scholarly journals Eye-hand coordination during a double-step task: evidence for a common stochastic accumulator

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 1438-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul Gopal ◽  
Aditya Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Race Model ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Double Step ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hand Coordination ◽  
Independent Model

Many studies of reaching and pointing have shown significant spatial and temporal correlations between eye and hand movements. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether these correlations are incidental, arising from common inputs (independent model); whether these correlations represent an interaction between otherwise independent eye and hand systems (interactive model); or whether these correlations arise from a single dedicated eye-hand system (common command model). Subjects were instructed to redirect gaze and pointing movements in a double-step task in an attempt to decouple eye-hand movements and causally distinguish between the three architectures. We used a drift-diffusion framework in the context of a race model, which has been previously used to explain redirect behavior for eye and hand movements separately, to predict the pattern of eye-hand decoupling. We found that the common command architecture could best explain the observed frequency of different eye and hand response patterns to the target step. A common stochastic accumulator for eye-hand coordination also predicts comparable variances, despite significant difference in the means of the eye and hand reaction time (RT) distributions, which we tested. Consistent with this prediction, we observed that the variances of the eye and hand RTs were similar, despite much larger hand RTs (∼90 ms). Moreover, changes in mean eye RTs, which also increased eye RT variance, produced a similar increase in mean and variance of the associated hand RT. Taken together, these data suggest that a dedicated circuit underlies coordinated eye-hand planning.

scholarly journals A common control signal and a ballistic stage can explain the control of coordinated eye-hand movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 2470-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul Gopal ◽  
Aditya Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Hand Movement ◽  
Race Model ◽  
Control Signal ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Common Control ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Hand Coordination ◽  
Single Effector ◽  
Made In

Voluntary control has been extensively studied in the context of eye and hand movements made in isolation, yet little is known about the nature of control during eye-hand coordination. We probed this with a redirect task. Here subjects had to make reaching/pointing movements accompanied by coordinated eye movements but had to change their plans when the target occasionally changed its position during some trials. Using a race model framework, we found that separate effector-specific mechanisms may be recruited to control eye and hand movements when executed in isolation but when the same effectors are coordinated a unitary mechanism to control coordinated eye-hand movements is employed. Specifically, we found that performance curves were distinct for the eye and hand when these movements were executed in isolation but were comparable when they were executed together. Second, the time to switch motor plans, called the target step reaction time, was different in the eye-alone and hand-alone conditions but was similar in the coordinated condition under assumption of a ballistic stage of ∼40 ms, on average. Interestingly, the existence of this ballistic stage could predict the extent of eye-hand dissociations seen in individual subjects. Finally, when subjects were explicitly instructed to control specifically a single effector (eye or hand), redirecting one effector had a strong effect on the performance of the other effector. Taken together, these results suggest that a common control signal and a ballistic stage are recruited when coordinated eye-hand movement plans require alteration.

scholarly journals A common stochastic accumulator with effector-dependent noise can explain eye-hand coordination

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 2033-2048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul Gopal ◽  
Pooja Viswanathan ◽  
Aditya Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Flexible Coupling ◽  
Accumulator Model ◽  
Computational Architecture ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hand Coordination ◽  
Rt Distributions

The computational architecture that enables the flexible coupling between otherwise independent eye and hand effector systems is not understood. By using a drift diffusion framework, in which variability of the reaction time (RT) distribution scales with mean RT, we tested the ability of a common stochastic accumulator to explain eye-hand coordination. Using a combination of behavior, computational modeling and electromyography, we show how a single stochastic accumulator to threshold, followed by noisy effector-dependent delays, explains eye-hand RT distributions and their correlation, while an alternate independent, interactive eye and hand accumulator model does not. Interestingly, the common accumulator model did not explain the RT distributions of the same subjects when they made eye and hand movements in isolation. Taken together, these data suggest that a dedicated circuit underlies coordinated eye-hand planning.

INCIDENCE OF CRANIAL NERVE PARALYSIS IN POLIOMYELITIS IN RELATION TO PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF TONSILS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
F. H. Top
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Real Difference ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Cranial Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common

