Neural Responses to Free Field and Virtual Acoustic Stimulation in the Inferior Colliculus of the Guinea Pig

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 3014-3029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Behrend ◽  
Benjamin Dickson ◽  
Elizabeth Clarke ◽  
Craig Jin ◽  
Simon Carlile

Virtual auditory space (VAS) stimuli based on outer ear transfer functions became increasingly important in spatial hearing research. However, few studies have investigated the match between responses of auditory neurons to VAS and free-field (FF) stimulation. This study validates acoustic spatial receptive fields (SRFs) of 183 individual midbrain units using both VAS and FF stimuli. The first-spike latency, which varied systematically across SRFs, was 14.9 ± 8.3 (SD) ms in FF, and 15.1 ± 8.3 ms in VAS. Spike-count-based SRFs measured 0–20 dB above the neural threshold covered on average 44.5 ± 18.0% of the recorded sphere in FF and 45.5 ± 18.7% in VAS. The average deviation of the centroid position of SRFs using FF and VAS stimuli was 7.4° azimuth and 3.3° elevation. The average spike rate remained unchanged. The SRF overlap recorded using FF and VAS stimuli (mean: 71.3 ± 12.6%) or repeated FF stimuli (70.2 ± 14.2%) was high and strongly correlated ( r = 0.96; P < 0.05). The SRF match observed with FF and VAS stimuli was not significantly altered over a range of stimulus levels (paired t-test P = 0.51; n = 6). Randomized VAS barely affected SRF sizes, centroids, or maximum spike count but decreased the average minimum response to 59% compared with sequential stimulation (paired t-test; P = 0.05; n = 26). SRF recordings in VAS excluding the acoustic distortions of the recording equipment differed from those in VAS incorporating the equipment (paired t-test P = 0.01; n = 5). In conclusion, neurophysiological recordings demonstrate that individualized VAS stimuli provided a good simulation of a FF environment.

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 2648-2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne J. Sterbing ◽  
Klaus Hartung ◽  
Klaus-Peter Hoffmann

How do neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) encode the spatial location of sound? We have addressed this question using a virtual auditory environment. For this purpose, the individual head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) of 18 guinea pigs were measured under free-field conditions for 122 locations covering the upper hemisphere. From 257 neurons, 94% responded to the short (50-ms) white noise stimulus at 70 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Out of these neurons, 80% were spatially tuned with a receptive field that is smaller than a hemifield (at 70 dB). The remainder responded omnidirectionally or showed fractured receptive fields. The majority of the neurons preferred directions in the contralateral hemisphere. However, preference for front or rear positions and high elevations occurred frequently. For stimulation at 70 dB SPL, the average diameter of the receptive fields, based on half-maximal response, was less than a quarter of the upper hemisphere. Neurons that preferred frontal directions responded weakly or showed no response to posterior directions and vice versa. Hence, front/back discrimination is present at the single-neuron level in the IC. When nonindividual HRTFs were used to create the stimuli, the spatial receptive fields of most neurons became larger, split into several parts, changed position, or the response became omnidirectional. Variation of absolute sound intensity had little effect on the preferred directions of the neurons over a range of 20 to 40 dB above threshold. With increasing intensity, most receptive fields remained constant or expanded. Furthermore, we tested the influence of binaural decorrelation and stimulus bandwidth on spatial tuning. The vast majority of neurons with a low characteristic frequency (<2.5 kHz) lost spatial tuning under stimulation with binaurally uncorrelated noise, whereas high-frequency units were mostly unaffected. Most neurons that showed spatial tuning under broadband stimulation (white noise and 1 octave wide noise) turned omnidirectional when stimulated with 1/3 octave wide noise.


