Fever-specific changes in central MSH and CRF concentrations

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. R125-R129
Author(s):  
M. Holdeman ◽  
O. Khorram ◽  
W. K. Samson ◽  
J. M. Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Septal Region ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Central Gray ◽  
The Brain

The concentration of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (melanotropin; MSH) within the septal region of the brain increases during the fever, and septal injections of MSH are antipyretic. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), when injected intracerebroventricularly, is also antipyretic. Using sensitive radioimmunoassays of microdissected tissue extracts, we established the presence of immunoreactive MSH (IRMSH) and CRF (IRCRF) within discrete central nervous system sites of the rabbit. Leukocytic pyrogen-induced fever and hyperthermia due to heat exposure did not alter concentrations of IRMSH or IRCRF in tissue extracted from preoptic-anterior hypothalamic or midbrain central gray regions. However, significantly greater levels of IRMSH were detected in septal extracts of febrile rabbits than in similar extracts from afebrile controls or heat-stressed animals. A significant decrease in IRCRF was detected in paraventricular nucleus extracts from febrile animals compared with extracts from afebrile controls or heat-stressed rabbits. Our results support the hypothesis that these central peptides have a role in temperature control during fever. Since no changes were detected in extracts from hyperthermic rabbits, it appears that changes in concentration of these neuropeptides within particular brain regions are specific to the febrile state and are not caused by elevation of body temperature or by nonspecific stress.

Micro Vascularization of the Cerebral Cortex in Frontal and Parietal Lobes of the Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cunniculus)

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1208-1209
Author(s):  
R.P. Chopard ◽  
C.I. Conegero ◽  
I. Watanabe ◽  
R. Ocaña
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
Blood Circulation System ◽  
The Brain

In order to warrant the blood supply to the nervous system it is necessary an efficient and intact blood circulation system, where the pattern of vascularization is of fundamental importance. In this way, we intend to demonstrate the tridimensional architecture and the pattern of vascularization in the region of the brain cortex of frontal and parietal lobes. There for, our proposal is to study the microvascularization of the rabbit cortex (Oryctologus cuniculus).The studies about blood irrigation of the brain regions are very important to verify the capilar nets and their relations with intensity of blood flux in specified regions of central nervous system.The articles about vascularization that uses models obtained by the injection of aloplastic materials whose viscosity is similar to the blood's that allows the difusion until the capilar net was introduced by Murakami (1971). Lametschwandter et al (1984), studied aspects of corrosion technique to microvascular models.

scholarly journals Structural and functional changes in the central nervous system in the course of anorexia nervosa

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Michał Hys ◽  
Nikodem Skoczeń ◽  
Ewelina Soroka ◽  
Marcin Olajossy
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Fiber Tractography ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNew achievements within structural and functional imaging of central nervous system offer a basis for better understanding of the mechanisms underlying many mental disorders. In everyday clinical practice, we encounter many difficulties in the therapy of eating disorders. They are caused by a complex psychopathological picture, varied grounds of the problems experienced by patients, often poor motivation for active participation in the treatment process, difficulties in communication between patients and therapeutic staff, and various biological conditions of eating disorders. In this paper, the latest reports on new concepts and methods of diagnosis and treatment of anorexia nervosa have been analyzed. The selection of the analyzed publications was based on the criteria taking into account the time of publication, the size of research cohorts, as well as the experience of research teams in the field of nutritional disorders, confirmed by the number of works and their citations. The work aims to spread current information on anorexia nervosa neurobiology that would allow for determining the brain regions involved in the regulation of food intake, and consequently that may be a potential place where neurobiochemical processes responsible for eating disorders occur. In addition, using modern methods of structural imaging, the authors want to show some of the morphometric variations, particularly within white matter, occurring in patients suffering from anorexia nervosa, as well as those evaluated with magnetoencephalography of processes associated with the neuronal processing of information related to food intake. For example as regards anorexia nervosa, it was possible to localize the areas associated with eating disorders and broaden our knowledge about the changes in these areas that cause and accompany the illness. The described in this paper research studies using diffusion MRI fiber tractography showed the presence of changes in the white matter pathways of the brain, especially in the corpus callosum, which indicate a reduced content of myelin. These changes probably reflect malnutrition, and directly represent the effect of lipid deficiency. This leads to a weakening of the structure, and even cell death. In addition, there are more and more reports that show the normal volume of brain cells in patients with long-term remission of anorexia. It was also shown that in patients in remission stage there are functional changes within the amygdala in response to a task not related symptomatologically with anorexia nervosa. The appearing in the scientific literature data stating that in patients with anorexia nervosa there is a reduced density of GFAP + cells of the hippocampus and increased expression of vimentin and nestin, is also worth noting.

