scholarly journals Dissection of Biological Property of Chinese Acupuncture Point Zusanli Based on Long-Term Treatment via Modulating Multiple Metabolic Pathways

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangli Yan ◽  
Aihua Zhang ◽  
Hui Sun ◽  
Weiping Cheng ◽  
Xiangcai Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glutamate Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Pattern Recognition Methods ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Acupuncture has a history of over 3000 years and is a traditional Chinese medical therapy that uses hair-thin metal needles to puncture the skin at specific points on the body to promote wellbeing, while its molecular mechanism and ideal biological pathways are still not clear. High-throughput metabolomics is the global assessment of endogenous metabolites within a biologic system and can potentially provide a more accurate snap shot of the actual physiological state. We hypothesize that acupuncture-treated human would produce unique characterization of metabolic phenotypes. In this study, UPLC/ESI-HDMS coupled with pattern recognition methods and system analysis were carried out to investigate the mechanism and metabolite biomarkers for acupuncture treatment at “Zusanli” acupoint (ST-36) as a case study. The top 5 canonical pathways includingalpha-linolenic acid metabolism, d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, citrate cycle, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism pathways were acutely perturbed, and 53 differential metabolites were identified by chemical profiling and may be useful to clarify the physiological basis and mechanism of ST-36. More importantly, network construction has led to the integration of metabolites associated with the multiple perturbation pathways. Urine metabolic profiling might be a promising method to investigate the molecular mechanism of acupuncture.

scholarly journals Tissue-specific tregs in cancer metastasis: opportunities for precision immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Huppert ◽  
Michael D. Green ◽  
Luke Kim ◽  
Christine Chow ◽  
Yan Leyfman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Long Term Treatment

AbstractDecades of advancements in immuno-oncology have enabled the development of current immunotherapies, which provide long-term treatment responses in certain metastatic cancer patients. However, cures remain infrequent, and most patients ultimately succumb to treatment-refractory metastatic disease. Recent insights suggest that tumors at certain organ sites exhibit distinctive response patterns to immunotherapy and can even reduce antitumor immunity within anatomically distant tumors, suggesting the activation of tissue-specific immune tolerogenic mechanisms in some cases of therapy resistance. Specialized immune cells known as regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present within all tissues in the body and coordinate the suppression of excessive immune activation to curb autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis. Despite the high volume of research on Tregs, the findings have failed to reconcile tissue-specific Treg functions in organs, such as tolerance, tissue repair, and regeneration, with their suppression of local and systemic tumor immunity in the context of immunotherapy resistance. To improve the understanding of how the tissue-specific functions of Tregs impact cancer immunotherapy, we review the specialized role of Tregs in clinically common and challenging organ sites of cancer metastasis, highlight research that describes Treg impacts on tissue-specific and systemic immune regulation in the context of immunotherapy, and summarize ongoing work reporting clinically feasible strategies that combine the specific targeting of Tregs with systemic cancer immunotherapy. Improved knowledge of Tregs in the framework of their tissue-specific biology and clinical sites of organ metastasis will enable more precise targeting of immunotherapy and have profound implications for treating patients with metastatic cancer.

Long-Term Treatment with Pivmecillinam in Patients with Recurrent Bacteriuria

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
B Bresky ◽  
K Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Tract Infections

Thirty out-patients with chronic recurrent urinary tract infections, who had failed to respond to 10 days treatment with either pivmecillinam and/or amoxycillin, received a 3-month course of pivmecillinam at a dose of 200 mg, three times daily. Twenty-seven patients had bacteriuria due to Enterobacteriaceae, mainly Escherichia coli, sensitive to mecillinam in vitro. Pivmecillinam eradicated all the initial urinary pathogens. Reinfections occurred during treatment in three patients, who remained asymptomatic. Four subjects complained of gastro-intestinal side-effects, and therapy was withdrawn in three instances. Another three patients described unusual adverse events towards the end of the course of treatment, described as an odd sensation in the body and a desire for salt. The sensation disappeared a few days after the end of treatment. Treatment with pivmecillinam had no adverse effect on haematopoietic, hepatic or renal function.

