Nitrogen retention during late gestation in the rat in response to marginal zinc intake

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (2) ◽  
pp. E113-E118 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Greeley ◽  
G. J. Fosmire ◽  
H. H. Sandstead
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Multiple Stepwise Regression Analysis ◽  
Zinc Concentrations

This study was conducted to characterize nitrogen retention in response to marginal dietary zinc during gestation. Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups on day 1 of gestation. The dams were fed a basal diet supplemented with either restricted or control levels of zinc. Feces and urine were collected for 24 h on day 20 of pregnancy, and their nitrogen and zinc contents were determined. Urinary and fecal nitrogen excretions were similar for zinc-restricted and control dams, whereas fecal zinc excretions were depressed by feeding the zinc-restricted diet. Mean zinc and nitrogen retentions were negative for the zinc-restricted and positive for the control groups. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that nitrogen retention on day 20 depended on both dietary nitrogen and zinc intakes. Zinc-restricted offspring weighed 12% less and the maternal plasma zinc concentrations were reduced by 66% when compared with the control group values on day 22. Marginal dietary zinc and the associated anorexia limited fetal growth without causing excessive nitrogen excretion or severe weight loss.

The effect of offering diets with a reduced crude protein and digestible energy content on the retention and excretion of nitrogen by pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
P.A. Lee ◽  
R.M. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
The Cost

Manipulation of dietary nitrogen content can reduce nitrogen excretion (NE) by the pig by 40 per cent (Kay and Lee, 1995), which has major implications for pollution legislation. Past work (Kay and Lee, 1996) has shown that whilst reduced crude protein (CP) diets reduce NE whilst maintaining nitrogen retention (NR), there is also an increase in backfat depth at slaughter. This suggests an ‘energy sparing’ effect from the lower levels of excess amino acids which might be exploited to lower the cost of the reduced CP diets. The objective of this experiment was to determine the NR and NE of growing and finishing pigs offered diets with reduced CP and Digestible Energy (DE) contents compared with commercial diets or diets with reduced CP content only.

Effect of abomasal infusions of methionine, casein, and starch plus methionine on the wool production of Merino wethers fed on lucerne or wheaten chaff

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
GE Robards
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Merino wethers received daily abomasal infusions of (a) 2.6 g DL-methionine, (b) 80 g casein protein or (c) 2.6 g DL-methionine plus 87 g maize starch, while consuming either lucerne chaff or wheaten chaff. Responses in wool growth, nitrogen metabolism and body weight were measured. Sheep fed on lucerne chaff had a higher urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention than those fed on wheaten chaff regardless of the presence or type of infusion. The infusion of methionine did not markedly alter these parameters from their original levels on either diet. On both diets, casein infusion led to increased urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention. Compared with sheep given starch plus methionine infusions, those given casein had higher urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention. Changes in fleece-free body weight gain followed a similar pattern. There were no pronounced differences in faecal nitrogen excretion. Regardless of the presence or type of infusion, sheep fed on lucerne grew more wool than those on wheaten chaff. On both diets, all infusions were accompanied by higher wool growths than on the basal diet alone. The effect of the casein infusion, compared with methionine infusion, was apparent only in sheep on wheaten chaff. Wool growth rates in sheep infused with starch plus methionine were not higher than the rates in the same sheep infused with methionine alone. The results suggest that the wool production of sheep will show a greater response to abomasal supplements of sulphur amino acids or casein if they are consuming a high quality diet such as lucerne chaff, compared with a low quality diet such as wheaten chaff. The apparent failure of starch infusion to stimulate wool growth above the level obtained with methionine infusions alone is discussed in relation to the interaction of protein and energy in the growth of wool.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Betaine on Growth Performance, Digestive Function, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality in Indigenous Yellow-Feathered Broilers under Long-Term Heat Stress

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu ◽  
Yuan ◽  
Sun ◽  
Balasubramanian ◽  
Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Betaine Supplementation