Central nervous system action of corticotropin-releasing factor to inhibit gastric emptying in rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (2) ◽  
pp. G241-G245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Tache ◽  
M. Maeda-Hagiwara ◽  
C. M. Turkelson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
The Brain

The present study evaluates the central nervous system action of rat corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on gastric emptying of a liquid meal in conscious rats using the phenol red method. Intracisternal injection of CRF (63-210 pmol) dose-dependently inhibited gastric emptying of a liquid meal by 37-80%. Peptide action was rapid in onset, long acting, and not mimicked by intracisternal injection of growth hormone-releasing factor. Intracisternal CRF-induced inhibition of gastric emptying was reversed by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy but not by naloxone pretreatment or adrenalectomy. Intravenous injection of CRF (21-630 pmol) also dose-dependently inhibited gastric emptying. CRF antiserum blocked the effect of intravenous but not of intracisternal injection of CRF (63 pmol). These results demonstrated that CRF injected in a picomole amount into the cerebrospinal fluid acts within the brain to inhibit gastric emptying of a liquid meal through vagal-dependent pathways.

scholarly journals Thioredoxin System Regulation in the Central Nervous System: Experimental Models and Clinical Evidence

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Silva-Adaya ◽  
María E. Gonsebatt ◽  
Jorge Guevara
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Thioredoxin System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Postmortem Brains ◽  
The Brain

The reactive oxygen species produced continuously during oxidative metabolism are generated at very high rates in the brain. Therefore, defending against oxidative stress is an essential task within the brain. An important cellular system against oxidative stress is the thioredoxin system (TS). TS is composed of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH. This review focuses on the evidence gathered in recent investigations into the central nervous system, specifically the different brain regions in which the TS is expressed. Furthermore, we address the conditions that modulate the thioredoxin system in both, animal models and the postmortem brains of human patients associated with the most common neurodegenerative disorders, in which the thioredoxin system could play an important part.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Complex Trauma and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Clinical Implications

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette D. Hyter
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Complex trauma resulting from chronic maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure can significantly affect child development and academic outcomes. Children with histories of maltreatment and those with prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit remarkably similar central nervous system impairments. In this article, I will review the effects of each on the brain and discuss clinical implications for these populations of children.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

Ethanolamine: A Potential Promoiety with Additional Effects in the Brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asfree Gwanyanya ◽  
Christie Nicole Godsmark ◽  
Roisin Kelly-Laubscher
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drug Design ◽  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bioactive Molecule ◽  
Positive Functions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract: Ethanolamine is a bioactive molecule found in several cells, including those in the central nervous system (CNS). In the brain, ethanolamine and ethanolamine-related molecules have emerged as prodrug moieties that can promote drug movement across the blood-brain barrier. This improvement in the ability to target drugs to the brain may also mean that in the process ethanolamine concentrations in the brain are increased enough for ethanolamine to exert its own neurological ac-tions. Ethanolamine and its associated products have various positive functions ranging from cell signaling to molecular storage, and alterations in their levels have been linked to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. This mini-review focuses on the effects of ethanolamine in the CNS and highlights the possible implications of these effects for drug design.

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