scholarly journals Potential of Selected Trace Elements in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
V Ferencikova ◽  
O. Osina
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Population ◽  
Insulin Mimetic ◽  
Regular Control ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Abstract Based on the high prevalence, diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a worldwide problem. More than 8.3 % of the world population is suffering from this disease. One of the causing factors of this disease can be the absence or imbalance of trace, essential elements. It can cause collapses of antioxidant defence and glucose intolerance. It plays a role in the pathogenesis and progression to diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on chromium, copper, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Many studies deal with these elements but there is variability in opinions. Insulin-mimetic activity and ability to control the concentrations of blood glucose were confirmed. However, these effects were of more importance in patients with prediabetes. In patients with prediabetes, due to the supplementation of selected trace elements, it is possible to normalize the blood glucose level and prevent the development of diabetes mellitus. The importance of supplementation was confirmed for chromium and zinc. The supplementation of vanadium has a positive effect on the normalization of glycaemia but it is necessary to control the level as it can have toxic effects during long-term treatment. Conversely, higher copper concentrations in the body adversely affect patients and chelation therapy is needed. Selenium must be kept in the standard concentration and regular control of the concentration in the body is necessary. For this reason it is necessary to continue with analysis and the creation of new methodologies that could unify the view on the issue.

scholarly journals MULTIPLE PERSONALITY. DISSOCIATION MECHANISM OPPOSITE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-541
Author(s):  
Dinu Lorena Georgiana ◽  
Toma Ruxandra ◽  
Ionuţ Popa ◽  
Simona Trifu
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Profile ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Functional Areas

Motivation: identity disorder is a mental disorder with a major impact on all aspects of a person's life, affecting in many cases most of its functional areas. The patient in this case study is 40 years old and appears to have good functionality at work, but his personal life is affected. As co-morbid disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance use can be mentioned. On the other hand, making a differential diagnosis between identity disorder and schizophrenia is difficult for this patient, because he has symptoms with elements specific for both disorders. Objectives: This paper aims to assess the current profile and longitudinal dynamics of a identity disorder in the case of a 40-year-old patient. He was brought to the psychiatrist by his sister, who found some quirks in his brother's behavior and insisted that he consult a specialist to help him. Also, considering the stress-vulnerability model, the factors that contributed to the onset of the pathology will be captured. Simultaneously with the symptoms of this disorder, we will also consider the effects that substance use has on the patient's condition. Methods: Psychological evaluation, interview, case study, management of the therapeutic alliance and proposal of a long-term treatment, in the absence of which the symptoms may worsen, with the risk of significantly affecting functionality and even suicide. Results: The study outlines a profile based on the fragility of the ego and personal boundaries, going as far as the splitting of the ego, the patient declares that there are different people in it: "authority, accountant, good will", "Half of the things I say I hear for the first time"), the fragility of the boundaries of reality ("life is not reality", "to stay away from reality and stay in my mind for a while"), confusion between the material area and the immaterial one ("the bottom step of the safety pyramid", "I don't clean the house because it costs; at first it costs detergents and then it costs the mind to force itself to clean it too"), dissociation between body, mind and soul ("I speak with my desires", "the body was born first, I was born after; the desires are his"), chain of ideas and flight of thoughts, to which are added behaviors from the obsessive-compulsive spectrum (" mistakes are a kind of death "," I am not allowed to spend, not for me either ”,“ 10 pairs of socks. Do you have? We are not talking”)

scholarly journals Construction of effective induction of immune tolerance to rheumatoid arthritis using fingolimod

Impact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (5) ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
Yuya Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
New Treatments

