scholarly journals Repeated testing for the assessment of individual response to exercise training

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1567-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hecksteden ◽  
Werner Pitsch ◽  
Friederike Rosenberger ◽  
Tim Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Training Trial ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Observed response to regular exercise training differs widely between individuals even in tightly controlled research settings. However, the respective contributions of random error and true interindividual differences as well as the relative frequency of nonresponders are disputed. Specific challenges of analyses on the individual level as well as a striking heterogeneity in definitions may partly explain these inconsistent results. Repeated testing during the training phase specifically addresses the requirements of analyses on the individual level. Here we report a first implementation of this innovative design amendment in a head-to-head comparison of existing analytical approaches. To allow for comparative implementation of approaches we conducted a controlled endurance training trial (1 yr walking/jogging, 3 days/wk for 45 min with 60% heart rate reserve) in healthy, untrained subjects ( n = 36, age = 46 ± 8 yr; body mass index 24.7 ± 2.7 kg/m2; V̇o2max 36.6 ± 5.4). In the training group additional V̇o2max tests were conducted after 3, 6, and 9 mo. Duration of the control condition was 6 mo due to ethical constraints. General efficacy of the training intervention could be verified by a significant increase in V̇o2max in the training group ( P < 0.001 vs. control). Individual training response of relevant magnitude (>0.2 × baseline variability in V̇o2max) could be demonstrated by several approaches. Regarding the classification of individuals, only 11 of 20 subjects were consistently classified, demonstrating remarkable disagreement between approaches. These results are in support of relevant interindividual variability in training efficacy and stress the limitations of a responder classification. Moreover, this proof-of-concept underlines the need for tailored methodological approaches for well-defined problems. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work reports a first implementation of a repeated testing training trial for the investigation of individual response. This design amendment was recently proposed to address specifically the statistical requirements of analyses on the individual level. Moreover, a comprehensive comparison of previously published methods exemplifies the striking heterogeneity of existing approaches.

scholarly journals Individual response to exercise training - a statistical perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 1450-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hecksteden ◽  
Jochen Kraushaar ◽  
Friederike Scharhag-Rosenberger ◽  
Daniel Theisen ◽  
Stephen Senn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Exercise Training Program ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Response To Exercise

In the era of personalized medicine, interindividual differences in the magnitude of response to an exercise training program (subject-by-training interaction; “individual response”) have received increasing scientific interest. However, standard approaches for quantification and prediction remain to be established, probably due to the specific considerations associated with interactive effects, in particular on the individual level, compared with the prevailing investigation of main effects. Regarding the quantification of subject-by-training interaction in terms of variance components, confounding sources of variability have to be considered. Clearly, measurement error limits the accuracy of response estimates and thereby contributes to variation. This problem is of particular importance for analyses on the individual level, because a low signal-to-noise ratio may not be compensated by increasing sample size (1 case). Moreover, within-subject variation in training efficacy may contribute to gross response variability. This largely unstudied source of variation may not be disclosed by comparison to a control group but calls for repeated interventions. A second critical point concerns the prediction of response. There is little doubt that exercise training response is influenced by a multitude of determinants. Moreover, indications of interaction between influencing factors of training efficacy lead to the hypothesis that optimal predictive accuracy may be attained using an interactive rather than additive approach. Taken together, aiming at conclusive inference and optimal predictive accuracy in the investigation of subject-by-training interaction entails specific requirements that are deducibly based on statistical principles but beset with many practical difficulties. Therefore, pragmatic alternatives are warranted.

