Spaceflight and growth effects on muscle fibers in the rhesus monkey

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. S82-S89 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Bodine-Fowler ◽  
R. R. Roy ◽  
W. Rudolph ◽  
N. Haque ◽  
I. B. Kozlovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Biopsy Needle ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Fiber Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolic Properties ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

Spaceflight causes considerable atrophy in hindlimb muscles of the rat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 14-day spaceflight (COSMOS 2044) on selected morphological and metabolic properties of single muscle fibers in a nonhuman primate, Macaca mulatta. Biopsies were taken from the soleus (Sol), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of two rhesus monkeys 107 days before flight and 24 h after return from flight. Muscle biopsies were taken from two independent sites in each muscle by use of a small (3-mm OD) Bergstrom biopsy needle. The biopsies weighed 8–14 mg and contained 100–200 fibers, of which an average of 40 fibers were acceptable for metabolic and size analyses. The 14-day spaceflight had little effect on fiber size in the Sol and MG muscles, whereas there appeared to be a slight decrease in size in the TA. In each of the flight animals, the mean fiber size in the postflight biopsies increased relative to preflight values. An increase in fiber size over the same period of time was also observed in four control monkeys that were the same age and approximately the same weight as the flight monkeys. The relative increase in size was related to the body weight of the monkey at the time of the pre- and postflight biopsies. The mean fiber succinate dehydrogenase activity appeared to decrease in the MG, whereas there was no apparent effect of spaceflight on the Sol and TA muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Morphological changes in distant muscle fibers following thermal injury in Wistar rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia de Oliveira ◽  
Luci Rezende Bevilacqua ◽  
Carlos Alberto Anaruma ◽  
Silvia de Campos Boldrini ◽  
Edson Aparecido Liberti
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

PURPOSE: Thermal injury causes catabolic processes as the body attempts to repair the damaged area. This study evaluated the effects of a scald injury on the morphology of muscle fibers belonging to a muscle distant from the lesion. METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into control (C) and scalded (S) groups. Group S was scalded over 45% of the body surface, standardized by body weight. Rats in both groups were euthanized at four, seven and 14 days following the injury. The middle portions of the medial gastrocnemius muscles were sectioned, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Picrosirius, and submitted to histological analysis. RESULTS: Control group sections exhibited equidistantly distributed polygonal muscle fibers with peripheral nuclei, characteristic of normal muscle. The injured group sections did not consistently show these characteristics; many fibers in these sections exhibited a rounded contour, variable stain intensities, and greater interfiber distances. A substantially increased amount of connective tissue was also observed on the injured group sections. CONCLUSION: This experimental model found a morphological change in muscle distant from the site of thermal injury covering 45% of the body surface.

Plasticity of myonuclear number in hypertrophied and atrophied mammalian skeletal muscle fibers

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1969-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Allen ◽  
S. R. Monke ◽  
R. J. Talmadge ◽  
R. R. Roy ◽  
V. R. Edgerton
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Mammalian Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neuromuscular Activation ◽  
Neuromuscular Activity ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Slow Fiber ◽  
Fiber Size ◽  
Adult Cat

Although a mammalian skeletal muscle fiber may contain thousands of myonuclei, the importance of this number or the potential to modulate it in adult muscle has not been clearly demonstrated. Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we examined the plasticity of myonuclear number and fiber size in isolated fast and slow fiber segments from adult cat hindlimb muscles in response to chronic alterations in neuromuscular activity and loading. Compared with slow fibers in the soleus of control cats, myonuclear number in presumably transformed fast fibers was 32% lower and fiber size was decreased 73% after elimination of neuromuscular activation for 6 mo by spinal isolation. Slow fibers in the soleus of spinal-isolated cats had smaller cross-sectional areas, whereas myonuclear number was not significantly different than that in the control cats. Myonuclear number in fast plantaris fibers was more than threefold higher and fiber size was 2.8-fold higher after 3 mo of functional overload compared with the plantaris of control cats. Compared with control slow plantaris fibers, myonuclear number and fiber size also increased in overloaded slow plantaris fibers. These results demonstrate that changes in myonuclear number are associated with changes in myosin type and suggest that modulations in the amount of available DNA may be a factor in regulating cytoplasmic volume of muscle fibers in response to chronic changes in neuromuscular activity.