Evidence is presented from data covering the period 1940 to 1952 which corroborates the conclusion of previous studies that prior tonsillectomy probably adversely affects the occurrence of brainstem paralysis (bulbar and bulbospinal) in poliomyelitis. Neither this study nor any preceding studies relating to this problem have proved the contention. On the basis that the hypothesis is correct, an attempt is made to find an answer by studying the incidence of the common paralysis of cranial nerves (VII, IX and X and XI) in bulbar and bulbospinal cases of poliomyelitis on the basis of presence or absence of tonsils. Rates of incidence of paralysis of cranial nerves, not adjusted for age, indicate a decidedly higher proportion of paralysis of the facial nerve (VII) among nontonsillectomized patients whereas tonsillectomized persons are preportionately more affected by palatal and pharyngeal paralysis (nerves IX and X). Paralysis of the facial nerve appears from two studies to occur more commonly at earlier ages, particularly in the age group 0 to 4 years. However, age adjustment did not erase, although it did somewhat lower, the TR/TP ratio. This finding lends credence to a real difference but can only be applied to this study, as Paffenbarger in a smaller study found no significant difference in frequencies of paralysis of the facial nerve between groups with tonsils removed and tonsils present, and Southcott, also in a small study, found paralysis of the facial nerve more common among tonsillectomized patients with bulbar (includes bulbospinal) involvement. The differences noted for palatal and pharyngeal paralyses (nerves IX and X) in the unadjusted rates as between tonsillectomized and nontonsillectomized patients remain statistically different and in some instances significant when corrections for age are made. The results of this study are suggestive but give no entirely satisfactory explanation for the differences noted. Various explanations previously offered are cited and briefly discussed. Perhaps more definitive studies in animals along the approach suggested by Southcott will prove more fruitful, namely, labelling virus by some radioactive element in order to trace the route it takes to the central nervous system.

Correlation Between Intestinal Microflora and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Elderly Patients with Sepsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1030-1037
Author(s):  
Hailing Yang ◽  
Xiaolin Zhang ◽  
Weijun Chen ◽  
Libo Shang ◽  
Bin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Sepsis Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Common ◽  
Wbc Count

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is a key factor that leads to death in elderly patients with sepsis. Therefore, early prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction (GIDF) in elderly patients with sepsis is an important measure to prevent MODS occurrence. This research explores the correlation between intestinal microflora and GIDF in elderly patients with sepsis and provides ideas for the prevention and treatment of GIDF in elderly patients with sepsis. In this study, 152 patients with sepsis (122 patients with sepsis and GIDF) treated in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine from January to September 2019 were selected as the sepsis group and 100 elderly who had normal physical examination results were selected as the control group. The common intestinal microflora of the two groups was compared. Patients with sepsis and GIDF were treated as the GIDF group and the other patients with sepsis were treated as the non-GIDF group. The common intestinal microflora, gastrointestinal indicators, serum inflammatory factors, and immune function indices were compared between the two groups. Correlation analysis of the observed indices with statistical significance was carried out. The results showed 152 patients with sepsis and 122 patients with sepsis and GIDF; thus, the incidence of sepsis with GIDF was 80.26%. The total average score of sepsis with GIDF was 3.61±0.09. There was no statistically significant difference in GIDF scores of patients ages 65–75 and > 75 years old. The number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in elderly patients with sepsis was lower and the number of Escherichia coli was higher than in the control group. In elderly patients with sepsis, the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the GIDF group was lower and the number of E. coli was higher than in the non-GIDF group. White blood cell (WBC) count, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), gastrin (GAS), and diamine oxidase (DAO) in GIDF patients were higher and motilin (MOT), CIT (CIT), CD4+, and CD8+ were lower than in the non-GIDF group. WBC count, PCT, CRP, TNF-α, GAS, and DAO were negatively correlated with the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus but positively correlated with E. coli. MOT, CIT, CD4+, and CD8+ were positively correlated with the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus but negatively correlated with E. coli. There was a negative correlation between Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and GIDF score and a positive correlation between E. coli and GIDF score. Therefore, the change in the intestinal microflora in elderly patients with sepsis is related to GIDF.

Similarity of response to biologics between elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) and non-EORA elderly patients: from the FIRST registry

2021 ◽  
pp. jrheum.201135
Author(s):  
Sae Ochi ◽  
Fumitaka Mizoguchi ◽  
Kazuhisa Nakano ◽  
Yoshiya Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Trajectory Analysis ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elderly Onset ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Elderly Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective Increasing numbers of patients are developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at an older age, and optimal treatment of elderly-onset RA (EORA) patients is attracting greater attention. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of biological/targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs) in EORA and non-EORA elderly patients. Methods A cohort of RA patients treated with b/tsDMARDs were retrospectively analyzed. Among patients who were ≥60 years old, those who developed RA after age 60 years were categorized as EORA, while others were categorized as non-EORA elderly. Disease activity were compared between the EORA and non-EORA elderly groups. Results In total, 1,040 patients were categorized as EORA and 710 as non-EORA elderly. There were not significant differences in characteristics at baseline between the two groups. The proportion of patients with low and high disease activity was comparable at week 2, 22 and 54 between in the EORA and the non-EORA elderly group. There was not significant difference in reasons of the discontinuation of b/tsDMARDs between the two groups. Elderly onset did not affect changes in CDAI and HAQ-DI as well as reasons of the discontinuation between the two groups. The trajectory analysis on CDAI-responses to b/tsDMARDs for 54 weeks identified three response patterns. The proportions of patients categorized into each group and CDAI-response trajectories to b/tsDMARDs were very similar between EORA and non-EORA elderly patients. Conclusion CDAI response patterns to b/tsDMARDs and hazard ratio of adverse events were similar between EORA and non-EORA elderly patients.