Autoimmune diseases occur when the body begins to attack normal cells instead of fighting off diseases and infections. There are ways of treating autoimmune diseases, but these provide only short-term relief, and there is no cure. Therefore, relapse tends to be an inevitable part of autoimmune diseases. Dr Yuya Yoshida is a specialist in immunology based in the Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Japan, who is investigating the possibility of inducing immune tolerance and, in doing so, eliminating the need for long-term treatment. He and his team are working to devise a treatment strategy that enables complete short-term treatment and can then maintain long-term remission without the need for drug treatment. The ultimate goal for the team is a breakthrough in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, which would have far-reaching benefits for patients and the field of medicine. A key focus for Yoshida and his team is how an immunomodulating medication called fingolimod (FTY720) could be used to induce immune tolerance and, in doing so, stop the cycle of remission and relapse. There is potential for FTY720 to be used to develop new treatments and eliminate the need for patients to rely on long-term treatment. In particular, the researchers are focusing on multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. One investigation involves the use of animal models to explore the construction of effective induction of immune tolerance to rheumatoid arthritis using FTY720.

scholarly journals Modern understanding of pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and prospects of modulation therapy (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-738
Author(s):  
V. M. Zubachyk ◽  
O. A. Petryshyn ◽  
O. V. Zubachyk
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Effective Drugs

Aim. To study scientific literature which covers the onset and course of major periodontal diseases and possible methods of body modulation for such patients. To analyze the information provided by the modern scientific researches of periodontal diseases pathogenesis and treatment results to outline prospective directions of therapeutic influence on the patient’s organism. Conclusions. The pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis is determined by some factors, the main of which are local, microorganisms in particular, that are counteracted by the immune system. Periodontal tissue is in close contact with the organs and systems of the body. Their diseases significantly affect the course, treatment and prevention of periodontitis. This requires a multifaceted approach and the choice of the most effective drugs. The primary strategy of preventing gingivitis is to eliminate the attachment of periodontal pathogens to the epithelium and surface of the teeth to prevent the penetration of microorganisms and their toxins through natural protective barriers. It is more important to resort to biological approaches using probiotics, as well as other natural media in order to prevent dysbiosis, long-term treatment, and maintenance therapy. The concept of vaccination against periodontitis is now being elaborated. Correction of the pathological process in the periodontium is considered in the context of the overall biological response of the organism. Therefore, the assessment of the role of its regulators reveals not only the features of local mechanisms, modulation pathways, but also the choice of effective drugs. Prospects of new approaches and introduction of highly effective drugs are critically analyzed.

MENTAL PERFORMANCE AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Kapustina ◽  
◽  
H.T. Oniani
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Performance ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Work Activity ◽  
Functional Changes

Abstract. Introduction. In labor physiology from the position of the theory of functional systems there is a need to assess mental work capacity. The isolation of separate subsystems of labor tension, physiological state allows to develop a complex of measures for the prevention of health disorders. Purpose of the study – scientific substantiation of a systematic approach to the assessment of mental performance based on the study of psychophysiological features of the body of workers under the influence of neuro-emotional loads. Materials and methods. The studies included occupational analysis of work activity, physiological characteristics of CNS and cardiovascular system, and psychological studies with retrospective data analysis (40 professional groups of workers aged 43.80±2.91 years with 17.69±2.19 years of work experience). Statistical processing was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software and Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Results. At a high degree of labor tension (class 3.3), the formation of an unfavorable physiological state, characterized by an increase in the index of functional changes, high levels of anxiety, an increase in the number of intra- and inter-system correlations in the cardiovascular system and CNS is established according to the materials of production studies Conclusion. System analysis, based on the results of physiological studies, allowed to determine the features of the formation of mental work capacity under different classes of working conditions with the allocation of independent subsystems - neuro-emotional tension of labor processes, physiological state, preventive measures.