Metabolic and fiber size properties of cat tibialis anterior motor units

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (1) ◽  
pp. C43-C50 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Martin ◽  
S. Bodine-Fowler ◽  
R. R. Roy ◽  
E. Eldred ◽  
V. R. Edgerton
Keyword(s):  
Motor Unit ◽  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Single Fiber ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fiber Size ◽  
The Mean

The variability among single muscle fiber enzymatic activities and fiber size within a motor unit was studied in the cat tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Fourteen units were isolated for physiological testing using standard ventral root filament stimulation techniques, and the muscle fibers of these units were identified by glycogen depletion. The cross-sectional areas, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) activities, and the relative alkaline myofibrillar adenosine triphosphate staining densities of a sample of glycogen-depleted and -nondepleted muscle fibers were determined using quantitative histochemical techniques. Each of the unit types previously identified to be present in the TA, based on physiological criteria, were represented by the sample population. The variability among the fibers of a unit was significantly more than the variability among repeated measures on a single fiber for cross-sectional area and SDH and GPD activities. The mean coefficients of variation for SDH and GPD activity within motor unit fibers were 29 and 56%, respectively, whereas the variability between fibers of different units within a muscle was significantly greater (53 and 69%, respectively). Additionally, the mean coefficient of variation for cross-sectional area among motor unit fibers was less than that among fibers not depleted of glycogen (25 vs. 46%). These data suggest that although there is clear evidence for some level of neural control of the properties of a muscle unit (variation within a unit was less than the variation across units), this control is not complete, since the variability among fibers of a single unit was significantly more than the variability found between repeated measurements on a single fiber.

Effect of compensatory hypertrophy studied in individual motor units in medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 496-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Walsh ◽  
R. E. Burke ◽  
W. Z. Rymer ◽  
P. Tsairis
Keyword(s):  
Motor Unit ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unit Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tetanic Tension ◽  
Individual Motor

1. Compensatory hypertrophy of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle was produced by denervating or removing its synergists (i.e., the lateral gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles) in adult cats. Following survival times of 14-32 wk, intracellular recording and stimulation techniques were used to study the motor-unit population in MG. The data obtained were compared with results from MG motor units in normal unoperated cats of the same body size and weight. 2. Using criteria employed for normal motor units, the units in hypertrophic MG muscles were readily classified into the same groups (types FF, F(int), FR, and S) as in normal MG. There was no detectable difference in the distribution of motor-unit types after hypertrophy. 3. When compared with a normal motor-unit sample, there was a large increase in mean tetanic tension, but no significant change in twitch tension, for each motor-unit type in the hypertrophied muscles. The most marked increase was found among the fatigue-resistant type S and type FR motor units. There was no alteration of twitch contraction times or fatigue resistance in any unit type after hypertrophy. 4. For each motor-unit type, the mean homonymous (MG) group Ia EPSP amplitude was the same in normal and hypertrophic MG populations. There was, however, a significant increase in the average conduction velocity of MG motor axons in the animals with uncomplicated MG synergist removal and maximal MG hypertrophy. 5. On the basis of histochemical staining, muscle fibers from comparable sections of hypertrophic and contralateral (unoperated) MG muscles were presumptively identified as belonging to FF, FR, or S units. There was no significant difference between hypertrophic and contralateral MG muscles in the percentage of each fiber type, although there was some variability in muscle composition from one cat to another. One muscle pair was studied in detail for fiber cross-sectional area. In this cat, with marked hypertrophy by muscle weight, there was a modest increase in the mean fiber areas of histochemical S and FR muscle fibers, but no evident change in FF fibers, on the hypertrophic side. 6. MG motor units were examined in several cats in which synergist removal resulted in scarring and marked limitation of passive ankle mobility, and no evident weight gain in MG. Motor units of all types in these animals showed a decrease in twitch tension and in mean twitch/tetanus ratios, with little alteration in mean tetanic tensions. 7. The main effect of compensatory hypertrophy under the present conditions was a large increase in tetanic tension output from individual motor units due, at least in part, to an increase in fiber cross-sectional area. There was no evidence indicating any "conversion" of motor units or of their muscle fibers from one type to another.

