Immune Response

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1738
Author(s):  
Manuela Del Cornò ◽  
Rosaria Varì ◽  
Beatrice Scazzocchio ◽  
Barbara Varano ◽  
Roberta Masella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cell Functions

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the major threatening diseases worldwide, being the third most common cancer, and a leading cause of death, with a global incidence expected to increase in the coming years. Enhanced adiposity, particularly visceral fat, is a major risk factor for the development of several tumours, including CRC, and represents an important indicator of incidence, survival, prognosis, recurrence rates, and response to therapy. The obesity-associated low-grade chronic inflammation is thought to be a key determinant in CRC development, with the adipocytes and the adipose tissue (AT) playing a significant role in the integration of diet-related endocrine, metabolic, and inflammatory signals. Furthermore, AT infiltrating immune cells contribute to local and systemic inflammation by affecting immune and cancer cell functions through the release of soluble mediators. Among the factors introduced with diet and enriched in AT, fatty acids (FA) represent major players in inflammation and are able to deeply regulate AT homeostasis and immune cell function through gene expression regulation and by modulating the activity of several transcription factors (TF). This review summarizes human studies on the effects of dietary FA on AT homeostasis and immune cell functions, highlighting the molecular pathways and TF involved. The relevance of FA balance in linking diet, AT inflammation, and CRC is also discussed. Original and review articles were searched in PubMed without temporal limitation up to March 2021, by using fatty acid as a keyword in combination with diet, obesity, colorectal cancer, inflammation, adipose tissue, immune cells, and transcription factors.

The Relationship of Fasting Free Fatty Acids, Adipose Tissue, Insulin Resistance, and Fasting Glucose Concentrations with Subsequent ß-Cell Function in Nondiabetic Subjects

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1812-P
Author(s):  
MARIA D. HURTADO ◽  
J.D. ADAMS ◽  
MARCELLO C. LAURENTI ◽  
CHIARA DALLA MAN ◽  
CLAUDIO COBELLI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue obtained from newborn infants

1965 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Milan Novák ◽  
Václav Melichar ◽  
Petr Hahn ◽  
Otakar Koldovský
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Newborn Infants

Fat Metabolism in Heavy Exercise

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Jones ◽  
G. J. F. Heigenhauser ◽  
A. Kuksis ◽  
C. G. Matsos ◽  
J. R. Sutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Oxygen Intake ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
Heavy Work ◽  
Adipose Tissue Lipolysis

1. To investigate differences between the metabolic effects of light and heavy exercise, five healthy males (mean maximal oxygen intake 3.92 litres/min) exercised for 40 min at 36% maximum power (light work) and 70% maximum power (heavy work) on separate days, after an overnight fast. 2. A steady state was achieved in both studies between 20 and 40 min in: oxygen intake (1.42 and 2.64 litres/min respectively); respiratory exchange ratio (0.89 and 1.01); plasma lactate concentration (1.78 and 9.94 mmol/l). 3. Plasma palmitate turnover rate (14C) was unchanged from resting values in light work but was decreased by 40% (from 104 ± 16 to 63 ± 8 μmol/min) in heavy work. Heavy work was associated with falls in the plasma concentrations of all free fatty acids measured: palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), stearic acid (C18:0), linoleic acid (C18:2) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1). 4. In contrast to the fall in palmitate turnover the increase in plasma glycerol was greater in heavy exercise (0.054–0.229 mmol/l) than in light exercise (0.053–0.094 mmol/l), suggesting that lipolysis was occurring which did not lead to influx of free fatty acids into plasma. 5. In light exercise fat metabolism may be controlled to favour adipose tissue lipolysis and extraction of free fatty acids by muscle from the circulation, whereas in heavy exercise adipose tissue lipolysis is inhibited and hydrolysis of muscle triglycerides may play a more important part. 6. The finding of a high respiratory exchange ratio may not exclude the use of fat as a major fuel source in exercise associated with lactate production.

scholarly journals Neuro–Immune Cell Units: A New Paradigm in Physiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Godinho-Silva ◽  
Filipa Cardoso ◽  
Henrique Veiga-Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Impact

The interplay between the immune and nervous systems has been acknowledged in the past, but only more recent studies have started to unravel the cellular and molecular players of such interactions. Mounting evidence indicates that environmental signals are sensed by discrete neuro–immune cell units (NICUs), which represent defined anatomical locations in which immune and neuronal cells colocalize and functionally interact to steer tissue physiology and protection. These units have now been described in multiple tissues throughout the body, including lymphoid organs, adipose tissue, and mucosal barriers. As such, NICUs are emerging as important orchestrators of multiple physiological processes, including hematopoiesis, organogenesis, inflammation, tissue repair, and thermogenesis. In this review we focus on the impact of NICUs in tissue physiology and how this fast-evolving field is driving a paradigm shift in our understanding of immunoregulation and organismal physiology.

scholarly journals B Lymphocytes and Adipose Tissue Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1110-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad Srikakulapu ◽  
Coleen A. McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
B Cell Subsets

The immune system plays an important role in obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and the resultant metabolic dysfunction, which can lead to hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance and their downstream sequelae of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. While macrophages are the most abundant immune cell type in adipose tissue, other immune cells are also present, such as B cells, which play important roles in regulating adipose tissue inflammation. This brief review will overview B-cell subsets, describe their localization in various adipose depots and summarize our knowledge about the function of these B-cell subsets in regulating adipose tissue inflammation, obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Aerobic training reduces immune cell recruitment and cytokine levels in adipose tissue in obese mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Romualdo Lacerda ◽  
Michele Macedo Moraes ◽  
Albená Nunes-Silva ◽  
Kátia Anunciação Costa ◽  
Débora Fernandes Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Obesity is associated with an energy imbalance that results from excessive energy intake, low diet quality, and a sedentary lifestyle. The increased consumption of a high-refined carbohydrate (HC) diet is strongly related to higher adiposity and low-grade inflammation. Aerobic training is a well-known nonpharmacological intervention to treat obesity and metabolic disturbances. However, the mechanisms through which aerobic training ameliorates the low-grade inflammation induced by an HC diet should be further investigated. Our hypothesis herein was that aerobic training would decrease the recruitment of leukocytes in adipose tissue, thereby reducing the levels of cytokines and improving metabolism in mice fed an HC diet. Male Balb/c mice were assigned to the following groups: control diet/nontrained (C-NT), control diet/trained (C-T), high-refined carbohydrate diet/nontrained (HC-NT), and high-refined carbohydrate diet/trained (HC-T). Mice were submitted to moderate-intensity training sessions that consisted of running 60 min per day for 8 weeks. An intravital microscopy technique was performed in vivo in anesthetized mice to visualize the microvasculature of the adipose tissue. The HC diet induced obesity and increased the influx of immune cells into the adipose tissue. In contrast, HC-T mice presented a lower adiposity and adipocyte area. Furthermore, relative to HC-NT mice, HC-T mice showed increased resting energy expenditure, decreased recruitment of immune cells in the adipose tissue, reduced cytokine levels, and ameliorated hyperglycemia and fatty liver deposition. Collectively, our data enhance understanding about the anti-inflammatory effect of aerobic training and shed light on the adipose tissue-mediated mechanisms by which training promotes a healthier metabolic profile.

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