Plasma FGF21 concentrations and spontaneous self-selection of protein suggest that 15% protein in the diet may not be enough for male adult rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joséphine Gehring ◽  
Dalila Azzout-Marniche ◽  
Catherine Chaumontet ◽  
Claire Gaudichon ◽  
Patrick C. Even
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Protein Free Diet

Protein requirement has been determined at 10-15% energy. Under dietary self-selection, rats ingest 25-30% energy as protein and regulate FGF21 (a hormone signaling protein deficiency) to levels lower than those measured with a 15% protein (15P) diet. Our hypothesis is that if a 15P diet was indeed sufficient to ensure protein homeostasis, it is probably a too low protein level to ensure optimal energy homeostasis. Adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. The first objective was to determine the changes in food intake, body composition and plasma FGF21, IGF-1 and PYY concentrations in rats fed 8P, 15P, 30P, 40P or 50P diets. The second was to determine whether the FGF21 levels measured in the rats were related to spontaneous protein intake. Rats were fed a 15P diet and then allowed to choose between a protein diet and a protein-free diet. Food intake and body weight were measured throughout the experiments. Body composition was determined at different experimental stages. Plasma samples were collected to measure FGF21, IGF-1 and PYY concentrations. A 15P diet appears to result in higher growth than that observed with the 30P, 40P and 50P diets. However, the 15P diet probably does not provide optimal progression of body composition owing to a tendency of 15P rats to fix more fat and energy in the body. The variable and higher concentrations of FGF21 in the 15P diet suggest a deficit in protein intake, but this does not appear to be a parameter reflecting the adequacy of protein intake relative to individual protein requirements.

scholarly journals Endocrine factors in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake in females: a review of the physiological roles and interactions of ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Somogyi ◽  
A. Gyorffy ◽  
T. J. Scalise ◽  
D. S. Kiss ◽  
G. Goszleth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Hypothalamic Regulation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
The Brain

Controlling energy homeostasis involves modulating the desire to eat and regulating energy expenditure. The controlling machinery includes a complex interplay of hormones secreted at various peripheral endocrine endpoints, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the adipose tissue, thyroid gland and thyroid hormone-exporting organs, the ovary and the pancreas, and, last but not least, the brain itself. The peripheral hormones that are the focus of the present review (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin) play integrated regulatory roles in and provide feedback information on the nutritional and energetic status of the body. As peripheral signals, these hormones modulate central pathways in the brain, including the hypothalamus, to influence food intake, energy expenditure and to maintain energy homeostasis. Since the growth of the literature on the role of various hormones in the regulation of energy homeostasis shows a remarkable and dynamic expansion, it is now becoming increasingly difficult to understand the individual and interactive roles of hormonal mechanisms in their true complexity. Therefore, our goal is to review, in the context of general physiology, the roles of the five best-known peripheral trophic hormones (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin, respectively) and discuss their interactions in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary protein intake on the body composition and metabolic parameters of neutered dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Mayumi Kawauchi ◽  
Juliana Toloi Jeremias ◽  
Paula Takeara ◽  
Danilo Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Time Interaction

AbstractNeutering is a common veterinary recommendation and is often associated with obesity development. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of two different amounts of protein intake by neutered dogs regarding maintenance energy requirement (MER), body composition, and biochemical and hormonal parameters. A total of fourteen healthy adult dogs were fed either a diet containing 59·7 g protein/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) (P60) or a diet with 94·0 g protein/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) (P94) for 26 weeks after neutering to maintain their body weight prior to neutering. A mixed model was fitted to verify diet, time and diet × time interaction effects on biochemical parameters, serum concentrations of insulin, glucagon, leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). MER and the body composition data were evaluated within diets (paired t test) and within times (unpaired t test). A time effect was found for fructosamine, TAG, total lipids and IGF-1 serum concentrations. The diet × time interaction was significant for glucagon (P < 0·05). No differences between diets in the MER within each time were found. However, there was a reduction in the MER of dogs fed the P60 diet 26 weeks after neutering (P = 0·042). The fat body mass of dogs fed the P60 diet increased (P < 0·05) after neutering, even without a body-weight change. Some of the biochemical parameters changed over time, but all remained within the normal range. For the period evaluated in the present study, a diet with 94·0 g of protein/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) metabolisable energy seems to be a beneficial nutritional strategy to maintain the MER and the body composition of dogs after neutering.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of CRH Microinjections into PVN and CeA Nuclei on Food Intake, Ghrelin, Leptin, and Glucose Levels in Acute Stressed Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-148
Author(s):  
Maryam Radahmadi ◽  
◽  
Mina Sadat Izadi ◽  
Atefeh Rayatpour ◽  
Maedeh Ghasemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Isolation Stress ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Control Sham ◽  
Cumulative Food Intake