Heat stress has a profound effect on poultry health and productivity. The present study evaluated whether feeding betaine could ameliorate long-term heat stress-induced impairment of productive performance in indigenous yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 240 five-week-old male broilers were randomly allocated to five treatments with six replicates of eight broilers each. The five treatments included a thermoneutral zone control group (TN, fed basal diet), a heat stress control group (HS, fed basal diet), and an HS control group supplemented 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg betaine, respectively. The TN group was raised at 26 ± 1 °C during the whole study, HS groups exposed to 32 ± 1 °C for 8 h/day from 9:00 am to 17:00 pm. The results showed that heat stress decreased the body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake of broilers during 1–5, 6–10, and 1–10 weeks (p < 0.05). Dietary betaine tended to improve the BWG and feed intake of broilers under 5 weeks of heat stress (linear, p < 0.10), and betaine supplementation linearly increased the BWG and feed intake during 6–10 and 1–10 weeks (p < 0.05). Additionally, nitrogen retention was reduced by 5 weeks and 10 weeks of heat stress (p < 0.05), whereas dietary betaine could improve nitrogen retention in heat stressed broilers after both 5 and 10 weeks of heat stress (linear, p < 0.05). Moreover, this study observed that the trypsin activity of jejunum was decreased by 5 weeks of heat stress (p < 0.05), whereas betaine supplementation had quadratic effects on trypsin activity of jejunum in heat stressed broilers (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 10 weeks of heat stress induced a reduction of villus height of the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05), and decreased the villus height to crypt depth ratio of the jejunum (p < 0.05). Supplementation with betaine ameliorated the adverse effects of heat stress on these parameters (p < 0.05). Compared with the TN group, 10 weeks of heat stress reduced carcass and breast yield (p < 0.05) and betaine supplementation improved carcass and breast yield of heat stressed broilers (linear, p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of betaine could reduce the detrimental effects of long-term heat stress on growth performance, digestive function, and carcass traits in indigenous yellow-feathered broilers.

No association between zinc and thyroid activity in obese women

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jéssica Batista Beserra ◽  
Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais ◽  
Juliana Soares Severo ◽  
Kyria Jayanne Clímaco Cruz ◽  
Ana Raquel Soares de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Zinc Concentrations

Abstract. Obesity is characterized by changes in the metabolism of zinc and thyroid hormones. Studies have also shown the role of zinc in the function and metabolism of thyroid. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, dietary zinc intake and zinc distribution in obese women. A case-control study was conducted enrolling 98 women aged between 20 and 50 years old who were divided into case group (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) and control group (BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m2). Patients underwent anthropometric measurements and analysis of dietary zinc intake, which was performed by a three-day food record. Zinc concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and antibodies were determined by chemiluminescence. Mean values of dietary zinc intake were higher than recommended (10.37 ± 3.12 mg/day and 11.37 ± 4.36 mg/day for control and obeses, respectively). Obese women had reduced plasma (67.22 ± 5.96 μg/dL) and erythrocyte (37.16 ± 3.64 μg Zn/gHb) zinc concentrations when compared to the control group (plasma: 89.71 ± 13.33 μg/dL; erythrocyte: 42.68 ± 3.73 μg Zn/gHb) (p < 0.001). Serum TSH (control: 2.62 ± 1.29 μIU/mL; obeses: 3.08 ± 1.13 μIU/mL), Free T3 (control: 2.19 ± 0.63 pg/dL; obeses: 2.09 ± 0.34 pg/dL), and Free T4 (control: 1.12 ± 0.31 ng/dL; obeses: 1.09 ± 0.19 ng/dL) concentrations were within the normal range in both groups, without significant difference between them (p > 0.05). There was no correlation between thyroid hormone concentrations and zinc parameters (p > 0.05). Although obese women presented hypozincemia, they had normal levels of thyroid hormones and no correlation was found between the studied parameters.

The nutrition of the early-weaned calf. X. The effect of replacement of fish meal with either urea or ammonium acetate on growth rate and nitrogen retention in calves fed ad libitum

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
G. McKiddie ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. A growth trial and nitrogen balance studies were carried out on 32 early-weaned calves fed on a basal diet containing fish meal or diets in which the fish meal nitrogen was partially replaced by urea or ammonium acetate or totally replaced by urea.2. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were highest on the fish meal diet and fell as urea replaced the fish meal.3. Rumen ammonia levels and urinary nitrogen excretion were highest, and nitrogen retention lowest, in the calves receiving the diet in which fish meal nitrogen was completely replaced by urea nitrogen.

scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Supplementation with Rare Earth Elements during Late Gestation and Lactation on Performances, Health, and Fecal Microbiota of the Sows and Their Offspring

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Xiong ◽  
Jiaman Pang ◽  
Liangkang Lv ◽  
Yujun Wu ◽  
Na Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maternal Supplementation ◽  
Daily Gain