Resveratrol modulates the angiogenic response to exercise training in skeletal muscles of aged men

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (8) ◽  
pp. H1111-H1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Gliemann ◽  
Jesper Olesen ◽  
Rasmus Sjørup Biensø ◽  
Jakob Friis Schmidt ◽  
Thorbjorn Akerstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Vegf Receptor ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Angiogenic Effect ◽  
Response To Exercise

In animal studies, the polyphenol resveratrol has been shown to influence several pathways of importance for angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to examine the angiogenic effect of resveratrol supplementation with parallel exercise training in aged men. Forty-three healthy physically inactive aged men (65 ± 1 yr) were divided into 1) a training group that conducted 8 wk of intense exercise training where half of the subjects received a daily intake of either 250 mg trans-resveratrol ( n = 14) and the other half received placebo ( n = 13) and 2) a nontraining group that received either 250 mg trans-resveratrol ( n = 9) or placebo ( n = 7). The group that trained with placebo showed a ∼20% increase in the capillary-to-fiber ratio, an increase in muscle protein expression of VEGF, VEGF receptor-2, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) but unaltered thrombospodin-1 levels. Muscle interstitial VEGF and thrombospodin-1 protein levels were unchanged after the training period. The group that trained with resveratrol supplementation did not show an increase in the capillary-to-fiber ratio or an increase in muscle VEGF protein. Muscle TIMP-1 protein levels were lower in the training and resveratrol group than in the training and placebo group. Both training groups showed an increase in forkhead box O1 protein. In nontraining groups, TIMP-1 protein was lower in the resveratrol-treated group than the placebo-treated group after 8 wk. In conclusion, these data show that exercise training has a strong angiogenic effect, whereas resveratrol supplementation may limit basal and training-induced angiogenesis.

scholarly journals Toward understanding three phases of individual responses to paradox

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Birkelund
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Paradox Theory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Three Phases

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to further paradox research at the individual level through applying a framework of three phases of individual response to paradox – recognition, understanding and behaviour.Design/methodology/approachCritical and integrative review of previous studies of individual responses to paradox.FindingsThe role of individual understanding is limited in extant research on individual responses to paradox. Individual understanding tends to be equated with behaviour, and thus knowledge of understanding is not differentiated enough, neither is the link between understanding and behaviour sufficiently developed.Research limitations/implicationsThe review does not consider the relationship to interactional, organisational and environmental contexts. The recommendation for future research is to explore individual responses to paradox more entirely, to provide an adequate ground for extending paradox theory across individual and broader levels of analysis.Originality/valueThe review contributes to paradox theory by separating individual understanding and then providing a framework in which recognition, understanding and behaviour can be reintegrated in new ways. In addition to more accurate discernment of individual understanding and of combinations of responses across phases, the three-phase framework facilitates investigation of more intricate influences across phases and paths of evolution of such responses over time.

Person-Fit to the Five Factor Model of Personality

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jüri Allik ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
René Mõttus ◽  
Peter Borkenau ◽  
Peter Kuppens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Person Fit ◽  
Intraindividual Variation ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

The Five Factor Model (FFM), a valid model of interindividual differences in the personality of a group of people, reportedly does not always provide a good fit for the individuals of that group. In addition to intraindividual variation across a considerable period of time, meaningful intraindividual variation can be observed within a single test administration. Two person-fit indices showed that the FFM is an adequate model for 95% of the 1,765 target-judge pairs in four different countries (Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, and Germany): the double-entry intraclass correlation (ICCDE), which indicated that the 30 NEO PI-R scores on scales measuring the same personality trait are more similar and certainly less different than scores measuring different traits, and the individual contribution to the extracted eigenvalues (Zeig). The individual response pattern to the personality questionnaire characterized by the ICCDE and Zeig strongly determined the percentage of explained variance for the group-level factor structure of interindividual differences and the mean self-observer profile agreement. We demonstrate that, if the percentage of variance explained by the first five principal components is high enough, the FFM also provides an adequate fit at the individual level for most people.

scholarly journals Next of kin participation in the care of older persons in nursing homes: A pre–post non-randomised educational evaluation, using within-group and individual person-level comparisons