1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 2833-2851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Delgutte ◽  
Philip X. Joris ◽  
Ruth Y. Litovsky ◽  
Tom C. T. Yin

Receptive fields and binaural interactions for virtual-space stimuli in the cat inferior colliculus. Sound localization depends on multiple acoustic cues such as interaural differences in time (ITD) and level (ILD) and spectral features introduced by the pinnae. Although many neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) are sensitive to the direction of sound sources in free field, the acoustic cues underlying this sensitivity are unknown. To approach this question, we recorded the responses of IC cells in anesthetized cats to virtual space (VS) stimuli synthesized by filtering noise through head-related transfer functions measured in one cat. These stimuli not only possess natural combinations of ITD, ILD, and spectral cues as in free field but also allow precise control over each cue. VS receptive fields were measured in the horizontal and median vertical planes. The vast majority of cells were sensitive to the azimuth of VS stimuli in the horizontal plane for low to moderate stimulus levels. Two-thirds showed a “contra-preference” receptive field, with a vigorous response on the contralateral side of an edge azimuth. The other third of receptive fields were tuned around a best azimuth. Although edge azimuths of contra-preference cells had a broad distribution, best azimuths of tuned cells were near the midline. About half the cells tested were sensitive to the elevation of VS stimuli along the median sagittal plane by showing either a peak or a trough at a particular elevation. In general receptive fields for VS stimuli were similar to those found in free-field studies of IC neurons, suggesting that VS stimulation provided the essential cues for sound localization. Binaural interactions for VS stimuli were studied by comparing responses to binaural stimulation with responses to monaural stimulation of the contralateral ear. A majority of cells showed either purely inhibitory (BI) or mixed facilitatory/inhibitory (BF&I) interactions. Others showed purely facilitatory (BF) or no interactions (monaural). Binaural interactions were correlated with azimuth sensitivity: most contra-preference cells had either BI or BF&I interactions, whereas tuned cells were usually BF. These correlations demonstrate the importance of binaural interactions for azimuth sensitivity. Nevertheless most monaural cells were azimuth-sensitive, suggesting that monaural cues also play a role. These results suggest that the azimuth of a high-frequency sound source is coded primarily by edges in azimuth receptive fields of a population of ILD-sensitive cells.


2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Wess ◽  
Joshua G. W. Bernstein

PurposeFor listeners with single-sided deafness, a cochlear implant (CI) can improve speech understanding by giving the listener access to the ear with the better target-to-masker ratio (TMR; head shadow) or by providing interaural difference cues to facilitate the perceptual separation of concurrent talkers (squelch). CI simulations presented to listeners with normal hearing examined how these benefits could be affected by interaural differences in loudness growth in a speech-on-speech masking task.MethodExperiment 1 examined a target–masker spatial configuration where the vocoded ear had a poorer TMR than the nonvocoded ear. Experiment 2 examined the reverse configuration. Generic head-related transfer functions simulated free-field listening. Compression or expansion was applied independently to each vocoder channel (power-law exponents: 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2).ResultsCompression reduced the benefit provided by the vocoder ear in both experiments. There was some evidence that expansion increased squelch in Experiment 1 but reduced the benefit in Experiment 2 where the vocoder ear provided a combination of head-shadow and squelch benefits.ConclusionsThe effects of compression and expansion are interpreted in terms of envelope distortion and changes in the vocoded-ear TMR (for head shadow) or changes in perceived target–masker spatial separation (for squelch). The compression parameter is a candidate for clinical optimization to improve single-sided deafness CI outcomes.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Vitrianingsih Vitrianingsih ◽  
Sitti Khadijah