Introduction: Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) is involved in stress and energy homeostasis. On the other hand, CRH receptors also exist within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and Central Amygdala (CeA) nuclei. The present study compared the effect of CRH microinjections into PVN and CeA on three consecutive hours and cumulative food intake, internal regulatory factors of food intake, such as serum leptin and ghrelin, as well as blood glucose levels in rats under different acute psychological (Social Stress [SS] and Isolation Stress [IS] group) stresses. Methods: Sixty-six male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to 11 groups: Control, Sham, CRH-PVN, CRH-CeA, SS, IS, SS-CRH-PVN, SS-CRH-CeA, IS-CRH-PVN, and IS-CRH-CeA groups. The CRH (2 µg/kg in 0.5 µL saline) was injected into PVN and CeA nuclei in rats under everyday, acute social stress and isolation stress conditions. Results: Acute isolation and social stresses did not affect cumulative food intake. Whereas isolation stress led to changes in both leptin and glucose levels, social stress reduced only glucose levels. Cumulative food intake significantly decreased under acute CRH injection into the CeA and particularly into the PVN. Blood glucose significantly reduced in all the groups receiving CRH into their CeA. Conclusion: The PVN played a more important role compared to CeA on food intake. These nuclei probably employ different mechanisms for their effects on food intake. Besides, it seems that exogenously CRH injection into the PVN probably had a more anorectic effect than naturally activated CRH by stresses. Acute isolation stress had a greater impact than social stress on leptin level and cumulative food intake. Thus, elevated food intake related to leptin compared to ghrelin and glucose levels in the CRH-PVN group under acute social stress.

scholarly journals Effects of Short Term Omega-3 Supplementation on Body Composition, Food Intake, and Lipid Profile in Elite Athletes: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Moradi ◽  
Mohamadreza Alivand ◽  
Yaser Khaje-Bishak ◽  
Mohamad Asghari-Jafarabadi ◽  
Maedeh Alipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Anthropometric Measures

Abstract Background and Aims: animal studies consistently showed a key role for omega-3s in decreasing fat mass (FM). Also, previous studies have shown that increased omega-3 stimulates fat loss in individuals who experience obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, it is not known whether omega-3 supplementation make similar effects in healthy individuals with low FM. This study aimed to investigate the effects of omega-3 on changes in body composition, food intake, and lipid profile in healthy athletes.Methods: 36 healthy men were allocated into either the supplement or the placebo group. Dietary intake assessed by the 24-hour food recall, before and after the intervention. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and lipid profile were measured at baseline and after 3-weeks.Results: The weight did not significantly change at the end of the study. Body fat percent decreased significantly at the end of the study in the omega-3 group (p= 0.003), but intergroup differences were not significant. FM decreased but fat free mass (FFM) increased in omega-3 groups (p<0.05). In Lipid profile indices just HDL-C increased (for omega-3 group p=0.001; for placebo group p=0.01; after adjustments p=0.78). Also, in the omega-3 group, energy intake (p=0.0007) and protein intake (p=0.04) after intervention increased, but after baseline adjustments they were not significant.Conclusion: 3-week omega-3 supplementation seems to be not effective in decreased FM, and increased HDL-C, and energy and protein intake in elite athletes. Further studies are recommended to determine the effect of different doses of omega-3 on adipose tissue in athletes with low FM.Clinical Trial Registration The present study was prospectively registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Studies on December 19, 2019 (ID: 20190625044008N1). https://en.irct.ir/trial/43332.

The effect of food intake prior to farrowing on the body composition of first-litter sows

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 42-42
Author(s):  
B.P. Mullan ◽  
I.H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Composition Studies ◽  
Nutritional Stress ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Reserves ◽  
Effect Of Food

Body reserves are important in reproduction because they can be used by the sow to buffer the nutritional stress through a low intake of food in lactation (Mullan and Williams, 1988). Quantitative information on the body composition of first-litter sows during lactation is clearly required to establish what body reserves are mobilized during lactation, and how this relates to subsequent reproductive performance. The aim of this study was to quantify the body reserves of first-litter sows at farrowing and to measure the change in these reserves during lactation.Animals selected for body composition studies were from the High-High, High-Low, Low-High and Low-Low groups of an experiment described by Mullan and Williams (1988). Animals were selected according to bodyweight, depth of backfat and litter size, with the object to have animals that were representative of those in the earlier experiment. Sows were removed from their litter, weighed and the depth of backfat measured by ultrasound at the P2. Within three hours of weaning animals were slaughtered and the head, trotters, tail, viscera one side of the carcass were frozen, minced and chemically analysed for lipid, protein, water and ash.