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal supplementation with rare earth elements (REEs) on sows and their offspring. During late gestation, 120 multiparous sows were divided randomly into the control group (Basal diet) and REE-G group (Basal diet supplemented with 200 mg REE/kg). After delivery, REE-G group was further divided into two groups: REE-L- (Change to basal diet during lactation) and REE-L+ group (REE diet all the time). Our results showed that maternal REE supplementation improved the antioxidant and immunity of sows and piglets. Additionally, REE supply during late gestation significantly decreased the coefficient of within-litter variation (CV) in birth weight and increased the weaning weights and the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets. During lactation, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in piglets of REE-L+ group were higher, while no difference between REE-L- and the control group. More beneficial bacteria (Christensenellaceae and Ruminococcaceae) were found in the REE-L+ group while some opportunistic pathogens (Proteobacteria and Campylobacter) were relatively suppressed. Fecal microbiota showed correlation with antioxidase, inflammatory factors, and average daily gain (ADG). Collectively, our findings indicated that REEs added in both gestation and lactation was more conducive to establish a healthier status for sows and their offspring.

scholarly journals The effect of different dietary zinc sources on mineral deposition and antioxidant indices in rabbit tissues

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaudia Čobanová ◽  
Ľubica Chrastinová ◽  
Mária Chrenková ◽  
Mária Polačiková ◽  
Zuzana Formelová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Organic Zn ◽  
Rabbit Tissues

<p>The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of dietary zinc from inorganic and organic sources on the concentration of Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in plasma, tissues and faeces of rabbits. Simultaneously, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), specific Cu/Zn SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in liver and kidney were also determined. Ninety-six 49-day-old broiler rabbits were allocated to 4 dietary treatments, each replicated 6 times with 4 animals per replicate. For the subsequent 6 wk, the rabbits were fed an identical basal diet (BD) supplemented with an equivalent dose of Zn (100 mg/kg) from different sources. Group 1 (control) received the unsupplemented BD, while the BD for groups 2, 3 and 4 was supplemented with Zn from Zn sulphate, Zn chelate of glycine hydrate (Zn-Gly) and Zn chelate of protein hydrolysate (Zn-Pro), respectively. The intake of dietary Zn sulphate resulted in an increase in Zn plasma concentration (1.85 vs. 1.48 mg/L; <em>P</em>&lt;0.05) compared to the control group. Feeding the diets enriched with Zn increased the deposition of Zn in the liver (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05), irrespective of the Zn source. The addition of Zn-Pro resulted in significantly higher Cu uptake in liver (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05) than in the control and Zn sulphate group (56.0 vs. 35.0 and 36.7 mg/kg dry matter (DM), respectively). Neither Mn nor Fe concentration in plasma and tissues were affected by dietary Zn supplementation, with the exception of Fe deposition in muscle, which was significantly decreased (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05) in rabbits supplemented with inorganic Zn sulphate compared to control and Zn-Gly group (9.8 vs. 13.3 and 12.2 mg/kg DM, respectively). Intake of organic Zn-Gly significantly increased the activities of total SOD (43.9 vs. 35.9 U/mg protein; <em>P</em>&lt;0.05) and Cu/Zn SOD (31.1 vs. 23.8 U/mg protein; <em>P</em>&lt;0.01) as well as TAC (37.8 vs. 31.2 μmol/g protein; <em>P</em>&lt;0.05) in the kidney when compared to that of the control group. The presented results did not indicate any differences between dietary Zn sources in Zn deposition and measured antioxidant indices in rabbit tissues. Higher dietary Zn intake did not cause any interactions with respect to Mn, Cu and Fe deposition in liver and kidney tissues, but did increase the faecal mineral concentrations. Dietary organic Zn-Gly improved the antioxidant status in rabbit kidney.</p>

Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Obese Women and their Relationship with Zinc Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 734-742
Author(s):  
Juliana S. Severo ◽  
Jennifer B.S. Morais ◽  
Jessica B. Beserra ◽  
Kyria J. Clímaco Cruz ◽  
Ana R.S. de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Zinc Status ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Waist Hip Ratio ◽  
Zinc Concentrations