Studi memperkirakan emesis gravidarum terjadi pada 50-90% kehamilan. Mual muntah pada kehamilan memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi tubuh dimana ibu menjadi lemah, pucat dan cairan tubuh berkurang sehingga darah menjadi kental (hemokonsentrasi). Keadaan ini dapat memperlambat peredaran darah dan berakibat pada kurangnya suplay oksigen serta makanan ke jaringan sehingga dapat membahayakan kesehatan ibu dan janin. Salah satu terapi yang aman dan dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi keluahan mual muntah pada ibu hamil adalah pemberian aromaterapi lemon. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas aroma terapi lemon untuk menangani emesis gravidarum. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan Quasi experiment  dengan  one group pre-post test design. Populasi penelitian adalah ibu hamil yang mengalami emesis gravidarum di Kecamatan Berbah, Sleman. Jumlah sampel 20 ibu hamil trimester pertama yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran mual muntah dilakukan debelum dan setelah  pemberian aromaterapi lemon menggunakan Indeks Rhodes. Analisa data menggunakan uji Paired t-test. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata skor mual muntah sebelum pemberian aromaterapi lemon berdasarkan Indeks Rhodes pada Ibu Hamil dengan emesis gravidarum yaitu 22,1 dan terjadi penurunan skor setelah pemberian aromaterapi lemon menjadi 19,8. Ada pengaruh pemberian aromaterapi lemon dengan pengurangan mual muntah pada ibu hamil (p-value = 0.017). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan pemberian aromaterapi lemon efektif untuk mengurangi emesis gravidarum pada ibu hamil trimester pertama.  Kata kunci: aromaterapi lemon, emesis gravidarum THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON AROMATHERAPY FOR HANDLING EMESIS GRAVIDARUM   ABSTRACT Studies estimate that nausea and vomiting (emesis gravidarum) occur in 50 – 90% of pregnancies. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy have a significant impact on the body in which it makes a mother becomes weak, pale, and decreasing body fluid so that the blood becomes thick (hemoconcentration). This situation can slow down blood circulation and inflict the lack of oxygen and food supplies to the body tissues so that it can endanger the health of the mother and fetus. One of the therapies that is safe and can be conducted to reduce nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is by giving the lemon aromatherapy treatment. The research aims to determine the effectiveness of the aroma of lemon therapy to deal with emesis gravidarum. This study applied quasi-experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was pregnant women who experienced emesis gravidarum. Furthermore, samples were 20 mothers from Berbah, Sleman taken by using a purposive sampling technique. Nausea and vomiting were assessed between before and after giving lemon aromatherapy using the Rhodes Index. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test. The mean score of nausea and vomiting before giving lemon aromatherapy on mother with emesis gravidarum based on the Rhodes Index was 22.1. However, it decreased after given lemon aromatherapy treatment to 19.8. Therefore, there was an effect on giving lemon aromatherapy treatment toward the decrease of nausea and vomiting for pregnant women (p-value = 0.017). Lemon aromatherapy is effective to reduce emesis gravidarum.  Keywords: lemon aromatherapy, emesis gravidarum


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Issroviatiningrum ◽  
Shanti Wardaningsih ◽  
Novita Kurnia Sari

ABSTRAK Upaya untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan keperawatan khususnya untuk mendukung peserta didik menjadi perawat profesional memerlukan proses pembelajaran dengan menggunakan fasilitas keterampilan klinis. Practice based simulation model didasarkan pada teori belajar konstruktif yang menegaskan bahwa pengetahuan tidak pasif ditransfer dari pendidik kepada peserta didik, tetapi dibangun oleh peserta didik melalui pengolahan pengalaman dan interaksi dengan lingkungan mereka. Dengan metode simulasi di laboratorium dapat mendorong mahasiswa untuk menggunakan critical thinking dalam mengambil keputusan dalam mengatasi masalah tanpa merugikan pasien yang sebenarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh practice based simulation model terhadap critical thinking pada mahasiswa semester VI di FIK Unissula Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Quasy – Experiment dengan pendekatan pretest-posttest with control group design. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik  simple random sampling dengan jumlah 21 responden baik kelompok intervensi maupun kelompok kontrol. Analisis data menggunakan uji Paired T-Test dan Independent Samples T-Test. Hasil penelitian selisih peningkatan critical thinking pada kelompok intervensi sebanyak 11.95 poin dan pada kelompok kontrol 2.05. Practice based simulation model berpengaruh terhadap critical thinking dengan nilai p=0.00<0.05. Disimpulkan bahwa practice based simulation model mempengaruhi critical thinking pada mahasiswa semester VI FIK Unissula Semarang. Kata kunci: Practice based simulation model, critical thinking