Effects of protein concentration in the diet on milk yield, change in body composition and the efficiency of utilization of body tissue for milk production in ewes

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Cowan ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
I. McHattie ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Concentration

ABSTRACTTwenty-five mature Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes, each suckling two lambs, were used to measure the effects of dietary concentration of crude protein on food intake, milk yield and changes in body composition during the first 6 weeks of lactation. Diets were complete mixes of milled hay and concentrates, and the amounts of barley and fish meal were altered to give crude protein concentrations of 116 and 143g/kg dry matter. Ten ewes were slaughtered at 5 to 7 days of lactation and the remaining ewes were slaughtered at 40 to 43 days of lactation.The higher concentration of crude protein in the diet did not alter food intake or digestion. Milk yield was not altered in the first 3 weeks of lactation but was increased in weeks 4 and 5 (P<0·05). Production of milk protein was increased by a higher protein concentration in the diet (P<0·01) and this effect was evident from the 2nd week of lactation. Weight of chemically determined fat in the body decreased from 179 to 13-0kg from 6 to 42 days of lactation (P<0·001) for ewes on diets of both concentrations of crude protein.It was concluded that the higher level of protein intake during early lactation increased yields of milk and milk protein. The data suggest that the energy lost from the body was used more efficiently by ewes given the diet of high, rather than low, protein content.

Protein-carbohydrate interaction effects on energy balance, FGF21, IGF-1 and hypothalamic genes expression in rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joséphine Gehring ◽  
Dalila Azzout-Marniche ◽  
Catherine Chaumontet ◽  
Julien Piedcoq ◽  
Claire Gaudichon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Geometric Framework ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Amino acids are involved in energy homeostasis, just as are carbohydrates and lipids. Therefore, mechanisms controlling protein intake should operate independently and in combination with systems controlling overall energy intake to coordinate appropriate metabolic and behavioural responses. The objective of this study was to quantify the respective roles of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels on energy balance, plasma FGF21 and IGF-1 concentrations, and hypothalamic neurotransmitters (POMC, NPY, AgRP and CART). In a simplified geometric framework, 7-week-old male Wistar rats were fed 12 diets containing 3 to 30% protein for 3 weeks, in which carbohydrates accounted for 30 to 75% of the carbohydrate and fat part of the diet. As a result of this study, most of the studied parameters (body composition, energy expenditure, plasma FGF21 and IGF-1 concentrations and Pomc/Agrp ratio) responded mainly to the protein content and to a lesser extent to the carbohydrate content in the diet.

A general method for predicting the weight of water in the empty bodies of pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
General Equation ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
A Value ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
General Method

AbstractAs water is the major component of the pig body its accurate prediction is of importance in pig growth models. It has become conventional to predict the weight of water, WA kg, from the weight of protein, P kg. The purpose of this paper is to find how this can be done across pig genotypes of different mature size. The widely used equation to relate WA to P is of the form: WA = a.Pb. This equation is examined theoretically. It is concluded that the form of the equation is reasonable and, that while the value of the exponent b is likely to be constant across genotypes, the value of the scalar a is not. It is proposed that the value of the scalar a is best estimated as a = WAPRm Pm1·b where WAPRm is the water: protein ratio in the body at maturity and Pm is the weight of protein in the body at maturity. The value of the parameter WAPRm is assumed to be constant across genotypes with a value in the range of 3·04 to 3·20, depending on the methods used for measuring body composition. The general value of b = 0·855, taken from published work, is confirmed. A consequence of the argument quantified in the paper is that the value of a is predicted to vary from a = 4·69 for a pig with Pm = 20 kg to a = 5·36 for a pig with Pm = 50 kg. The general equation is expected to give more accurate predictions of the weight of water and, hence, of body weight, in models intended to predict pig growth, food intake, body composition and efficiency.

Intragastric balloon reduces food intake and body weight in rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (4) ◽  
pp. R794-R797 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Geliebter ◽  
S. Westreich ◽  
D. Gage ◽  
S. A. Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Intragastric Balloon ◽  
Gastric Surgery ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Less Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Muscularis Externa

To test a less invasive method than gastric surgery for treating obesity, balloons were nonsurgically inserted in the stomachs of adult rats (mean wt = 537 g) for 8 wk. One group received balloons that were inflated with 7 ml of water, a second group had balloons inserted that were deflated, and a third group had no balloons inserted. Rats with inflated balloons ingested 27% less food (P less than 0.0005) during the 8 wk and weighted 16% less (P less than 0.05) at the end of this period than rats with deflated balloons or no balloons. Their food intake was significantly depressed through the 7th wk. The stomachs of the rats with inflated balloons were significantly heavier than the others with a thicker muscularis externa. Body composition was not significantly different among groups. A chronic intragastric balloon significantly reduced food intake and body weight.

scholarly journals Fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin estimated by urinary excretion of NT-methylhistidine: the effect of dietary protein level on catabolic rates under conditions of restricted food intake

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nishizawa ◽  
M. Shimbo ◽  
S. Hareyama ◽  
R. Funabiki
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Dietary Protein Level

1. Critical studies on the distribution of NT-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; Me-His) among organs and tissues in adult rats are reported. Adult rats contained 46.5 ± 3.6 mg Me-His/kg body-weight. Almost 90% of the Me-His in the body was recovered from skeletal muscle. These results support the hypothesis that fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin in skeletal muscle can be estimated by measuring urinary excretion of Me-His.2. Dietary protein level did not affect the total amount of Me-His in the body. However, urinary excretion of Me-His increased as dietary protein intake was increased.3. From these results it was concluded that fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin increase as dietary protein intake increases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document