Effects of long-term treatment with growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in the GHRH knockout mouse

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (5) ◽  
pp. E762-E767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alba ◽  
Danilo Fintini ◽  
Cyril Y. Bowers ◽  
A. F. Parlow ◽  
Roberto Salvatori
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ghrelin Receptor ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Total Body

Growth hormone (GH) secretagogues (GHS) stimulate GH secretion in vivo in humans and in animals. They act on the ghrelin receptor, expressed in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary. It is unknown whether GHSs act predominantly by increasing the release of hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) or by acting directly on the somatotroph cells. We studied whether a potent GHS could stimulate growth in the absence of endogenous GHRH. To this end, we used GHRH knockout (GHRH-KO) mice. These animals have proportionate dwarfism due to severe GH deficiency (GHD) and pituitary hypoplasia due to reduced somatotroph cell mass. We treated male GHRH-KO mice for 6 wk (from week 1 to week 7 of age) with GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2, 10 μg sc twice a day). Chronic treatment with GHRP-2 failed to stimulate somatotroph cell proliferation and GH secretion and to promote longitudinal growth. GHRP-2-treated mice showed an increase in total body weight compared with placebo-treated animals, due to worsening of the body composition alterations typical of GHD animals. These data demonstrate that GHRP-2 failed to reverse the severe GHD caused by lack of GHRH.

scholarly journals The physiological basis of pulmonary gas exchange: implications for clinical interpretation of arterial blood gases

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Pulmonary Gas Exchange ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood

The field of pulmonary gas exchange is mature, with the basic principles developed more than 60 years ago. Arterial blood gas measurements (tensions and concentrations of O2and CO2) constitute a mainstay of clinical care to assess the degree of pulmonary gas exchange abnormality. However, the factors that dictate arterial blood gas values are often multifactorial and complex, with six different causes of hypoxaemia (inspiratory hypoxia, hypoventilation, ventilation/perfusion inequality, diffusion limitation, shunting and reduced mixed venous oxygenation) contributing variably to the arterial O2and CO2tension in any given patient. Blood gas values are then usually further affected by the body's abilities to compensate for gas exchange disturbances by three tactics (greater O2extraction, increasing ventilation and increasing cardiac output). This article explains the basic principles of gas exchange in health, mechanisms of altered gas exchange in disease, how the body compensates for abnormal gas exchange, and based on these principles, the tools available to interpret blood gas data and, quantitatively, to best understand the physiological state of each patient. This understanding is important because therapeutic intervention to improve abnormal gas exchange in any given patient needs to be based on the particular physiological mechanisms affecting gas exchange in that patient.

scholarly journals Imperfect drug penetration leads to spatial monotherapy and rapid evolution of multidrug resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (22) ◽  
pp. E2874-E2883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefany Moreno-Gamez ◽  
Alison L. Hill ◽  
Daniel I. S. Rosenbloom ◽  
Dmitri A. Petrov ◽  
Martin A. Nowak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Drug Coverage ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Infections with rapidly evolving pathogens are often treated using combinations of drugs with different mechanisms of action. One of the major goal of combination therapy is to reduce the risk of drug resistance emerging during a patient’s treatment. Although this strategy generally has significant benefits over monotherapy, it may also select for multidrug-resistant strains, particularly during long-term treatment for chronic infections. Infections with these strains present an important clinical and public health problem. Complicating this issue, for many antimicrobial treatment regimes, individual drugs have imperfect penetration throughout the body, so there may be regions where only one drug reaches an effective concentration. Here we propose that mismatched drug coverage can greatly speed up the evolution of multidrug resistance by allowing mutations to accumulate in a stepwise fashion. We develop a mathematical model of within-host pathogen evolution under spatially heterogeneous drug coverage and demonstrate that even very small single-drug compartments lead to dramatically higher resistance risk. We find that it is often better to use drug combinations with matched penetration profiles, although there may be a trade-off between preventing eventual treatment failure due to resistance in this way and temporarily reducing pathogen levels systemically. Our results show that drugs with the most extensive distribution are likely to be the most vulnerable to resistance. We conclude that optimal combination treatments should be designed to prevent this spatial effective monotherapy. These results are widely applicable to diverse microbial infections including viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

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