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Umi Mahmudah

Latar Belakang: Anak-anak sekolah dasar merupakan salah satu kelompok rawan masalah gizi, baik pada gizi kurang maupun gizi lebih. Pendidikan gizi seimbang perlu diterapkan untuk mengatasi masalah gizi tersebut. Metode pendidikan mendorong peran serta dan keterlibatan anak untuk memberikan motivasi dalam belajar. Berbagai metode pendidikan yang menarik bagi anak antara lain permainan, tebak-tebakan, diskusi kelompok, serta peragaan. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan gizi menggunakan media teka-teki silang (TTS) terhadap pengetahuan gizi seimbang pada anak sekolah dasar. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi experiment dengan rancangan pre-posttest with control group. Penelitian dilakukan pada anak Sekolah Dasar Negeri Donohudan I. Pengukuran pengetahuan gizi seimbang dilakukan sebanyak dua kali, yaitu pretest dan posttest. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok intervensi yang diberikan pendidikan gizi menggunakan teka-teki silang dan kelompok kontrol yang diberikan pendidikan gizi menggunakan ceramah. Pengukuran pengetahuan pretest dilakukan sebelum diberikan pendidikan gizi dan pengukuran pengetahuan posttest diberikan setelah dilakukan pendidikan gizi. Data dianalisis menggunakan Paired T-test dan Independent Sample T-test. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan pengetahuan sebelum dan setelah dilakukan pendidikan gizi menggunakan media TTS dan media ceramah (p=0,010). Rerata peningkatan pengetahuan gizi menggunakan media TTS lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan menggunakan metode ceramah pada anak sekolah dasar. Kesimpulan: Ada pengaruh pengetahuan gizi seimbang sebelum dan setelah diberikan pendidikan gizi, baik menggunakan media teka-teki silang maupun menggunakan media ceramah.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Maryati . ◽  
Eka Rokhmiati Wahyu Purnamasari

Life Review Therapy merupakanterapi psikoterapi untuk menyelesaikan masalah pada lansia yang mengalami depresi, mengekspresikan perasaan yang disupresikan sehingga energy psikis tersebut dilepaskan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh Life Review Therapy terhadap tingkat depresi lansia pada warga binaan sosial di PSTW Budi Mulia Jakarta Selatan.Metode yang digunakan adalah quasi experiment, dengan pendekatan Pre Test and Post Test Without Control design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah lansia dengan jumlah sampel 20 orang dengan teknik purposivesampling. Analisis data menggunakan Paired T Test dengan tingkat signifikan (α0,05). Hasil menunjukan bahwa ada pengaruh Life Review Therapy terhadap tingkat depresi lansiadengan ρValue=0,000. Berdasarkan penelitian tersebut, terapi Life Reviewterbukti dapat menurunkan tingkat depresi sehingga terapi ini dapat dijadikan salah satu acuan terapi untuk menangani depresi pada lansia di PSTW


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Siregar ◽  
Nelly Febriani

Latar belakang: Kondisi sasaran pencapaian Indonesia Sehat 2015 dari program MDG’s yang belum tercapai, sehingga dilanjutkan dengan program SDGs menjadikan Indonesia harus banyak berperan dalam semua kegiatan khsusnya di bidang kesehatan. Proses pencapaian cakupan program kesehatan sangat dipengaruhi oleh Health education yang dilakukan petugas kesehatan kepada warga, kesehatan masyarakat. Tujuan: Penelitain ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan perilaku hidup bersih sehat yang  dilaksanakan warga setelah diberikan intervesi health education.  Metode: Metode penelitian dilaksanakan secara quasi experiment pre dan post test.  Teknik mengambil sampel secara purposive Sampling pada 30 reponden kelompook intervensi dan 26 responden kelompok kontrol. Analisa data dilakukan secara paired t test. Hasil: Hasil di dapat ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan dan perubahan perilaku hidup bersih sehat repsonden sebelum dan sesudah diberi penyuluhan p value = 0,000. Saran: Diharapkan pemerintah setempat menggerakkan petugas kesehatan bersama-sama dengan warga melakukan perilaku hidup bersih sehat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dengan memfasilitasi  sarana penunjang untuk menjalankan perilaku hidup bersih sehat, dengan maksimal pada warga. Kata kunci: Health eduation,  Perilaku Hidup Bersih Sehat