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244600
Author(s):  
Albert Westergren ◽  
Gerd Ahlström ◽  
Magnus Persson ◽  
Lina Behm
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Next Of Kin ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Person ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Background Next of kin participation in care is a cornerstone of palliative care and is thus important in nursing homes, and outcomes following interventions need to be evaluated using robust methods. Objective To use within-group and within-individual analytical approaches to evaluate the participation of next of kin in care following an intervention and to compare the outcome between the intervention and control groups. Methods A pre–post intervention/control group study design was used. The educational intervention, directed towards staff members, focused on palliative care. The Next of Kin Participation in Care scale comprises the Communication and Trust subscale and the Collaboration in Care subscale, with nine items each. In total, 203 persons (intervention group: n = 95; control group: n = 108) were included. Three different analytical approaches were used: 1) traditional within-group comparison of raw ordinal scores and linearly transformed interval scores; 2) modern within-individual (person-level) interval score comparisons; 3) comparisons between the intervention group and control group based on individual person-level outcomes. Results Within-group comparisons of change revealed no change in any of the groups, whether based on raw or transformed scores. Despite this, significant improvements at the individual level were found in 32.9% of the intervention group and 11.6% of the control group for the total scale (p = 0.0024), in 25% of the intervention group and 10.5% of the control group for the Communication and Trust subscale (p = 0.0018), and in 31.2% of the intervention group and 10.5% of the control group for the Collaboration in Care subscale (p = 0.0016). However, a significant worsening at the individual level in Collaboration in Care was found in 35.1% of the intervention group but only among 8.4% of the control group (p < 0.0005). Conclusion The intervention seems to have a positive impact on next of kin participation in care in nursing homes, especially for communication and trust. However, some next of kin reported decreased participation in care after the intervention. Modern individual person-level approaches for the analysis of intervention outcomes revealed individual significant changes beyond traditional group-level comparisons that would otherwise be hidden. The findings are relevant for future outcome studies and may also necessitate a re-evaluation of previous studies that have not used individual person-level comparisons. Trial registration This study is part of the intervention project registered under Clinical Trials Registration NCT02708498.

scholarly journals miRNA-based “Fitness Score” to Assess the Individual Response to Diet, Metabolism and Exercise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Dagmar Barbara Krammer ◽  
Sylvia Tschida ◽  
Julia Berner ◽  
Stephanie Lilja ◽  
Olivier Jerome Switzeny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Fitness Score ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background: Regular, especially sustained exercise training plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of multiple chronic diseases. Some of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the adaptive response to physical activity are still unclear, but recent findings suggest a possible role of epigenetic mechanisms, especially miRNAs, in the progression and management of exercise related changes. Due to the combination of the analysis of epigenetic biomarkers (miRNAs), the intake of food and supplements, and genetic dispositions, a “fitness sore” was evaluated to assess the individual response to nutrition, metabolism and exercise.Methods: In response to a 12-week sport intervention we analyzed genetic and epigenetic biomarkers in capillary blood, including Line-1 methylation, three SNPs and ten miRNAs using HRM and qPCR analysis. These biomarkers were also analyzed in a control group without intervention. Food frequency intake, including dietary supplement intake, and general health questionnaires were surveyed under the supervision of trained staff.Results: Exercise training decreased the expression of miR-20a, -22 and -505 (p < 0.02) and improved the “fitness score”, which estimates eight different lifestyle factors to assess, nutrition, inflammation, cardiovascular fitness, injury risk, regeneration, muscle- and hydration status as well as stress level. In addition, we were able to determine correlations between individual miRNAs, miR-20a, -22 and -101 (p < 0.04), and the genetic predisposition for endurance and / or strength and for obesity risk (ACE, ACTN3 and FTO), as well as between miRNAs and the body composition (p < 0.05). And we identified two miRNAs, miR-19b and -378a (p < 0.05), which could potentially provide information about the micronutrient / vitamin requirements of an athlete.Conclusions: Due to the detailed knowledge of individual regulatory mechanisms in the metabolism of sport intervention and / or nutritional behavior, this knowledge and our results can be used for personalized interventions and in the context of the new field of precision nutrition and precision training.

scholarly journals Extracellular vesicles as predictors of individual response to exercise training in youth living with obesity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiana M. Pierdoná ◽  
Alexandria Martin ◽  
Patience O. Obi ◽  
Samira Seif ◽  
Benjamin Bydak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Biophysical Profile ◽  
Matsuda Index ◽  
Response To Exercise