Background: Excessive adipose tissue, in the case of common obesity, has been associated with an endocrine-metabolic alteration that contributes to a manifestation of dyslipidemia. To identify mechanisms which are involved in disorders of lipid metabolism, several nutrients have been studied, especially zinc, which act by regulating transcription factors that are important for synthesis and oxidation of lipids and act as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nutrient. Thus, the study makes an assessment of the zinc status and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in obese women. Methods: A case-control study enrolling obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m²) and eutrophic (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m²) Brazilian women was conducted. Dietary zinc intake was assessed by the three-day food registry. Plasma, erythrocyte and urinary zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Cardiovascular risk was assessed by plasma concentrations of lipid fractions, and by anthropometric measures. Results: Both groups showed a dietary zinc intake above the recommendations, with no statistical difference between them (p >0.05). Mean plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations were significantly reduced in obese women, compared to the control group (p <0.05). Urinary zinc excretion was significantly higher in obese women (p <0.05), who also had a significantly higher cardiovascular risk when compared to the control group (p <0.05). An inverse correlation between dietary zinc intake and waist-hip ratio was found in obese women. Conclusion: Obese women presented zinc redistribution characterized by reduced concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes, dietary zinc intake above the recommended, and increased zinc excretion in the urine. This study shows dyshomeostasis of zinc in obesity, a possible role in adiposity control and, consequently, its protective role against cardiovascular risk, due to its influence on risk biomarkers, such as waist-hip ratio.

scholarly journals Effects of enriched mesquite piperidine alkaloid extract in diets with reduced crude protein concentration on the rumen microbial efficiency and performance in lambs

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 268-280
Author(s):  
Eliseu Ferreira Brito ◽  
Mara Lúcia Albuquerque Pereira ◽  
Herymá Giovane de Oliveira Silva ◽  
Ana Cláudia Maia Soares ◽  
George Soares Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of enriched mesquite piperidine alkaloid (MPA) extract at 31 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) in diets with 16% or 13% of crude protein (CP) compared to a diet with 16% CP without additive (control) and diets with monensin (MON) at 31 mg/kg DM and 16% or 13% CP. The intake, ingestive behaviour, apparent digestibility, body weight gain, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance were evaluated. A total of 30 uncastrated crossbred Santa Inês × Bergamasca lambs were used and allocated in a completely randomized design. No effects of additives on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) intake were observed in diets with 16% and 13% CP compared to the control diet. The total digestible nutrient intake (g/kg BW) for the diet with MPA 13% CP was lower than for the control diet, while the metabolisable energy intake (MJ/kg BW) did not differ between diets. The DM feeding rate (g/min) was reduced for the diet with MON 13% CP compared to the control diet. There was no difference between MON or MPA with CP 16% or 13% and the control diet in the digestibility of DM, OM, NFC, and NDF. MON in the diet with 13% CP reduced the BW gain, which differed from the control diet, while MPA 13% CP did not differ from the control diet. The microbial protein synthesis efficiency was higher for diets with MPA compared to MON 13% CP and the control diet. Dietary nitrogen retention (g/kg metabolic weight) was lower in diets with 13% CP that differed from the diets with 16% CP. The nitrogen retained as a percentage of ingested and digested nitrogen was unchanged with the use of MPA or MON 13% CP due to lower urinary nitrogen excretion. The MPA 13% CP diet does not affect the performance of lambs by increasing the microbial synthesis efficiency in the rumen.

Influence of Different Dietary Levels of Zinc on Performance, Vitamin B12, and Blood Parameters in Lambs

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Zhu ◽  
Guo ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Jia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Zinc Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different dietary levels of zinc (Zn) on performance, vitamin B12, and blood parameters in lambs. Thirty six cannulated Poll Dorset × Small-tailed Han wether lambs were assigned randomly to four treatment groups: The control group, which was supplemented with 0.30 mg Co/kg dry matter (DM) to the basal diet; and the low-, medium- and high-Zn supplemented groups, supplementation of 50, 100, and 150 mg Zn/kg DM to the control diet, respectively. Lambs were housed in individual pens and the experiment lasted for 70 days. There was no significant difference in body weight gain and feed/gain between different treatment groups. The high-Zn supplemented lambs showed lower vitamin B12 concentrations in both ruminal fluid and plasma, and higher methylmalonic acid and homocysteine concentrations in plasma compared with the control and low-Zn supplemented groups (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in these biochemical values between the control, the low-, and the medium-Zn supplemented groups (p > 0.05). Plasma folate concentration, glucose, and heme-dependent blood parameters were not influenced by dietary zinc level. It was concluded that the higher level of zinc supplementation had a negative effect on vitamin B12 in lambs. Higher inclusion level of dietary zinc could inhibit vitamin B12 synthesis in the rumen of lambs.

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