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinta Maria Dewi

Abstract: This research aims to know the Influence of Media Image on the ability of Writing Poetry students. The method used in this study is a random method that does not use posttes control group design method. The findings of this study show the average way of writing poetry on students by using the image media (experimental class) higher average poetry writing skills on students who were taught with conventional learning (control class). The average of pretest experiments obtained by experiment class is 63,75. The average pretest class of control class is 61,05. After the second class action, the average posttest of the experimental class is 79.45 and the control class is 74.95. Hypothesis calculation using t paired t test test and significance of 0.05 significant level indicates probability (significance) is 0,033. Because of the significance of 0.033


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartin Suidah ◽  
Ninik Murtiyani ◽  
Arif Susanto ◽  
Yufi Aris Lestari ◽  
Shindy Sofyaning Fitra

ABSTRAKMasih tingginya penderita hipertensi merupakan salah satu masalah yang berpengaruh terhadap gaya hidup dan sikap yang mendorong timbulnya hipertensi. Untuk menangani tekanan darah pada penderita hipertensi umumnya minum obat-obatan dari puskesmas, rutinitas ini sering tidak disukai oleh penderita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas air rebusan daun seledri terhadap perubahan tekanan darah pada lansia di Posyandu Ngudi Konco Desa Donomulyo Kecamatan Donomulyo Kabupaten Malang.Desain penelitian ini Pre-Experimental dengan rancangan One- Group Pre-Post test design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua lansia penderita hipertensi di Posyandu Ngudi Konco Desa Donomulyo Kecamatan Donomulyo Kabupaten Malang sebanyak 30 responden. Sampel diambil dengan teknik total sampling. Variabel penelitian yaitu pemberian air rebusan daun seledri sebagai variabel independent dan tekanan darah sebagai variabel dependen. Data yang di dapat melalui lembar observasi tekanan darah kemudian di uji dengan menggunakan uji paired t Test.Hasil uji paired t Test menunjukkan bahwa p = 0,000 α= 0,05 Ho di tolak dan H1 diterima sehingga air rebusan daun seledri efektif terhadap perubahan tekanan darah pada lansia di Posyandu Ngudi Konco Desa Donomulyo Kecamatan Donomulyo Kabupaten Malang.Terdapat penurunan jumlah penderita hipertensi sebelum dan sesudah diberikan air rebusan daun seledri. Responden agar dapat meningkatkan informasi tentang pelaksanaan tekanan darah sehingga dapat mengurangi tekanan darah yang dialami dengan cara non formakologi sehingga responden tidak hanya menggantungkan pada obat-obatan farmakologi dalam menurunkan tekanan darah.Kata kunci : Air Rebusan Daun Seledri, Tekanan Darah, Lansia ABSTRACTStill high hypertension was  one of the problems that affect the lifestyle and attitudes that encourage the emergence of hypertension. To handle blood pressure in people with hypertension generally take  medication from puskesmas, this routine was often disliked by the patient. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of boiling water celery leaves on changes in blood pressure in the elderly at Posyandu Ngudi Konco Donomulyo Village Donomulyo District Malang Regency.The design of this research was  Pre-Experimental with the design of One- Group Pre-Post test design. Population in this research was all elderly patient of hypertension in Posyandu Ngudi Konco Village Donomulyo District Donomulyo Malang Regency as many as 30 respondents. Samples were taken with total sampling technique. The research variable was giving boiled water of celery leaves as independent variable and blood pressure as dependent variable. The data can be through blood pressure observation sheet then tested by using paired t test.The result of paired t - test showed that p = 0.000 α = 0.05 Ho in rejection and H1 accepted so that boiling water celery leaf effective against blood pressure changes in elderly at Posyandu Ngudi Konco Donomulyo Village Donomulyo District Malang Regency. There was a decrease in the number of hypertensive patients before and after being given boiled water of celery leaves. Respondents in order to improve information about the implementation of blood pressure so as to reduce blood pressure experienced by non-formakologi way so that respondents not only rely on pharmacological drugs in lowering blood pressure. Key Words: Water Stew of Celery leaves, Blood Pressure, Elderly


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