Changes in properties of the medial gastrocnemius motor units in aging rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kanda ◽  
K. Hashizume
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

1. The properties of motor units were investigated in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) of old rats [27.5 +/- 1.6 (SD) mo old, n = 18]. Individual motor units were functionally isolated by ventral root fiber splitting and grading stimulus intensity. The muscle-unit portion of the motor unit was identified by the glycogen depletion method. The physiological properties of 77 motor units in 6 animals and the histological results of 7 slow-twitch (type S) muscle units were compared with data from motor units in the same muscle of middle-aged rats (12.8 +/- 1.6 mo old, n = 33). 2. The motor units were classified into four types of categories [FF (fast-twitch motor units with a fatigue index less than or equal to 0.5), FI (fast-twitch motor units with a fatigue index greater than 0.5 but less than 0.75), FR (fast-twitch motor units with a fatigue index greater than or equal to 0.75), S (slow-twitch motor units with a fatigue index greater than 0.75)] using the same criteria (i.e., presence or absence of the "sag" property and fatigability) used for middle-aged rats. No significant difference in the relative distributions of these unit types was detected, although the MG muscle in old rats exhibited a relatively high proportion of type S units and fewer type FR units. 3. The mean tetanic tensions for type FF + FI and FR units were significantly smaller than those in the middle-aged rats. On the other hand, type S motor units produced more tension than in the middle-aged rats. 4. The conduction velocity of motor axons was considerably slower in any unit type of old motor units, and the most marked change was found in type FR units. 5. The general morphological features of the old rat MG were fiber-type grouping, disseminated atrophic or angulated fibers, a decrease in the total number of muscle fibers, and an increase in the number of type I muscle fibers. The major distribution patterns of fibers of different types were the same as those in the middle-aged MG. 6. Seven type S units that produced large tetanic tension were depleted of glycogen in the muscle-unit portions. These units had a large innervation ratio compared with those in the middle-aged rats, whereas the mean cross-sectional area of muscle fibers and the calculated specific tension remained unaltered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Evaluation of Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress Markers in Male Smokers

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 496-501
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel ◽  
Parisa Falsafi ◽  
Hamidreza Abolsamadi ◽  
Mohammad T. Goodarzi ◽  
Jalal Poorolajal
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Background: Cigarette smoke free radicals can cause cellular damage and different diseases. All the body fluids have antioxidants which protect against free radicals. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary total antioxidant capacity and peroxidase, uric acid and malondialdehyde levels in smokers and a nonsmoking control group. Methods: Unstimulated saliva was collected from 510 males. A total of 259 subjects were current smokers and 251 were non-smokers. The levels of salivary total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, peroxidase and malondialdehyde were measured using standard procedures. Data were analyzed with t test and ANOVA. Results: The smokers were younger and dental hygiene index was higher than healthy nonsmoking controls. The mean total antioxidant capacity in smokers and nonsmokers was 0.13±0.07 and 0.21±011, respectively (P=0.001). Smokers had significantly lower peroxidase and uric acid levels than healthy controls. In addition, the mean malondialdehyde levels in the smokers and nonsmokers were 4.55 ±2.61 and 2.79 ±2.21, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusion: Cigarette smoke produces free radical and oxidative stress, causing many side effects. Salivary antioxidant levels decreased and malondialdehyde levels increased in smokers, indicating the high oxidative stress among smokers compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smoke had deleterious effects on main salivary antioxidants levels.

Effect of High Plane of Nutrition on Blood Biochemical Profile and Onset of Puberty in Prepubertal HF X Kankrej Crossbred Heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
K K Hadiya ◽  
A J Dhami ◽  
D V Chaudhari ◽  
P M Lunagariya
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Monthly Interval ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
The Mean

This study was initiated on 24 prepubertal Holstein x Kankrej crossbred heifers of nearly identical age (7-9 months) and body weight (130-140 kg) at University farm to evaluate the effect of high plane of nutrition on blood biochemical and minerals profile and the age at puberty. Twelve heifers were managed under routine farm feeding (control) and the rest 12 under ideal optimum feeding regime (treatment) that included extra 1 kg concentrate, 30 g min mix and ad-lib dry fodder. The body weight and ovarian ultrasonography together with blood sampling was carried out at monthly interval from 10 to 18 months of age to study the ovarian dynamics and blood biochemical changes. High plane of nutrition to growing heifers was beneficial in reducing the age of onset of puberty (by 2-3 months) compared to routine farm fed group. The mean plasma total protein and cholesterol concentrations showed a rising trend with significant variations from 10 to 16 months of age, where it got mostly stabilized indicating adult profile. The activity of enzymes GOT and GPT also rose gradually and significantly from 10 months till 14-15 months of age, and thereafter it remained more or less static till 18 months of age. The levels of both these enzymes were higher, with lower protein and cholesterol, in control than the treatment group from 15-16 months of age onwards. The mean plasma levels of both calcium and phosphorus increased gradually and significantly with advancing age till 16-17 months of age, with little higher values in supplemented than a control group. The plasma levels of zinc, iron, copper, and cobalt also showed rising trend with significant differences between 10th and 12th-14th months of age, and from 15th to 18th months of age the levels were statistically the same in all the groups with slightly higher values in the treatment group.