scholarly journals Cervical spine dysfunction signs and symptoms in individuals with temporomandibular disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Weber ◽  
Eliane Castilhos Rodrigues Corrêa ◽  
Fabiana dos Santos Ferreira ◽  
Juliana Corrêa Soares ◽  
Geovana de Paula Bolzan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Temporomandibular Disorder ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cervical Pain ◽  
Pain Symptom ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cervical Spine Dysfunction ◽  
Posture Assessment ◽  
Craniocervical Dysfunction

PURPOSE: To study the frequency of cervical spine dysfunction (CCD) signs and symptoms in subjects with and without temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and to assess the craniocervical posture influence on TMD and CCD coexistence. METHODS: Participants were 71 women (19 to 35 years), assessed about TMD presence; 34 constituted the TMD group (G1) and 37 comprised the group without TMD (G2). The CCD was evaluated through the Craniocervical Dysfunction Index and the Cervical Mobility Index. Subjects were also questioned about cervical pain. Craniocervical posture was assessed by cephalometric analysis. RESULTS: There was no difference in the craniocervical posture between groups. G2 presented more mild CCD frequency and less moderate and severe CCD frequency (p=0.01). G1 presented higher percentage of pain during movements (p=0.03) and pain during cervical muscles palpation (p=0.01) compared to G2. Most of the TMD patients (88.24%) related cervical pain with significant difference when compared to G2 (p=0.00). CONCLUSION: Craniocervical posture assessment showed no difference between groups, suggesting that postural alterations could be more related to the CCD. Presence of TMD resulted in higher frequency of cervical pain symptom. Thus the coexistence of CCD and TMD signs and symptoms appear to be more related to the common innervations of the trigeminocervical complex and hyperalgesia of the TMD patients than to craniocervical posture deviations.

scholarly journals Comparing three portable, tablet-based visuomotor tasks to laboratory versions: An assessment of test validity

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 205970021879914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D Bedore ◽  
Jasmine Livermore ◽  
Hugo Lehmann ◽  
Liana E Brown
Keyword(s):  
Test Validity ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Double Step ◽  
Movement Timing ◽  
Visuomotor Processing ◽  
Visuomotor Tasks ◽  
Portable Tablet

The assessment of visuomotor function can provide important information about neurological status. Many tasks exist for testing visuomotor function in the laboratory, but the availability of portable, easy-to-use versions that allow reliable, accurate, and precise measurement of movement timing and accuracy has been limited. We developed a tablet application that uses three laboratory visuomotor tests: the double-step task, interception task, and stop-signal task. We asked the participants to perform both the lab and tablet versions of each task and compared their response patterns across equipment types to assess the validity of the tablet versions. On the double-step task, the participants adjusted to the displaced target adequately in both the lab and tablet versions. On the interception task, the participants intercepted nonaccelerating targets and performed worse on accelerating targets in both versions of the task. On the stop-signal task, the participants successfully inhibited their reaching movements on short stop-signal delays (50–150 ms) more frequently than on long stop-signal delays (200 ms) in both versions of the task. Our findings suggest that the tablet version of each task assesses visuomotor processing in the same way as their respective laboratory version, thus providing the research community with a new tool to assess visuomotor function.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Gaya Mengajar dan Koordinasi Mata-Tangan terhadap Keterampilan Dasar Forehand Tenis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
M. Maulidin ◽  
Herman Syah ◽  
Intan Primayanti
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Teaching Style ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Coordination Test ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hand Eye Coordination ◽  
Hand Coordination ◽  
Lower Group