AbstractExercise is associated with various health benefits, including the prevention and management of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. However, a strong heterogeneity in the adaptive response to exercise training exists. The objective of this study was to evaluate if changes in extracellular vesicles (EVs) after acute aerobic exercise (AE) were associated with the responder phenotype following 6-weeks of resistance exercise training. This is a secondary analysis of plasma samples from the EXIT trial (clinical trial #02204670). Eleven sedentary youth with obesity (15.7±0.5 years, BMI ≥ 95th percentile) underwent an acute bout of AE (60% heart rate reserve, 45 min). Blood was collected before exercise [at time (AT) 0 min], during [AT15, 30, 45 min], and 75 min after exercise [AT120]. Afterward, youth participated in 6-week resistance training program, and were categorized into responders (RE) or non-responders (NRE) based on changes in insulin sensitivity as measured by the Matsuda Index. EVs were isolated using size exclusion chromatography (Izon®). The primary outcome variable was EV biophysical profile, which includes size, zeta potential, protein yield and expression of markers associated with EV subtypes. The variables were analyzed in a single-blind fashion. Overall, there was a general increase in EV production in both groups. Average EV size was larger in RE (~147 nm) vs. NRE (~124 nm; p<0.05). Average EV size at AT0 was associated with absolute change in Matsuda index following 6-weeks of resistance training (r=0.44, p=0.08). EV size distribution revealed RE preferentially expressed EVs between 150 – 250 nm in size, whereas NRE expressed EVs between 50 – 100 nm (p<0.05). At baseline, RE-EVs contained ~25% lower Tsg101 protein, ~85% higher MMP2 content, while CD63 levels remained unchanged between the groups. Total protein yield in RE-EVs was higher than NRE at AT15 (p<0.05). Our data suggest that youth with obesity that respond to exercise training produce larger EVs, with lower exosome- and higher microvesicle-specific protein expression. RE-EVs also had higher EV protein yield during AE. The relationship between larger EV subtypes and/or cargo, and the individual response to exercise has yet to be fully elucidated.

scholarly journals Directions for Exercise Treatment Response Heterogeneity and Individual Response Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis J. Hrubeniuk ◽  
Jacob T. Bonafiglia ◽  
Danielle R. Bouchard ◽  
Brendon J. Gurd ◽  
Martin Sénéchal
Keyword(s):  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Response Variation ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTreatment response heterogeneity and individual responses following exercise training are topics of interest for personalized medicine. Proposed methods to determine the contribution of exercise to the magnitude of treatment response heterogeneity and categorizing participants have expanded and evolved. Setting clear research objectives and having a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the available methods are vital to ensure the correct study design and analytical approach are used. Doing so will ensure contributions to the field are conducted as rigorously as possible. Nonetheless, concerns have emerged regarding the ability to truly isolate the impact of exercise training, and the nature of individual responses in relation to mean group changes. The purpose of this review is threefold. First, the strengths and limitations associated with current methods for quantifying the contribution of exercise to observed treatment response heterogeneity will be discussed. Second, current methods used to categorize participants based on their response to exercise will be outlined, as well as proposed mechanisms for factors that contribute to response variation. Finally, this review will provide an overview of some current issues at the forefront of individual response research.

Effects of Physical Training on Stuttering

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Don Franks ◽  
Elizabeth B. Franks
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Group Therapy ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Physical Stress ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Response To Exercise

Eight college students enrolled in group therapy for stuttering were divided into two equal groups for 20 weeks. The training group supplemented therapy with endurance running and calisthenics three days per week. The subjects were tested prior to and at the conclusion of the training on a battery of stuttering tests and cardiovascular measures taken at rest, after stuttering, and after submaximal exercise. There were no significant differences (0.05 level) prior to training. At the conclusion of training, the training group was significandy better in cardiovascular response to exercise and stuttering. Although physical training did not significantly aid the reduction of stuttering as measured in this study, training did cause an increased ability to adapt physiologically to physical stress and to the stress of stuttering.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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