scholarly journals Comparative study between fascia lata and temporalis fascia in myringoplasty

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Ali Abdel Fattah ◽  
Abdel Hay Rashad Elasy ◽  
Ahmed Helmy Hoseini ◽  
Tarek Abdel Rahman Abdel Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Fascia Lata ◽  
The Body ◽  
Temporalis Fascia ◽  
Fascia Graft ◽  
Fascia Lata Graft ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Abstract Background Repair of a perforated tympanic membrane (myringoplasty) can facilitate normal middle ear function, resist infection, and help re-establish normal hearing. Autogenous graft materials are the most popular graft materials used in myringoplasty because of their easy acceptability by the body. This study is conducted to compare between temporalis fascia graft and fascia lata graft in myringoplasty for patients with tubo-tympanic dry perforation. Results A total of 60 patients with persistent dry tympanic membrane perforation were included in our study during the period from January 2018 to May 2020. Patients underwent myringoplasty with temporalis fascia (30 patients as group A) or fascia lata (30 patients as group B). Patients were scheduled for follow-up visits concerning graft status, ear discharge, and audiograms. The mean postoperative air-bone gap in group A was 17.5 ± 4 after 1 month and 8.6 ± 6.9 after 3 months, while in group B, the mean postoperative air-bone gap was 17.6 ± 4.9 after 1 month and 9.4 ± 7.5 after 3 months. There was 90% success in graft uptake in group A, while there was 80% success in group B. Conclusion Using temporalis fascia is still the best and most trustworthy technique of myringoplasty compared to fascia lata graft. However, fascia lata can be a good alternative to temporalis fascia especially in cases of revision myringoplasty, ears having large perforation, or near-total perforation where the chances of residual perforation are high because of the limited margin of remnant tympanic membrane overlapping the graft.

scholarly journals Estimation of Motion and Respiratory Characteristics during the Meditation Practice Based on Video Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3771
Author(s):  
Alexey Kashevnik ◽  
Walaa Othman ◽  
Igor Ryabchikov ◽  
Nikolay Shilov
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
The Body ◽  
Meditation Practice ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Mental Health Training ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
The Mean

Meditation practice is mental health training. It helps people to reduce stress and suppress negative thoughts. In this paper, we propose a camera-based meditation evaluation system, that helps meditators to improve their performance. We rely on two main criteria to measure the focus: the breathing characteristics (respiratory rate, breathing rhythmicity and stability), and the body movement. We introduce a contactless sensor to measure the respiratory rate based on a smartphone camera by detecting the chest keypoint at each frame, using an optical flow based algorithm to calculate the displacement between frames, filtering and de-noising the chest movement signal, and calculating the number of real peaks in this signal. We also present an approach to detecting the movement of different body parts (head, thorax, shoulders, elbows, wrists, stomach and knees). We have collected a non-annotated dataset for meditation practice videos consists of ninety videos and the annotated dataset consists of eight videos. The non-annotated dataset was categorized into beginner and professional meditators and was used for the development of the algorithm and for tuning the parameters. The annotated dataset was used for evaluation and showed that human activity during meditation practice could be correctly estimated by the presented approach and that the mean absolute error for the respiratory rate is around 1.75 BPM, which can be considered tolerable for the meditation application.

scholarly journals On the Pathology of the dropsy produced by obstruction of the superior and inferior venœ and the portal vein.— Preliminary communication

1907 ◽  
Vol 79 (532) ◽  
pp. 267-283 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Normal Limit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diastolic Filling ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Preliminary Communication ◽  
The Mean

In August, 1903, I published a paper in the ‘Journal of Pathology’(1) in which I demonstrated a method experimentally producing uncompensated hear disease in an animal, which was compatible with life. This method consisted in diminishing the size of the pericardial sac by stitches, so that the diastolic filling of the heart was impeded. The main symptoms of this condition were dropsy and diminution in the amount of urine excreted. As the immediate result of this interference with the action of the heart, there occurred a rise of pressure throughout the whole systemic venous system extending as far back as the capillaries, and a fall of the mean arterial blood-pressure. Further, I found that the pressure in all the veins fell to the normal limit again within the space of about one hour, and that subsequently when dropsy was being produced, the vanous pressure in all parts of the body was normal, and the arterial pressure had almost recovered itself.

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