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari gaya mengajar komando dengan gaya inklusi dan koordinasi mata-tangan terhadap keterampilan dasar forehand tenis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian experimen dengan desain faktorial 2 x 2. Sampel terdiri dari 48 Mahasiswa putra program studi olahraga yang sesuai dengan kreterian mampu melakukan pukulan forehand, kemudian dilakukan tes Koordinasi mata-tangan, selanjutnya diurutkan berdasarkan skor tertinggi dan terendah diambil 27% kelompok atas dan 27% kelompok bawah, masing-masing dibagi menjadi empat kelompok, masing-masing terdiri dari 12 mahasiswa. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis varians dua jalur (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey pada tingkat signifikansi α = 0.05. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) gaya komando memberikan pengaruh yang lebih besar dari pada gaya Inklusi, (2) terdapat interaksi antara gaya mengajar dan koordinasi mata-tangan, (3) pada koordinasi mata-tangan tinggi, gaya komando memberikan pengaruh yang lebih besar daripada gaya inklusi, dan (4) pada koordinasi mata-tangan rendah, tidak terjadi perbedaan pengaruh yang berarti antara gaya komando dengan gaya inklusi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa gaya mengajar dan koordinasi mata-tangan berpengatuh terhadap keterampilan forehand tenis lapangan.The Effects of Teaching Style and Hand-Eye Coordination on Basic Forehand Tennis SkillsAbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of command teaching style with inclusion style and eye-hand coordination on the basic skills of tennis forehand. This research is an experimental research with a 2 x 2 factorial design. The sample consisted of 48 male students of sports studies programs that are in accordance with criteria capable of making a forehand, then conducted a hand-eye coordination test, then sorted by the highest and lowest scores taken 27% of the upper group and 27% of the lower group, each divided into four groups, each consisting of 12 students. Data analysis technique used two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then followed by Tukey's test at the significance level α = 0.05. The results of this study indicate that (1) the command style gives a greater influence than the Inclusion style, (2) there is an interaction between teaching style and eye-hand coordination, (3) on high eye-hand coordination, the command style gives more influence greater than the inclusion style, and (4) in low hand-eye coordination, there is no significant difference in influence between the command style and the inclusion style. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the teaching style and eye-hand coordination are subject to field tennis forehand skills.

scholarly journals Evaluación del perfil de egreso y prácticas profesionales en estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Básica, en la Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez (UCSH), 2009

2014 ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Susana Barrera A.
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Initial Teacher Training ◽  
University Mathematics ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
General Training ◽  
The Common ◽  
Key Words Evaluation ◽  
Formación Docente

RESUMEN Esta investigación se propone diagnosticar el logro de competencias del perfil de egreso alcanzado por estudiantes, y las dificultades en sus prácticas pedagógicas, en la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Básica, con referencia en los Planes Comunes de Universidad (PCU) y de Educación (PCEDUC), y las áreas de formación generalista. Utiliza tests, con ítems problematizadores donde el evaluado aplica habilidades formadas. Los resultados corresponden a 66 voluntarios, de 98 egresados. En PCEDUC y Ciencias Naturales más de la mitad de egresados alcanzan logros regularmente suficientes; en PCU, Matemática, Ciencias Sociales y Educación Artística se concentran logros insuficientes, mientras que en Lenguaje un tercio evidencia logros suficientes. No hay diferencia significativa en los resultados de Programa por jornadas. En las prácticas se destacan problemas en la supervisión, manejo de estrategias de enseñanza y de convivencia. Palabras clave: Evaluación de logros, perfil de egreso, formación docente, práctica profesional  ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to diagnose the achievement of the competences of the graduate profile achieved by students and the difficulties in their internships regarding the Program of Education in Elementary Education, with reference to the Common Plan of University (PCU) and Common Plan of Education (PCEDUC), and the areas of general training. It uses tests, with items in context where he applies the skills acquired. Results correspond to 66 volunteers of 98 graduates. In the Common Plan Education and Natural Sciences for more than half of graduates achieve regularly sufficient progress, in Common Plan University, Mathematics, Social Science and Art focus on insufficient achievements, while one third show enough achievements on Language. There is no statistically significant difference in results by the type of Program. In the internships, stand out problems with supervision, the managing strategies, and the school coexistence. Key Words: Evaluation of achievements, graduate profile, initial teacher training, internships.

scholarly journals Using a smartphone video camera to reduce anxiety in speaking activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-55
Author(s):  
Nur Asma
Keyword(s):  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relevant Factors

The common problems faced by students in English speaking are anxiety and the lack of confidence and ideas. This research was conducted to determine the relevant factors and to provide a solution by using the smartphone video camera. To obtain the data in this research, experimental research was performed inside and outside the classroom with a series of treatments and a questionnaire sheet as the instrument. The data were analyzed using a model proposed by Smeda, Dakich, and Sharda (2014) and a Likert scale questionnaire, which was adapted from Spratt, Humphreys, and Chan (2002). The result from the test showed a significant difference between the experimental and control classes as the carried t-test presented the score of -8.36, which was out of the limit (between -1.96 and 1.96). Another result was the students developed positively which was shown by: the anxiety tends to decrease as they were given time before performing thus prepared better, their self-confidence was increased and challenged by using the smartphone video camera method due to the application of innovation in the speaking class. The conclusion of this research is lecturer needs to apply new methods, one of which is using a smartphone application.

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